بررسی فتوسنتز، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گلرنگ (.Carthamus tinctorius L) در پاسخ به تنش توأم شوری و خشکی در مرحله رشد رویشی
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیمرضیه اسماعیل‌زاده 1 , حسین بابازاده 2 , هرمزد نقوی 3 , علی صارمی 4 , غلامحسین شیراسماعیلی 5
1 - دانشجوی دکتری، گروه مهندسی سیستم های کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه مهندسی سیستم های کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران
4 - گروه مهندسی سیستم های کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
5 - استادیار بخش تحقیقات علوم و زراعی باغی، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه: گلرنگ, عملکرد دانه, شاخص سطح برگ, درصد روغن, فتوسنتز خالص,
چکیده مقاله :
این تحقیق به منظور بررسی پاسخ گلرنگ به تنش های شوری، خشکی و تنش همزمان شوری- خشکی و سهم هر یک در کاهش عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و فتوسنتز گیاه انجام شد. بدین منظور آزمایشی به صورت کرت های یک بار خرد شده و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در اراضی مرکز آموزش کشاورزی کبوترآباد اصفهان در سال های 95-1394 و 96-1395 اجرا شد. در این مطالعه گلرنگ بهاره رقم صفه در واکنش به چهار سطح شوری آب آبیاری (5/2، 5، 10 و 15 دسی زیمنس بر متر) و چهار سطح آبیاری (100، 80، 60 و 40 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه ای) در مرحله رشد رویشی این گیاه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش سطوح شوری و خشکی به طور معنی داری از میانگین اکثر صفات مورد بررسی کاسته شد، به طوری که شدیدترین تیمارهای خشکی (آبیاری بر اساس 40 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه) و شوری (15 دسی زیمنس بر متر) کمترین مقادیر صفات را به خود اختصاص دادند. با افزایش شوری، درصد روغن دانه کاهش یافت، لیکن این کاهش (4/7 درصد) فقط در بالاترین سطح شوری آب (15 دسی زیمنس بر متر) معنی دار بود. بالاترین سطح تنش همزمان خشکی و شوری موجب کاهش هر چه بیشتر عملکرد دانه (13/87 درصد کاهش) در مقایسه با بالاترین سطح هر یک از تنش های خشکی (40/71 درصد کاهش) و شوری (56/55 درصد کاهش) نسبت به تیمار شاهد (بدون تنش خشکی و شوری) شد و سهم تنش خشکی در مقایسه با تنش شوری در کاهش عملکرد (به ترتیب 40/71 و 56/55 درصد) به مراتب بیشتر بود. لذا، به طورکلی با در نظر گرفتن حداقل افت عملکرد دانه، آبیاری معادل 80 درصد ظرفیت مزرعه با شوری 5 دسی زیمنس بر متر در مرحله رشد رویشی تولید گلرنگ امکان پذیر می باشد.
The research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to salinity, drought and combined salinity- drought stresses at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of plant. For this purpose, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out at Agricultural Education Center of Kabotarabad- Isfahan in 2016-2017. In this study, response of spring safflower (Sofeh variety) to four salinity stress levels (2.5, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and four drought stress levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% F.C.) at vegetative growth stage were evaluated. The results showed that mean values of most traits were significantly reduced with increasing salinity and drought stress levels, in such a way that severe drought (Irrigation based on 40% field capacity) and salinity (15 dS/m) treatments produced lowest values for all traits. Seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity but this decrease (7.4%) was significant only at highest salinity level (15 dS/m). The highest level of combined salinity-drought stress decreased seed yield (87.13% decrease) more than the highest level of each of drought (71.40% decrease) and salinity (55.56% decrease) stresses as compared to control treatment (without drought and salinity stress), and the share of drought stress in reduction of seed yield was higher than the salinity stress (71.40% and 55.56%, respectively). Thus, growing safflower with minimum loss of seed yield, by irrigation with 80% F.C. and water salinity with 5 dS/m at the vegetative growth stage is possible.
· Aghaiy, P., O. Sadeghipour, and B. Delkhosh, 2011. The response of autumn safflower cultivars to drought stress in Shahre-rey region. Plant and Ecosystem. 26(7): 3-14. (In Persian).
· Alizadeh, A. 2001. Practical hydrology principles. Astan Ghods Razavi Press. (In Persian)
· Alvarz, S., A. Navarro, S. Banon, and S.B. MJ. 2009. Regulated deficit irrigation in potted Dianthus plants: Effects of severe and moderate water stress on growth and physiological responses. Scientia Horticulture. 122: 579-585.
