تحلیل ماهیت تعهدات دولت‌ها در توافقنامه پاریس 2015 درباره تغییرات اقلیمی
محورهای موضوعی :
حقوق محیط زیست
سید عباس پورهاشمی
1
,
مجتبی سبحانی نیا
2
,
سید علی حسینی آزاد
3
1 - رئیس مؤسسه تخصصی حقوق بین‌الملل کانادا، تورنتو، کانادا.
2 - دکتری حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - دکتری حقوق محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/10/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/12/24
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/11/01
کلید واژه:
توافقنامه پاریس 2015,
تغییرات اقلیمی,
معاهدات محیطزیستی,
حقوق بین‌الملل محیط‌زیست,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از مهمترین اسناد بین‌المللی لازم‌الاجرا برای واکنش در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی، موافقتنامه پاریس 2015 است. بیش از سه دهه است که دولت‌ها مذاکرات طولانی در خصوص تغییرات اقلیمی را آغاز نموده‌اند و همواره این موضوع در دستور کار دولت‌ها قرار داشته است. از مهمترین دلایل ناکامی برای تدوین و اجرای یک سند بین‌المللی لازم‌الاجرا، عدم تمایل بسیاری از دولت‌ها به پذیرش اهداف کاهش انتشار الزام‌آور بوده است. تجربه ناموفق پروتکل کیوتو 1997، نشان دهنده این رویکرد دولت‌ها به عدم پذیرش تعهدات الزام‌آور است. در این مقاله تلاش شده است تا ماهیت تعهدات دولت‌ها در توافقنامه پاریس 2015 درباره تغییرات اقلیمی مورد تحلیل حقوقی قرار گیرد.
این تحقیق مبتنی بر روش تجزیه و تحلیل استقرایی حقوقی است. بر اساس این روش، موافقتنامه پاریس 2015 و برخی از اسناد قبل از آن در خصوص برخورد با تغییرات اقلیمی، مورد بررسی حقوقی قرار گرفته است. نهایتاً این پژوهش، ضمن بررسی فرصت ها و ظرفیت های حقوقی توافقنامه پاریس 2015، به این نتیجه نائل شده است که علیرغم این که موافقتنامه پاریس به عنوان یک معاهده بین‌المللی گامی مهم و اساسی در جهت کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای ارزیابی می‌شود، ولی همچنان دارای برخی ناکارآمدی‌های حقوقی و اجرایی است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
One of the most important international instruments to deal with climate change is the Paris Agreement 2015. For over three decades, states have begun long-term talks and negotiations on climate change, which is always on the international agenda. One reason for not concluding an international instrument is that states are not willing to adopt binding commitments on mitigating Green House Gas emission. The failed experience of the Kyoto Protocol 1997 reflects this approach. The piece analyzes the nature of states obligations in the Paris agreement on climate change.
This research is based on a legal inductive analysis method. According to this method, the Paris Agreement and some related legal instruments on climate change have been analyzed and assessed. This article while identifies various defining elements of legal character of the Paris Agreement, illustrates that even though the Paris Agreement is an “International Treaty within the meaning of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties” which contains a mix of hard, soft and non-obligations is an important step forward to address climate change, but still has legal and normative inefficiencies.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdollahi, Mohsen, “Climate Change: Deliberations on Legal Strategies and measures of the UN”, Tehran University Law Journal, spring 2010, VOL 1, pp. 193-213. (In Persian)
Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, “Adoption of the PA” , in Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, Held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum, Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Twenty-First Session, FCCC/CP/201510/Add.1.Decision 1/CP.21.2016
Copenhagen Accord, Decision 2/CP.15 (Dec. 18-19, 2009), COP Report No. 15, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1, Mar 30, 2010.
See Information In: http://www4.unfccc.int/submossions/INDC/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx
Rajamani, Lavanya, 2016, “Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement”, 65 ICLQ 493, pp. 493-514.
Press Release, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Third Conference of Parties, Industrialized Countries to Cut Greenhouse Gas Emission By 5.2%, Dec. 11. 1997, Available at: http://www.meteor.iastate.edu/gcp/kyoto/finalagree.html
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Targets for the First Commitment Period, Available at: http://unfccc.int/Kyoto_protocol/items/3145.php
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Third Session, held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 Dec 1997, Part Two: Action Taken by The Conference of the Parties at its Third Session, Mar. 25. 1998, Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop3/07a01.pdf.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Status of Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
Cancun Climate Change Summit: Japan refuses to extend Kyoto protocol, THE GUARDIAN, Dec. 1. 2010, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/dec/01/cancun-climate-change-summit-japan-kyoto.
Cancun Climate Change Conference: Russia will not renew Kyoto protocol, THE GUARDIAN, Dec. 10, 2010, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/dec/10/cancun-climate-change-conference-kyoto.
N., Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto, 11 Dec. 1997, Canada: Withdrawal, Dec. 16. 2011, available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/background/application/pdf/canada.pdf.pdf.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Annual Compilation and Accounting Report for Annex B Parties under the Kyoto Protocol for 2015, Nov. 25. 2015, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cmp11/eng/06.pdf.
Ibid
N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Status of the Doha Amendment, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362.php.
Climate change information, New Zealand’s emissions reduction targets, Available at: https://www.climatechange.govt.nz/reducing-our-emissions/targets.html.
