ارزیابی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد بامیه (Abelmoschus esculentus L) متاثر از فواصل آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیسحر کیوان راد 1 , حمید مدنی 2 , حسین حیدری شریف آباد 3 , مجتبی محمودی 4 , قربان نورمحمدی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکترای، گروه علوم زراعی و باغی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشیار، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد اراک، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اراک، ایران
3 - استاد، گروه علوم زراعی و باغی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
4 - استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران
5 - استاد، گروه علوم زراعی و باغی، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی و صنایع غذایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: دور آبیاری, کم‌آبی, قطر میوه, عملکرد تر میوه,
چکیده مقاله :
تأثیر تیمارهای آبیاری و تاریخ های کاشت بر کلروفیل، قطر ساقه، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه بامیه طی آزمایشی در بهار سال ۱۳۹۶ در منطقه کرج به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تیمار فاصله آبیاری شامل آبیاری مطلوب (8 روز یک بار)، کم آبیاری متوسط (10 روز یک بار) و شدید (12 روز یک بار) به عنوان فاکتور اصلی و سه تاریخ کاشت (14 خرداد، 28 خرداد و 11 تیر سال 1396) به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که دورهای آبیاری بر کلروفیل کل، محتوی آب نسبی، ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد برگ، طول میوه، قطر میوه، تعداد میوه، عملکرد تازه میوه و عملکرد خشک میوه معنی دار بودند. تاریخ کاشت بر صفات ارتفاع بوته، قطر ساقه، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد برگ، تعداد میوه، عملکرد تر و خشک میوه تأثیر معنی داری داشت. بیشترین غلظت کلروفیل (68/3 میلی گرم در گرم وزن تر)، ارتفاع بوته (4/100 سانتی متر)، تعداد شاخه جانبی (1/3)، تعداد برگ (8/24 در بوته)، تعداد میوه (5/10 در بوته)، عملکرد تر میوه (4023 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد خشک (2632 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در دور آبیاری 8 روز یک بار به دست آمد. آبیاری 12 روز یک بار سبب کاهش 4/30، 7/21، 3/21 و 4/28 درصدی به ترتیب در قطر ساقه، طول میوه، قطر میوه و عملکرد خشک میوه نسبت به آبیاری 8 روز یک بار شد. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته (2/99 سانتی متر)، تعداد شاخه جانبی (5/2)، تعداد برگ (3/23 در بوته) و تعداد میوه (77/9 عدد در بوته) در تاریخ کاشت 14 خرداد حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد تر میوه (3644 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تاریخ کاشت 28 خرداد به دست آمد. بر اساس نتایج، دور آبیاری 8 روز یک بار برای حصول حداکثر عملکرد میوه و برای کوتاه شدن طول دوره کشت در منطقه کرج، تاریخ کاشت 28 خرداد می تواند در تولید این گیاه مد نظر قرار گیرد.
To evaluate different irrigation regimes and planting dates on plant height, stem diameter, yield, and yield components of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks with three replications was conducted in Karaj during 2017 growing season. Experimental treatments were irrigation intervals (8, 10 and 12 days) as a main plot, and planting dates with three levels (4th, 18th of June and 2th July) as a sub-plot. The results of analysis of variance showed that the main effect of irrigation interval was significant on all traits under study. Planting date treatment had a significant effect only on plant height, stem diameter, number of plant branches, number of plant leaves, number of fruits, fresh fruit yield and dry fruit yield. The interaction of irrigation interval treatment and planting date had no significant effect on the trails under study. The highest chlorophyll concentration (3.68 mg.g-1 FW), plant height (100.4 cm), number of branches (3.1), number of leaves per plant (24.8), number of fruits per plant (10.5) and fresh fruit yield (4023 kg.ha-1) were belonged to the irrigation interval of 8 days. Irrigation interval of 12 days decreased by 30.4, 21.7, 21.3 and 28.4 % in stem diameter, fruit length, fruit diameter and dry fruit yield, compared to irrigation interval of 8 days interval, respectively. The highest plant height (99.2 cm), number of branches (2.5), number of leaves per plant (23.3) and number of fruits (9.77) were observed of June 4th planting date. The highest fruit yield was obtained in June 18th planting. Based on the results obtained it can be concluded that irrigation interval of 8 days is recommended to achieve maximum fruit yield and to shorten the length of growing period, saving in water consumption and maximum yield performance in the Karaj region, the date of 18th June is recommended.