· Ashkani, J., H. Pakniyat, Y. Emam, M.T. Assad, and M.J. Bahrani. 2007. The evaluation and relationships of some physiological traits in spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under stress and non-stress water regimes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 9: 267-277. (In Persian).
· Ashraf, M., and P.J.C. Harris. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science. 166: 3-16.
· Ashrafi, E., and Kh. Razmjoo. 2010. Effect of irrigation regimes on oil content and composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 87(5): 499-506.
· Babai, K., M. AminiDehagi, S.A.M. Modares-Sanavi, and R. Jabbari. 2010. Effect of water stress on morphological characteristics, content of proline and thymol in thyme. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26 (2): 251-239. (In Persian).
· Baghkhani, F., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2008. Effects of drought stress on yield and some physiological characters of three spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties. Agricultural Research. 9(3): 45-58. (In Persian).
· Bahadorkhah, F., and S.A. Kazemeini. 2014. Effect of salinity and sowing method on yield, yield component and oil content of two cultivars of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 264-272. (In Persian).
· Bassil, E.S., and S.R. Kaffka. 2002. Response of safflower (Carthamus tinectorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation. I. Consumptive water use. Agricultural Water Management. 54: 67-80.
· Bijanzadeh, E., K. Nosrati, and T. Egan. 2010. Influence of seed priming techniques on germination and emergence of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Seed Science and Technology. 38: 242-247. (In Persian).
· Dudley, L.M., and U. Shani. 2003. Modeling plant response to drought and salt stress: Reformulation of the root sink term. Vadose Zone Journal. 2: 751-758.
· Esendel, E., A.I. Stanbulluoglo, B. Arslan, and C. Pasa. 2008. Effect of water stress in growth components of winter safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In Knights, S.E. and T.D. Potter (ed.) Proceedings of the 7th International Safflower Conference. Wagga, Australia. November 3-6. P. 211-217.
· Farid, N., and P. Ehsanzadeh. 2006. Yield and yield components of spring-sown safflower genotypes and their response to shading on inflorescence and the adjacent green tissue in Isfahan. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 10(1): 189-199. (In Persian).
· Feizi, M., M.A. Hajabbasi, and B. Mostafazadeh-Fard. 2010. Saline irrigation water management strategies for better yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in an arid region. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 408-414.
· Ferasat, M., N.A. Sajedi, and M. Mirzakhani. 2012. Effects of drought stress on yield and yield components in safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(2): 346-353. (In Persian).
· Franco, J.A., S. Banon, J.A. Fernandez, and D.I. Leskovar. 2000. Effect of nursery regimes and establishment on root development of Lotus certicus seedlings following transplanting. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 76: 174-179.
· Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
· Hans-Henning, M., R.E. Blackshaw, J.R. Byers, H.C. Huang, D.L. Johnson, R. Keon, J. Kubik, R. McKenzie, B. Otto, B. Roth, and K. Stanford. 2004. Safflower production on the Canadian prairies. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Lethbridge, Alberta. 43p.
· Jami Alahmadi, M., M.A. Behdani, and A. Rahimi. 2009. Responses of yield and yield components of three safflower (Carthamus tinectorious L.) spring cultivars to salinity induced at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production. 2(4): 113-134. (In Persian).
· Javadipour, Z., M. Movahhedi Dehnavi, and H.R. Balouchi. 2013. Evaluation of photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of safflower cultivars under saline condition. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian).
· Javed, S., S. Anwer Bukhari, M.Y. Ashraf, S. Mahmood, and T. Iftikhar. 2014. Effect of salinity on growth, biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 46(4):1153-1158.
· Kamali, E., Z. Shahmohammadi Heydari, M. Heydari, and M. Feyzi. 2011. Effects of irrigation water salinity and leaching fraction on soil chemical characteristic, grain yield, yield components and cation accumulation in safflower in Esfahan. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 42(1): 63-70. (In Persian).
· Ksouri, R., W. Megdiche, A. Debez, H. Falleh, C. Grignon, and C. Abdelly. 2007. Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritime. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 244-249.
· Lak, Sh., A. Naderi, S. A. Siyadat, A. Aeinehband, Gh. Nourmohamadi, and S.H. Mosavai. 2007. The effects of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant population on yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of corn at climatical conditions of Khuzestan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 11(42): 1-15. (In Persian).