Bondansky, Daneil, 2017, International Climate Law, Oxford University Press, First Edition
“Durban Mandate”, Decision 1/CP.17, December 2011, Available at: http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php.
Negotiating Text, Un Doc. FCCC/ADP/2015/1, Feb. 25, 2015, Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/1dp2/eng/01.pdf
Draft Paris Outcome: Revised Draft Conclusion Proposed by the Co-Chairs, UN Doc. FCCC/ADP/2015/L.6/Rev.1, DEC. 5, 2015, Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/adp2/eng/l06r01a01.pdf
Falk, Richard, 2016, ‘Voluntary International Law and the Paris Agreement’, Stranthclyde Center for Environmental Law and Governance, Policy Brief No 3.
Bondasky, Daniel, 2015, legally binding Versus Non-Legally Binding Instrument, in: Scott Barrett Carlo Carraro and Jaime de Melo, Towards a Workable and Effective Climate Regime, VOX EU eBook, p. 23.
Barret, S. 2003, Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making, Oxford University Press, p. 12.
Bondasky, Daniel, 2009, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Harvard University Press, p.76.
Voigt, Christina, 2016, The Paris Agreement: What is the Standard of Conduct for Parties? , 26, Questions of International Law, p. 24.
Bondasky, Daniel, 1993, the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary, 18:2 Yale Journal of International Law, 451, pp. 516-517.
_||_
Abdollahi, Mohsen, “Climate Change: Deliberations on Legal Strategies and measures of the UN”, Tehran University Law Journal, spring 2010, VOL 1, pp. 193-213. (In Persian)
Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, “Adoption of the PA” , in Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Twenty-First Session, Held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum, Part Two: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Twenty-First Session, FCCC/CP/201510/Add.1.Decision 1/CP.21.2016
Copenhagen Accord, Decision 2/CP.15 (Dec. 18-19, 2009), COP Report No. 15, UN Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1, Mar 30, 2010.
See Information In: http://www4.unfccc.int/submossions/INDC/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx
Rajamani, Lavanya, 2016, “Ambition and Differentiation in the 2015 Paris Agreement”, 65 ICLQ 493, pp. 493-514.
Press Release, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Third Conference of Parties, Industrialized Countries to Cut Greenhouse Gas Emission By 5.2%, Dec. 11. 1997, Available at: http://www.meteor.iastate.edu/gcp/kyoto/finalagree.html
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Targets for the First Commitment Period, Available at: http://unfccc.int/Kyoto_protocol/items/3145.php
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Third Session, held at Kyoto from 1 to 11 Dec 1997, Part Two: Action Taken by The Conference of the Parties at its Third Session, Mar. 25. 1998, Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop3/07a01.pdf.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Status of Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratification/items/2613.php.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.
Cancun Climate Change Summit: Japan refuses to extend Kyoto protocol, THE GUARDIAN, Dec. 1. 2010, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/dec/01/cancun-climate-change-summit-japan-kyoto.
Cancun Climate Change Conference: Russia will not renew Kyoto protocol, THE GUARDIAN, Dec. 10, 2010, Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/dec/10/cancun-climate-change-conference-kyoto.
N., Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto, 11 Dec. 1997, Canada: Withdrawal, Dec. 16. 2011, available at: https://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/background/application/pdf/canada.pdf.pdf.
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Annual Compilation and Accounting Report for Annex B Parties under the Kyoto Protocol for 2015, Nov. 25. 2015, available at http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cmp11/eng/06.pdf.
Ibid
N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Status of the Doha Amendment, Available at: http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/doha_amendment/items/7362.php.
Climate change information, New Zealand’s emissions reduction targets, Available at: https://www.climatechange.govt.nz/reducing-our-emissions/targets.html.
Bondansky, Daneil, 2017, International Climate Law, Oxford University Press, First Edition
“Durban Mandate”, Decision 1/CP.17, December 2011, Available at: http://unfccc.int/bodies/body/6645.php.
Negotiating Text, Un Doc. FCCC/ADP/2015/1, Feb. 25, 2015, Available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/1dp2/eng/01.pdf
Draft Paris Outcome: Revised Draft Conclusion Proposed by the Co-Chairs, UN Doc. FCCC/ADP/2015/L.6/Rev.1, DEC. 5, 2015, Available at: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/adp2/eng/l06r01a01.pdf
Falk, Richard, 2016, ‘Voluntary International Law and the Paris Agreement’, Stranthclyde Center for Environmental Law and Governance, Policy Brief No 3.
Bondasky, Daniel, 2015, legally binding Versus Non-Legally Binding Instrument, in: Scott Barrett Carlo Carraro and Jaime de Melo, Towards a Workable and Effective Climate Regime, VOX EU eBook, p. 23.
Barret, S. 2003, Environment and Statecraft: The Strategy of Environmental Treaty-Making, Oxford University Press, p. 12.
Bondasky, Daniel, 2009, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law, Harvard University Press, p.76.
Voigt, Christina, 2016, The Paris Agreement: What is the Standard of Conduct for Parties? , 26, Questions of International Law, p. 24.
Bondasky, Daniel, 1993, the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change: A Commentary, 18:2 Yale Journal of International Law, 451, pp. 516-517.