Abd El-Fattah, B.E.S., A.G., Haridy, and H.S. Abbas. 2020. Response to planting date, stress tolerance and genetic diversity analysis among okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] varieties. Genetic Resources Crop Evolution. 67:831-851.
Abd El-Kader, A.A., S.M. Shaaban, and M.S. Abd El-Fattah. 2010. Effect of irrigation levels and organic compost on okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L) grown in sandy calcareous soil. Agricultural Biology Journal of North America. 1: 225-231.
Akbari Nodehi, D. 2011. The effect of different water quantities on yield, water use efficiency and cotton yield function in Mazandaran province, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 21(1): 103-111. (In Persian).
Anyaoha, C.O., U. Orkpeh, and T.A. Fariyike. 2015. The effects of drought stress on flowering and fruit formation of five okra genotyes in south-west Nigeria. Continental Journal of Agricultural Science. 9: 28-33.
Asadipour, A., and H. Madani. 2017. The effects of irrigation and sowing date on the quantitative traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3(5): 497-501.
Bake, I.D., B.K. Singh, A.K. Singh, D.P. Moharana, and A.K. Maurya. 2014. Impact of planting distances and sowing dates on yield attributing traits of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cv. Kashi Pragati. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(7): 4112-4125.
Bake, I.D., B.K. Singh, A.K. Singh, D.P. Moharana, and A.K. Maurya. 2017. Effect of sowing dates and planting distances on quantitative attributes of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cv. Kashi Pragati. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 6(12): 142-148.
Benchasri, S. 2012. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as a valuable vegetable of the world. Field Vegetable and Crop Research. 49: 105-112.
Bhandari, B., J. Shrestha, and M.P. Tripathi. 2018. Productivity of maize (Zea mays) as affected by varieties and sowing dates. International Journal of Applied Biology. 2(2): 13-19.
Eisapour Nakhjiri, S., M. Ashouri, S.M. Sadeghi, N. Mohammadian Roushan, and M. Rezaei. 2021. The effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice (cv. Hashemi and Gilaneh). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 193-210.
Elhag, A.Z., and A.A. Ahmad. 2014. Effect of cultivar and sowing date on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] seed yield. Universal Journal of Applied Science. 2(3): 64-67.
Emongor, V.E., J.A. Chweya, and R.M. Munavu. 2006. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the essential oilyield and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers. Crop Sciences. 12(1): 12-19.
Eyni Nargeseh, H., M. Aghaalikhani, A.H. Shirani Rad, A. Mokhtasi-Bidgoli, and S.A.M. Modares-Sanavy. 2019. Response of new genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica napus) to late season withholding irrigation under semi-arid climate. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture). 41(4): 55-68. (In Persian).
Fallah Haki, M.H., A.R. Yadavi, M. Movahedi Dehnavi, and M. Bonyadi. 2012. Effect of planting date on physiologic and morphologic characteristics of four canola cultivars in Yasooj. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2(4): 53-65. (In Persian).
Faraji, A., M. Latifi, A. Aghajani, and K. Rahnama. 2006. Effects of some agronomy factors on phonology stage, vegetative characters and incidence of Scleroti niastem root in two genotypes of canola in Gonbad area. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 13: 56-68 (In Persian).
Farjam, S., A. Siosemardeh, H. Kazemi-Arbat, M. Yarnia, and A. Rokhzadi. 2017. Effects of ascorbic and salicylic acid foliar application on physiological traits of two chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum ) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 9(1): 99-117. (In Persian).
Ghannad, M., H. Madani, and H. Hasanpour-Darvishi. 2014a. Effects of different sowing times, irrigation intervals and sowing methods on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3 (6): 683-689
Ghannad, M., H. Madani, and H.H. Darvishi. 2014b. Responses of okra crop to sowing time, irrigation interval and sowing methods in Shahrood region. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 7(10): 676-682.
Keshavarz, H., S.A.M. Modares-Sanavy, and M. Mahdipour-Afra. 2018. Organic and chemical fertilizer affected yield and essential oil of two mint species. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 21(6): 1674-1681.
Khatib, F., B. Torabi, and A. Rahimi. 2015. Assessing the effect of planting date on safflower cultivars growth and seed yield in Rafsanjan condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(2): 316-317. (In Persian).
Khodabin, G., Z. Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2020. The Effect of withholding irrigation and foliar application of Zn and Mn on yield and eco-physiological characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 18(1): 85-100. (In Persian)
Mir, B., S. Ravan, and M.R. Asgharipour. 2011. Effects of plant density and sowing date on yield and yield components Hibiscus sabdariffa in Zabol region. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5(6): 1156-1161.