· Mohammad, M., A.M. Liaghat, and H. Molavi. 2011. Simultaneous effect of deficit irrigation and salinity on yield and yield components of tomato under field conditions. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering. 34:15-23. (In Persian).
· Mohsenzadeh, S., M.A. Malboobi, K. Razavi, and S. Farrahi-Aschtiani. 2006. Physiological and molecular responses of Aeluropus lagopoides (Poaceae) to water deficit. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 56: 314–322.
· Mosavifar, B.A., M.A. Behdani, M. Jami Alahmadi, and M.S. Hoseini Bojd. 2009. The effect of irrigation disruption in different reproductive growth stages on yield, yield components and oil content in three spring safflower cultivars. Agroecology. 1(1): 41-51. (In Persian).
· Mosavifar, B.A., M.A. Behdani, M. Jami Alahmadi, and M.S. Hoseini Bojd. 2011. Changes of chlorophyll index (SPAD), relative water content, electrolyte leakage and seed yield in spring safflower genotypes under irrigation termination. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9(3): 525-534. (In Persian).
· Navarro, A.S., W. Banon, M.J. Conejero, and Sanchez-Blanco. 2008. Ornamental characters, ion accumulation and water status in Arbutus unedo seedlings irrigated with saline water and subsequent relief and transplanting. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 62: 364-370.
· Öztürk, E., H. Özer, and T. Polat. 2008. Growth and yield of safflower genotypes grown under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in a highland environment. Plant Soil Environs. 54(10): 453-460.
· Palizdar, M., B. Delkhosh, A.H. Shiranirad, and Gh. Noormohammadi. 2013. Investigation on effects of irrigation regimes and potassium content on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 24(4): 628-645. (In Persian).
· Rezaeizad, A. 2007. Responses of some sunflower genotypes to drought stress using different stress tolerance indices. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 23: 43-58. (In Persian).
· Rostami, M., R. Mirzaei, and M. Kafi. 2003. Assessment of drought resistance in four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars at the germination stage. 7th International Conference on the Development of Drylands, 14-17 September, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M.C., R. Domingo, A. Torrecillas, and A. Perez-Pastor. 2000. Water stress preconditioning to improve drought resistance in young apricot plants. Plant Science. 156: 245-251.
· Sarmadnia, Gh., and A. Kochaki. 1999. Physiological aspects of dry farming. Jahad Daneshgahi, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Pp. 440. (In Persian).
· Shahidi, A., M.J. Nahvinia, M. Parsinejad, and A. Liaghat. 2010. Determination of optimum model of water uptake under conjunctive salinity and water stress conditions in wheat cultivar. Journal of Water and Soil. 24: 534-544. (In Persian).
· Shannon, M.C. 1998. Adaptation of plants to salinity. Advance in Agronomy. 60: 75-119.
· Shir-esmaili, G.H., A.A. Maghsudi mood, G.R. Khajueinejad, and R. Abdoshahi, 2018. Yield and oil percentage of safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in spring and summer planting seasons affected by drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(2): 237-252. (In Persian).
· Taheri Asbagh, F., A. Fayaz Moghaddam, and A. Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh. 2009. Influence of water stress and sowing date on sunflower yield and oil percentage. Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 4(4): 487-489.
· Torrecillas, A., P. Rodriguez, and M.J. Sanchez-Blanco. 2003. Comparision of growth, leaf water relations and gas exchange of Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants irrigated with water of different NaCl salinity levels. Scientia Horticulture. 97: 353-368.
· Wang, D., M.C. Shannon, and C.M. Grieve. 2001. Salinity reduces radiation absorption and use efficiency in soybean. Field Crops Research. 69(3): 267-277.
· Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., A.A. Bagheri, A. Amiri, and S. Esmailzadeh. 2014. Effects of drought and foliar application on yield and photosynthetic pigments sunflower. Journal of Crop Physiology. 6 (21): 73-83. (In Persian).
· Yadollahi Dehcheshmeh, P., M.R. Asgharipour, N. Kheiri, and A. Ghaderi. 2015. Effects of drought stress and different types of organic fertilizers on the yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). 1(2): 27-40. (In Persian).
· Yari, P., A.H. Keshtkar, and A. Sepehri. 2014. Evaluation of water stress effect on growth and yield of spring safflower. Plant Products Technology. 14(2): 101-117. (In Persian).
· Zafari, M., A. Ebadi, S. Jahanbakhsh Godehahriz, and M. Sedghi. 2017. Evaluating some physiological characteristics of safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under water deficit stress and brassionosteroide application. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 11(4): 743-758. (In Persian).
