شبکه‌های حسگر بی‌سیم (WSN) ایمن‌ترین و پرکاربردترین شبکه‌های موجود هستند که برای نظارت و کنترل محیط و کسب اطلاعات محیطی به منظور تصمیم‌گیری مناسب در محیط‌های مختلف مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرند. یکی از ویژگی های بسیار مهم شبکه های حسگر بی سیم طول عمر آنهاست. دو عامل مهم برای افزایش طول عمر شبکه ها به ذهن متبادر می شود: این عوامل حفظ پوشش شبکه و کاهش مصرف انرژی گره های حسگر به طور همزمان با مصرف یکنواخت انرژی توسط همه آنها می باشد. خوشه بندی به عنوان روش بهینه جمع آوری داده ها برای کاهش مصرف انرژی و حفظ پوشش شبکه در شبکه های حسگر بی سیم استفاده می شود. در شبکه های خوشه ای، هر گره داده های به دست آمده را به سر خوشه ای که به آن تعلق دارد، ارسال می کند. پس از اینکه یک سر خوشه تمام داده ها را از تمام گره های عضو جمع آوری کرد، داده ها را به ایستگاه پایه (سینک) منتقل می کند. با توجه به اینکه منطق فازی جایگزین مناسبی برای سیستم های پیچیده ریاضی است، در این مطالعه، مدل اعتماد مبتنی بر منطق فازی از روش خوشه بندی در شبکه های حسگر بی سیم استفاده می کند. به این ترتیب سنسورهای سر خوشه از میان حسگرهایی با قابلیت اطمینان بالا با کمک قوانین فازی انتخاب می شوند. در نتیجه بهترین و قابل اعتمادترین حسگرها به عنوان سر خوشه انتخاب خواهند شد. نتایج شبیه‌سازی در نرم‌افزار متلب نشان می‌دهد که به این ترتیب در مقایسه با پروتکل‌های K-Means، FCM، خوشه‌بندی تفریقی و خوشه‌بندی فازی چند هدفه، مصرف انرژی در گره‌های خوشه‌ای کاهش یافته و طول عمر شبکه افزایش می‌یابد. تفاصيل المقالة

Simultaneous evaluation of the impact of different types of dynamic assessment on EFL learners' listening comprehension has never been conducted as far as the related literature discloses. Most of the studies connected with the dynamic assessment and various language skills have focused on speaking and writing performance. The present qualitative study aimed to examine Iranian EFL learners' attitudes toward the application of three models of dynamic assessment; namely, Interactionist Dynamic Assessment (I-DA), Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA), and Computerized Dynamic Assessment (C-DA to Listening Comprehension Instruction. For this purpose, the Preliminary English Test (PET) was administered to 140 Iranian EFL female learners in four English Language Institutes in Ahvaz, Iran, who were chosen through availability sampling, and 80 of them were selected as homogeneous participants of the study. Then, they were given a perception questionnaire intended to elicit their insights about applying the different types of dynamic assessment. Three parallel questionnaires were constructed, each consisting of 15 items, and asking the learners about the efficacy of interactionist dynamic assessment in the I-DA group, group dynamic assessment in the G-DA group, and computerized dynamic assessment in the C-DA group. The descriptive analysis of the respondents' answers revealed that the degree of the IDA, GDA, and CDA learners' positive attitudes towards the application of DA reached statistical significance. This finding implies that EFL teachers may need to deliberate on the positive influence of different dynamic assessment models on EFL learners' listening comprehension improvement and, therefore, provide them with more opportunities to interact. تفاصيل المقالة

این مطالعه با هدف بررسی تأثیر افزایش آگاهی از طریق سیل ورودی واژگان بر روانی نوشتاری زبان آموزان ایرانی متوسط ​​انجام شد. برای این منظور 80 زبان آموز زبان انگلیسی از طریق آزمون مهارت زبان (OPT) به عنوان شرکت کنندگان متوسط ​​انتخاب و به طور تصادفی به دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل هر کدام شامل 40 زبان آموز دختر و پسر متوسط ​​تقسیم شدند. درمان برای گروه آزمایش 13 جلسه دو ساعته به طول انجامید که در آن شرکت کنندگان در معرض وظایف افزایش آگاهی از طریق سیل ورودی واژگان قرار گرفتند. گروه کنترل هیچ درمانی دریافت نکرد و فقط از روشهای آموزشی مرسوم پیروی کرد. در پایان درمان، آزمون نوشتن برای هر دو گروه انجام شد. داده‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده با استفاده از آزمون تی زوجی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها نشان داد که گروه آزمایش در روان‌نویسی به‌طور معنی‌داری از گروه کنترل بهتر عمل کرد. این یافته ممکن است پیامدهای نظری و آموزشی برای معلمان/ فراگیران زبان، طراحان برنامه درسی، ELT و سیاست گذاران و سهامداران داشته باشد. تفاصيل المقالة

This study aimed to examine the impact of Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) on the listening comprehension of Iranian intermediate EFL learners. To this purpose, through the Preliminary English Test (PET) 140 Iranian EFL female learners in four English Language Institutes of Ahvaz, Iran, were tested, and 80 of them were selected as the sample of the study using convenience sampling. They were taught through group dynamic assessment. After the pretest and treatment sessions, the participants were given the listening comprehension post-test and the resultant scores were statistically analyzed to detect their development from pretest to post-test. The obtained results revealed that Group Dynamic Assessment (G-DA) had a positive impact on the participants’ listening comprehension. This finding implies that EFL teachers may need to consider the positive impact of dynamic assessment on EFL learners’ listening comprehension improvement and provide them with more opportunities to interact. They may also need to create a change in the traditional models of listening comprehension assessment which emphasize psychometric quantification of students' performances. تفاصيل المقالة