Miri, Kh. 2006. Effects of sowing date and density on yield and yield components of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, in Iranshahr. Seed and Plant Journal. 22(6): 369-379. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, G., E.M. Khah, and M.B. Aval. 2011. Differential responses for harvesting times and storage on hardness of different varieties of okra. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 3(4): 117-122.
Naveed, A., A.A. Khan, and I.A. Khan. 2009. Generation mean analysis of water stress tolerance in okra (Abelmoschous esculentus). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(1): 195-205.
Nazeri, P., A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A. Valad Abadi, M. Mirakhori, and E. Hadidi Masoule. 2019. The effect of planting date and late season drought stress on eco-physiological characteristics of the new varieties of canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Agroecology. 11(1): 261-276.
Nazeri, P., A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A. Valad Abadi, M. Mirakhori, and E. Hadidi Masoule. 2018. Effect of sowing dates and late season water deficit stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of canola cultivars. Outlook on Agriculture. 47(4): 291-297.
Salih, R.F. 2019. Effect of sowing dates and varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on growth and yield parameters. Agricultural and Environmental Researches. 31(3): 64-70.
Singh, S., J.P. Nathiram, and R.H. Kaushik. 2013. Seed quality of okra cultivars as affected by sowing dates and plant geometry. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 8(2): 683-685.
Tarassoum, T.D. 2019. Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) under different irrigation frequencies. North American Academic Research. 2(8): 49-61.
Tobe, A., S. Hokmalipour, B. Jafarzadeh, and M. Hamele Darbandi. 2013. Effect of sowing date on some phenological stages and oil contents in spring canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 13(9): 1202-1212.
Zareei Siahbidi, A., A. Rezaeizad, A. Asgari, and A.H. Shirani Rad. 2021. Evaluation of the response of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to delay sowing dates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 251-264.
_||_Abd El-Fattah, B.E.S., A.G., Haridy, and H.S. Abbas. 2020. Response to planting date, stress tolerance and genetic diversity analysis among okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] varieties. Genetic Resources Crop Evolution. 67:831-851.
Abd El-Kader, A.A., S.M. Shaaban, and M.S. Abd El-Fattah. 2010. Effect of irrigation levels and organic compost on okra plants (Abelmoschus esculentus L) grown in sandy calcareous soil. Agricultural Biology Journal of North America. 1: 225-231.
Akbari Nodehi, D. 2011. The effect of different water quantities on yield, water use efficiency and cotton yield function in Mazandaran province, Iran. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 21(1): 103-111. (In Persian).
Anyaoha, C.O., U. Orkpeh, and T.A. Fariyike. 2015. The effects of drought stress on flowering and fruit formation of five okra genotyes in south-west Nigeria. Continental Journal of Agricultural Science. 9: 28-33.
Asadipour, A., and H. Madani. 2017. The effects of irrigation and sowing date on the quantitative traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3(5): 497-501.
Bake, I.D., B.K. Singh, A.K. Singh, D.P. Moharana, and A.K. Maurya. 2014. Impact of planting distances and sowing dates on yield attributing traits of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cv. Kashi Pragati. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 6(7): 4112-4125.
Bake, I.D., B.K. Singh, A.K. Singh, D.P. Moharana, and A.K. Maurya. 2017. Effect of sowing dates and planting distances on quantitative attributes of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] cv. Kashi Pragati. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 6(12): 142-148.
Benchasri, S. 2012. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) as a valuable vegetable of the world. Field Vegetable and Crop Research. 49: 105-112.
Bhandari, B., J. Shrestha, and M.P. Tripathi. 2018. Productivity of maize (Zea mays) as affected by varieties and sowing dates. International Journal of Applied Biology. 2(2): 13-19.
Eisapour Nakhjiri, S., M. Ashouri, S.M. Sadeghi, N. Mohammadian Roushan, and M. Rezaei. 2021. The effects of different irrigation regimes and N fertilizer on yield, yield components and the content of micronutrients in brown and white rice (cv. Hashemi and Gilaneh). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 193-210.
Elhag, A.Z., and A.A. Ahmad. 2014. Effect of cultivar and sowing date on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] seed yield. Universal Journal of Applied Science. 2(3): 64-67.
Emongor, V.E., J.A. Chweya, and R.M. Munavu. 2006. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on the essential oilyield and quality of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flowers. Crop Sciences. 12(1): 12-19.