· Aghaiy, P., O. Sadeghipour, and B. Delkhosh, 2011. The response of autumn safflower cultivars to drought stress in Shahre-rey region. Plant and Ecosystem. 26(7): 3-14. (In Persian).
· Alizadeh, A. 2001. Practical hydrology principles. Astan Ghods Razavi Press. (In Persian)
· Alvarz, S., A. Navarro, S. Banon, and S.B. MJ. 2009. Regulated deficit irrigation in potted Dianthus plants: Effects of severe and moderate water stress on growth and physiological responses. Scientia Horticulture. 122: 579-585.
· Ashkani, J., H. Pakniyat, Y. Emam, M.T. Assad, and M.J. Bahrani. 2007. The evaluation and relationships of some physiological traits in spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under stress and non-stress water regimes. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 9: 267-277. (In Persian).
· Ashraf, M., and P.J.C. Harris. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Science. 166: 3-16.
· Ashrafi, E., and Kh. Razmjoo. 2010. Effect of irrigation regimes on oil content and composition of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 87(5): 499-506.
· Babai, K., M. AminiDehagi, S.A.M. Modares-Sanavi, and R. Jabbari. 2010. Effect of water stress on morphological characteristics, content of proline and thymol in thyme. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26 (2): 251-239. (In Persian).
· Baghkhani, F., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2008. Effects of drought stress on yield and some physiological characters of three spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) varieties. Agricultural Research. 9(3): 45-58. (In Persian).
· Bahadorkhah, F., and S.A. Kazemeini. 2014. Effect of salinity and sowing method on yield, yield component and oil content of two cultivars of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(2): 264-272. (In Persian).
· Bassil, E.S., and S.R. Kaffka. 2002. Response of safflower (Carthamus tinectorius L.) to saline soils and irrigation. I. Consumptive water use. Agricultural Water Management. 54: 67-80.
· Bijanzadeh, E., K. Nosrati, and T. Egan. 2010. Influence of seed priming techniques on germination and emergence of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Seed Science and Technology. 38: 242-247. (In Persian).
· Dudley, L.M., and U. Shani. 2003. Modeling plant response to drought and salt stress: Reformulation of the root sink term. Vadose Zone Journal. 2: 751-758.
· Esendel, E., A.I. Stanbulluoglo, B. Arslan, and C. Pasa. 2008. Effect of water stress in growth components of winter safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). In Knights, S.E. and T.D. Potter (ed.) Proceedings of the 7th International Safflower Conference. Wagga, Australia. November 3-6. P. 211-217.
· Farid, N., and P. Ehsanzadeh. 2006. Yield and yield components of spring-sown safflower genotypes and their response to shading on inflorescence and the adjacent green tissue in Isfahan. Journal of Water and Soil Science. 10(1): 189-199. (In Persian).
· Feizi, M., M.A. Hajabbasi, and B. Mostafazadeh-Fard. 2010. Saline irrigation water management strategies for better yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in an arid region. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 4: 408-414.
· Ferasat, M., N.A. Sajedi, and M. Mirzakhani. 2012. Effects of drought stress on yield and yield components in safflower genotypes (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 10(2): 346-353. (In Persian).
· Franco, J.A., S. Banon, J.A. Fernandez, and D.I. Leskovar. 2000. Effect of nursery regimes and establishment on root development of Lotus certicus seedlings following transplanting. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 76: 174-179.
· Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
· Hans-Henning, M., R.E. Blackshaw, J.R. Byers, H.C. Huang, D.L. Johnson, R. Keon, J. Kubik, R. McKenzie, B. Otto, B. Roth, and K. Stanford. 2004. Safflower production on the Canadian prairies. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Lethbridge, Alberta. 43p.
· Jami Alahmadi, M., M.A. Behdani, and A. Rahimi. 2009. Responses of yield and yield components of three safflower (Carthamus tinectorious L.) spring cultivars to salinity induced at different growth stages. Journal of Crop Production. 2(4): 113-134. (In Persian).
· Javadipour, Z., M. Movahhedi Dehnavi, and H.R. Balouchi. 2013. Evaluation of photosynthesis parameters, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of safflower cultivars under saline condition. Journal of Crop Production. 6(2): 35-56. (In Persian).
· Javed, S., S. Anwer Bukhari, M.Y. Ashraf, S. Mahmood, and T. Iftikhar. 2014. Effect of salinity on growth, biochemical parameters and fatty acid composition in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 46(4):1153-1158.
