Investigation of Legal Guarantees and Legal Requirements for Combating Long-Range and Trans-Boundary Pollution
(In the Middle East Countries in the Form of Regional Understanding)
Subject Areas :
environmental low
elham hedarzadeh
1
,
ahmad varvaei
2
,
Mansour Pournouri
3
,
naser ghasemi
4
1 - PhD Student in Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law Enforcement Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Amin). * (Corresponding Author)
3 - Assistant Professor of Law, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services, Tehran, Iran.
Received: 2018-10-07
Accepted : 2019-01-16
Published : 2021-08-23
Keywords:
overseas pollution,
dusts,
Middle East,
regional agreement,
Abstract :
In this article, an attempt has been made to review the measures in question in the Middle East, citing the international custom in the field of requirements and responsibilities in order to control dust.In this article, the legal requirements and regulations in the field of long-term and transboundary pollution (such as the precautionary principle and similar principles) are studied, along with examples of internationally accepted commitments and memoranda, and considering the problems in the Eastern region. And the requirements of the commitments and memoranda of understanding approved in this region have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner with a comparative approach. In the end, according to the environmental situation of the region, the author makes some suggestions in the field of quantities and shortcomings in the commitments and memorandums of the region.Certainly, formulating the principles of a regional convention to prevent and curb the dust phenomenon, using the successful experience of Southeast Asian countries, is not only functionally important, but also legally helpful for critical situations. Utilizing contractual obligations in drafting regional conventions to deal with the phenomenon of particulate matter will be more efficient and enforceable than conventional obligations. The need to adopt judicial, legal and executive measures at the regional level; Including the implementation of policies prohibiting the change of use of forest, wetland and river lands; And the draft executive plan for multilateral cooperation between the countries of the region to deal with dust is one of the proposed measures.Despite the efforts of international environmental organizations; The results of this study show that without a regional convention to control particulate matter and other environmental crises, it will not be possible to solve the problem.
References:
Lang, W, 2001. “Un-Principles and International Environment law “P.157.
M, 1984. La lex mercataria dans les contrats et l'arbitrage internationaux: réalité et perspectives: Clunet, et la bibliographie citée, p. 102.
Kiss A. & Others 2007. The Law of the Environment, Trans Mohammad Hassan Habibbi, Volume 3, Tehran: Tehran University Press, pp. 78-79 , 361-364. (In Persian)
Shelton, D. and Alexander kiss, 2005. "Judicial handbook on environmental law", UNEP, p 20.
A. Askari, P. Human Rights Generation (solidarity rights), Tehran, Majd Press, p. 62. (In Persian)
Exporting Haem:Supra Footnote 26. P 13.
Sands, P. 2000. Principles of international environmental law, second edition, Cambridge University press, p. 253.
A. 2007. Commitment and responsibility of governments in protecting the environment, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Volume ninth, number one, p. 105. (In Persian)
F. 2001. International Environmental Law, Tehran: Mizan Press, pp 43-44, 60-63, 359-370. (In Persian)
Mendis chinthaka, 2000. Sovereignty vs. transboundary environmental harm. Nippon foundation fellow, p 75.
Schewabach, 1989. Spill: failure of international law to protect the Rhine from pollution. vol 16, no 43. p15.
Dumble, M. 2006. Trial smelter and the ILC work on state responsibility for international wrongful acts and state liability, AJIL, Vol100, no 2, p 102.
Tou, Y. 2008. The transboundary Movement of Harmful wastes and the transformation of traditional States Responsibility, center for Environmental law. MQJICEL, VOL 5, P 97.
Alder, J. 1999. Environmental law& Ethics, Macmillan press LTD,, P 370.
Knox , 2005., The myth and Reality of trans-boundary Environmental, AJIL, VOL96, P 303.
Langham, , smith, J., Upton, W, Wooley, D. 2000. Environmental law, Ooxford,. P. 160.
Taisaku, 2007. "How effective will the precautionary principle be in the future? Its role and limits in the settlement of disputes," wised global forum, no.4, p 28.
Smith, B, D. State responsibility and the marine environment, oxford, p 71.
Madders, K. J, 1981. Trail smelter arbitration, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2, p 276.
P.M, 1983. United Nations environment program, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol. 5, p 321
Fitzmaurice, M.A. 1995. International Environmental Law as a Special field, in barnhoorn, L.A.N.M. and Wellense K.C, DIVERSITY IN SECONDARY RULES AND THE UNITY of international law, M.N.P. P 181.
Henkin, L. 1968. International law: Politics, values and functions, General course on public international law, RCADI, vol ,216, P. 246
A. 1972, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Environment, Stockholm, June 5-16, 1972, p 414. 430. (In Persian)
Schabas, W. (2004). An introduction to the international criminal court, second edition. Cambridge university press, p 200.
Article 22 (d). 1994. Draft Commission on the International Commission on the Crime of Human Beings and Peace, 1991, Law Magazine, No. 18 and 19, p 468. (In Persian)
Berg A. 1981. Nuclear tests cases (Australia v. France; newzeland v. France), encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2. p 216.
Sh. 1986. New developments in international public law on the legality of atomic tests in the Free Seas, trans. Reza Foyouzi. Law Magazine. No 5. P 45. (In Persian)
Gunding, L. 1986. Environment, international protection, encyclopedia of public international law, (EPIL), vol9, p 119.