Eyni Nargeseh, H., M. Aghaalikhani, A.H. Shirani Rad, A. Mokhtasi-Bidgoli, and S.A.M. Modares-Sanavy. 2019. Response of new genotypes of rapeseed (Brassica napus) to late season withholding irrigation under semi-arid climate. Journal of Plant Productions (Scientific Journal of Agriculture). 41(4): 55-68. (In Persian).
Fallah Haki, M.H., A.R. Yadavi, M. Movahedi Dehnavi, and M. Bonyadi. 2012. Effect of planting date on physiologic and morphologic characteristics of four canola cultivars in Yasooj. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2(4): 53-65. (In Persian).
Faraji, A., M. Latifi, A. Aghajani, and K. Rahnama. 2006. Effects of some agronomy factors on phonology stage, vegetative characters and incidence of Scleroti niastem root in two genotypes of canola in Gonbad area. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 13: 56-68 (In Persian).
Farjam, S., A. Siosemardeh, H. Kazemi-Arbat, M. Yarnia, and A. Rokhzadi. 2017. Effects of ascorbic and salicylic acid foliar application on physiological traits of two chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum ) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 9(1): 99-117. (In Persian).
Ghannad, M., H. Madani, and H. Hasanpour-Darvishi. 2014a. Effects of different sowing times, irrigation intervals and sowing methods on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench). International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 3 (6): 683-689
Ghannad, M., H. Madani, and H.H. Darvishi. 2014b. Responses of okra crop to sowing time, irrigation interval and sowing methods in Shahrood region. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences. 7(10): 676-682.
Keshavarz, H., S.A.M. Modares-Sanavy, and M. Mahdipour-Afra. 2018. Organic and chemical fertilizer affected yield and essential oil of two mint species. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants. 21(6): 1674-1681.
Khatib, F., B. Torabi, and A. Rahimi. 2015. Assessing the effect of planting date on safflower cultivars growth and seed yield in Rafsanjan condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13(2): 316-317. (In Persian).
Khodabin, G., Z. Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A.M. Modarres-Sanavy, and E. Bakhshandeh. 2020. The Effect of withholding irrigation and foliar application of Zn and Mn on yield and eco-physiological characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 18(1): 85-100. (In Persian)
Mir, B., S. Ravan, and M.R. Asgharipour. 2011. Effects of plant density and sowing date on yield and yield components Hibiscus sabdariffa in Zabol region. Advances in Environmental Biology. 5(6): 1156-1161.
Miri, Kh. 2006. Effects of sowing date and density on yield and yield components of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, in Iranshahr. Seed and Plant Journal. 22(6): 369-379. (In Persian).
Mohammadi, G., E.M. Khah, and M.B. Aval. 2011. Differential responses for harvesting times and storage on hardness of different varieties of okra. Notulae Scientia Biologicae. 3(4): 117-122.
Naveed, A., A.A. Khan, and I.A. Khan. 2009. Generation mean analysis of water stress tolerance in okra (Abelmoschous esculentus). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(1): 195-205.
Nazeri, P., A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A. Valad Abadi, M. Mirakhori, and E. Hadidi Masoule. 2019. The effect of planting date and late season drought stress on eco-physiological characteristics of the new varieties of canola (Brassica napus). Journal of Agroecology. 11(1): 261-276.
Nazeri, P., A.H. Shirani Rad, S.A. Valad Abadi, M. Mirakhori, and E. Hadidi Masoule. 2018. Effect of sowing dates and late season water deficit stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of canola cultivars. Outlook on Agriculture. 47(4): 291-297.
Salih, R.F. 2019. Effect of sowing dates and varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on growth and yield parameters. Agricultural and Environmental Researches. 31(3): 64-70.
Singh, S., J.P. Nathiram, and R.H. Kaushik. 2013. Seed quality of okra cultivars as affected by sowing dates and plant geometry. Asian Journal of Horticulture. 8(2): 683-685.
Tarassoum, T.D. 2019. Performance of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) under different irrigation frequencies. North American Academic Research. 2(8): 49-61.
Tobe, A., S. Hokmalipour, B. Jafarzadeh, and M. Hamele Darbandi. 2013. Effect of sowing date on some phenological stages and oil contents in spring canola (Brassica napus) cultivars. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 13(9): 1202-1212.
Zareei Siahbidi, A., A. Rezaeizad, A. Asgari, and A.H. Shirani Rad. 2021. Evaluation of the response of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to delay sowing dates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(58): 251-264.