· Kamali, E., Z. Shahmohammadi Heydari, M. Heydari, and M. Feyzi. 2011. Effects of irrigation water salinity and leaching fraction on soil chemical characteristic, grain yield, yield components and cation accumulation in safflower in Esfahan. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science. 42(1): 63-70. (In Persian).
· Ksouri, R., W. Megdiche, A. Debez, H. Falleh, C. Grignon, and C. Abdelly. 2007. Salinity effects on polyphenol content and antioxidant activities in leaves of the halophyte Cakile maritime. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 45: 244-249.
· Lak, Sh., A. Naderi, S. A. Siyadat, A. Aeinehband, Gh. Nourmohamadi, and S.H. Mosavai. 2007. The effects of different levels of irrigation, nitrogen and plant population on yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of corn at climatical conditions of Khuzestan. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources. 11(42): 1-15. (In Persian).
· Mohammad, M., A.M. Liaghat, and H. Molavi. 2011. Simultaneous effect of deficit irrigation and salinity on yield and yield components of tomato under field conditions. Journal of Irrigation Sciences and Engineering. 34:15-23. (In Persian).
· Mohsenzadeh, S., M.A. Malboobi, K. Razavi, and S. Farrahi-Aschtiani. 2006. Physiological and molecular responses of Aeluropus lagopoides (Poaceae) to water deficit. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 56: 314–322.
· Mosavifar, B.A., M.A. Behdani, M. Jami Alahmadi, and M.S. Hoseini Bojd. 2009. The effect of irrigation disruption in different reproductive growth stages on yield, yield components and oil content in three spring safflower cultivars. Agroecology. 1(1): 41-51. (In Persian).
· Mosavifar, B.A., M.A. Behdani, M. Jami Alahmadi, and M.S. Hoseini Bojd. 2011. Changes of chlorophyll index (SPAD), relative water content, electrolyte leakage and seed yield in spring safflower genotypes under irrigation termination. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 9(3): 525-534. (In Persian).
· Navarro, A.S., W. Banon, M.J. Conejero, and Sanchez-Blanco. 2008. Ornamental characters, ion accumulation and water status in Arbutus unedo seedlings irrigated with saline water and subsequent relief and transplanting. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 62: 364-370.
· Öztürk, E., H. Özer, and T. Polat. 2008. Growth and yield of safflower genotypes grown under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in a highland environment. Plant Soil Environs. 54(10): 453-460.
· Palizdar, M., B. Delkhosh, A.H. Shiranirad, and Gh. Noormohammadi. 2013. Investigation on effects of irrigation regimes and potassium content on yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 24(4): 628-645. (In Persian).
· Rezaeizad, A. 2007. Responses of some sunflower genotypes to drought stress using different stress tolerance indices. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 23: 43-58. (In Persian).
· Rostami, M., R. Mirzaei, and M. Kafi. 2003. Assessment of drought resistance in four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars at the germination stage. 7th International Conference on the Development of Drylands, 14-17 September, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
· Ruiz-Sanchez, M.C., R. Domingo, A. Torrecillas, and A. Perez-Pastor. 2000. Water stress preconditioning to improve drought resistance in young apricot plants. Plant Science. 156: 245-251.
· Sarmadnia, Gh., and A. Kochaki. 1999. Physiological aspects of dry farming. Jahad Daneshgahi, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Pp. 440. (In Persian).
· Shahidi, A., M.J. Nahvinia, M. Parsinejad, and A. Liaghat. 2010. Determination of optimum model of water uptake under conjunctive salinity and water stress conditions in wheat cultivar. Journal of Water and Soil. 24: 534-544. (In Persian).
· Shannon, M.C. 1998. Adaptation of plants to salinity. Advance in Agronomy. 60: 75-119.
· Shir-esmaili, G.H., A.A. Maghsudi mood, G.R. Khajueinejad, and R. Abdoshahi, 2018. Yield and oil percentage of safflower cultivars (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in spring and summer planting seasons affected by drought stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(2): 237-252. (In Persian).
· Taheri Asbagh, F., A. Fayaz Moghaddam, and A. Hassanzadeh Gorttapeh. 2009. Influence of water stress and sowing date on sunflower yield and oil percentage. Research Journal of Biological Sciences. 4(4): 487-489.
· Torrecillas, A., P. Rodriguez, and M.J. Sanchez-Blanco. 2003. Comparision of growth, leaf water relations and gas exchange of Cistus albidus and Cistus monspeliensis plants irrigated with water of different NaCl salinity levels. Scientia Horticulture. 97: 353-368.
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