L. 1988. Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in international law, lakimiesliito kustannus, Helsinki, p 688.
Gh. 2002. Development of international responsibility in the light of international environmental law, Journal of Legal Research, No. 1. P 58. (In Persian)
Zemaned, K. 1997. The legal foundations of the international system, rec cour, vol.266, p 266.
Churchill, R. and Allen, L. 1998. International Law of the Seas, tran by Bahman Aghaee, Tehran: Library of the Treasure of Knowledge, p 378. (In Persian)
Case cincerning the corfu, icj, 1945, p. 22.
Peace Corps Human Rights and Democracy, UNESCO, Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Law, p 220. (In Persian)
Matin Dafrati. A. 1962. International relations and international law up to the present, Tehran: Morvarid Press, P 165. (In Persian)
Schamps, G. 2003. ,”L application du principe de precaution en droit commuatair et en droit belge”, in melange offerts a Marcel Fontaine, Lacier, p 215.
_||_
Lang, W, 2001. “Un-Principles and International Environment law “P.157.
M, 1984. La lex mercataria dans les contrats et l'arbitrage internationaux: réalité et perspectives: Clunet, et la bibliographie citée, p. 102.
Kiss A. & Others 2007. The Law of the Environment, Trans Mohammad Hassan Habibbi, Volume 3, Tehran: Tehran University Press, pp. 78-79 , 361-364. (In Persian)
Shelton, D. and Alexander kiss, 2005. "Judicial handbook on environmental law", UNEP, p 20.
A. Askari, P. Human Rights Generation (solidarity rights), Tehran, Majd Press, p. 62. (In Persian)
Exporting Haem:Supra Footnote 26. P 13.
Sands, P. 2000. Principles of international environmental law, second edition, Cambridge University press, p. 253.
A. 2007. Commitment and responsibility of governments in protecting the environment, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Volume ninth, number one, p. 105. (In Persian)
F. 2001. International Environmental Law, Tehran: Mizan Press, pp 43-44, 60-63, 359-370. (In Persian)
Mendis chinthaka, 2000. Sovereignty vs. transboundary environmental harm. Nippon foundation fellow, p 75.
Schewabach, 1989. Spill: failure of international law to protect the Rhine from pollution. vol 16, no 43. p15.
Dumble, M. 2006. Trial smelter and the ILC work on state responsibility for international wrongful acts and state liability, AJIL, Vol100, no 2, p 102.
Tou, Y. 2008. The transboundary Movement of Harmful wastes and the transformation of traditional States Responsibility, center for Environmental law. MQJICEL, VOL 5, P 97.
Alder, J. 1999. Environmental law& Ethics, Macmillan press LTD,, P 370.
Knox , 2005., The myth and Reality of trans-boundary Environmental, AJIL, VOL96, P 303.
Langham, , smith, J., Upton, W, Wooley, D. 2000. Environmental law, Ooxford,. P. 160.
Taisaku, 2007. "How effective will the precautionary principle be in the future? Its role and limits in the settlement of disputes," wised global forum, no.4, p 28.
Smith, B, D. State responsibility and the marine environment, oxford, p 71.
Madders, K. J, 1981. Trail smelter arbitration, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2, p 276.
P.M, 1983. United Nations environment program, encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol. 5, p 321
Fitzmaurice, M.A. 1995. International Environmental Law as a Special field, in barnhoorn, L.A.N.M. and Wellense K.C, DIVERSITY IN SECONDARY RULES AND THE UNITY of international law, M.N.P. P 181.
Henkin, L. 1968. International law: Politics, values and functions, General course on public international law, RCADI, vol ,216, P. 246
A. 1972, Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Environment, Stockholm, June 5-16, 1972, p 414. 430. (In Persian)
Schabas, W. (2004). An introduction to the international criminal court, second edition. Cambridge university press, p 200.
Article 22 (d). 1994. Draft Commission on the International Commission on the Crime of Human Beings and Peace, 1991, Law Magazine, No. 18 and 19, p 468. (In Persian)
Berg A. 1981. Nuclear tests cases (Australia v. France; newzeland v. France), encyclopedia of public international law (EPIL), Vol.2. p 216.
Sh. 1986. New developments in international public law on the legality of atomic tests in the Free Seas, trans. Reza Foyouzi. Law Magazine. No 5. P 45. (In Persian)
Gunding, L. 1986. Environment, international protection, encyclopedia of public international law, (EPIL), vol9, p 119.
L. 1988. Peremptory norms (jus cogens) in international law, lakimiesliito kustannus, Helsinki, p 688.
Gh. 2002. Development of international responsibility in the light of international environmental law, Journal of Legal Research, No. 1. P 58. (In Persian)
Zemaned, K. 1997. The legal foundations of the international system, rec cour, vol.266, p 266.
Churchill, R. and Allen, L. 1998. International Law of the Seas, tran by Bahman Aghaee, Tehran: Library of the Treasure of Knowledge, p 378. (In Persian)
Case cincerning the corfu, icj, 1945, p. 22.
Peace Corps Human Rights and Democracy, UNESCO, Shahid Beheshti University, Environmental Law, p 220. (In Persian)
Matin Dafrati. A. 1962. International relations and international law up to the present, Tehran: Morvarid Press, P 165. (In Persian)
Schamps, G. 2003. ,”L application du principe de precaution en droit commuatair et en droit belge”, in melange offerts a Marcel Fontaine, Lacier, p 215.