AbstractThis research sought to investigate IELTS test-takers' perceptions of obtaining scaffolded MOOC-based training. To accomplish this purpose, 50 IELTS candidates were chosen through convenient sampling and assigned to one of two groups: a MOOC-based teaching group (MG, n = 25) and a face-to-face instruction group (F2FG, n = 25). The MG test-takers were exposed to FutureLearn, while the F2FG test-takers were given identical materials in person. Scaffolding took the form of visual aids, pre-teaching the necessary terminology, drawing on the participants' past knowledge of a subject, modeling what they were requested to write, and providing them with the sentence patterns needed to complete the IELTS Writing Task 2. The writing pre-test and post-test scores of the two groups were examined using a one-way ANCOVA, which revealed that the MG learners outperformed their F2FG counterparts significantly. The perception questionnaire results revealed that MG students liked MOOC-based education for their writing courses. The implications and applications of the current study's results are provided at the end of the research تفاصيل المقالة

This study aimed at exploring a host of objectives: it examined whether self-efficacy, learner autonomy, and critical thinking play a significant part in predicting EFL learners'' language mindset. Moreover, it inspected the direct and indirect relationships among all the above-mentioned variables. To achieve these purposes, a correlational survey design was used; survey questionnaires (Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), Learner Autonomy Questionnaire, California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST), and Language Mindsets Inventory (LMI) were administered to more than 700 male and female intermediate EFL learners selected through convenient sampling from several language institutes in Isfahan, Iran, and the required data were collected and statistically analyzed by path analysis in the SmartPLS environment. The obtained results showed that all the variables are partially related to language mindset. However, the significant relationship with mindset was that of self-efficacy. This finding has useful implications for language teachers. Growth mindsets must be captured and modeled by them for the proper implementation of mindset interventions so that learners can understand their flexible capacities as a reflection of their efforts. They can also develop attitudes and behaviors in the learner that will help them succeed in life. Learners who undergo a growth mindset intervention to increase self-efficacy will benefit from greater academic success and commitment to learning. تفاصيل المقالة

The present study was aimed at investigating intermediate Iranian EFL learners’ feedback preferences on their L2 writing and examining the possible differences between learners with entity and incremental language mindsets with respect to their feedback preferences. To this end, 150 EFL learners were recruited from several language institutes in Isfahan, Iran, and their language proficiency level was measured through a proficiency test. The learners were then given the Language Mindsets Questionnaire and the Feedback Preferences Scale to fill out. Frequency counts, mean scores, and chi-square for independence were employed to analyze the collected data. The results of the study indicated that teacher-student conferencing, self-correction, peer correction, and correction using prompts were the types of feedback that the learners preferred to receive, and the difference between entity and incremental mindset holders reached statistical significance for teacher correction with comments, self-correction, and teacher-student conferencing. Regarding the strategies the learners utilized to handle feedback, the two groups of learners were significantly different just in terms of asking for teacher explanation. Finally, thinking prompts received priority in the following order, L1/L2, word, and rule, while goal and fit were not favored by the learners; thinking prompt did not turn out to cause significantly different preferences in the EFL learners with entity or incremental mindsets. The significance of the obtained results are discussed and the implications of the study are then proffered تفاصيل المقالة

While the main focus of the studies in the literature is centered around EFL teachers’ identity construction in face-to-face classes regarding certain cliche factors, the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the potential of investigating EFL teachers' professional identity reflection in the developing contexts of distance education. Thus, this study examined the possible association between Iranian EFL instructors' Professional Identity Reflection (PIR) and their use of Achievement Orientation Strategies (AOSs) in the dynamic setting of E-teaching. Besides, this study evaluated the prediction power of the AOSs in determining the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors. One hundred four male and female Iranian EFL instructors were selected based on convenience sampling to participate in this quantitative correlational research. Two instruments, including Measure of Teachers Achievement (MoTA) and Questionnaire of Professional Identity (QPI), were used to collect the required data on the online platform of Type form. The R software's correlation and multiple regression packages were utilized to analyze the gathered data. The results indicated a robust direct association between the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-teaching and their use of AOSs. Moreover, three out of four AOSs significantly predicted the PIR of Iranian EFL instructors in E-Teaching. Furthermore, the mastery-approach strategy had the most predicting power among the other AOSs. This study provides practical interdisciplinary benefits for EFL teachers, EFL teacher trainers, and educational psychologists in training EFL teachers who are aware of how their views toward achieving specific academic goals in E-teaching influence their professional identity in E-teaching. تفاصيل المقالة

The current study was set to examine whether input flooding and input enhancement of vocabulary affected reading fluency of Iranian EFL learners. It also evaluated whether there was any substantial difference between the impacts of input flooding and input enhancement of vocabulary on reading of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, 120 out of 150 Iranian EFL intermediate learners at three language schools in Iran were randomly selected and divided into three groups, each consisting of 40 learners. The first experimental group received input flooding as treatment. To this aim, the frequency of the vocabulary items in the reading texts used during the course was increased. In other words, learners were flooded with the vocabulary items via different examples and using the words several times in the reading texts. The participants in the Input Enhancement (IE) group received IE through underlining, boldfacing, italicization, capitalization, and other strategies such as color coding, using different fonts, and diverse forms of vocabulary. To this end, in this experimental group, the vocabulary items appeared in the texts through using underlining, boldfacing, italicization and capitalization. In order to do so, the researcher retyped the selected materials and carried out the required modifications on them. control group received traditional method for teaching reading. The findings revealed that both input flooding and input enhancement of vocabulary had positively significant impacts on Iranian EFL learners’ reading fluency. Input flooding of vocabulary was more effective than input enhancement of vocabulary regarding their impacts on Iranian EFL learners’ reading fluency. تفاصيل المقالة

این تحقیق با هدف کشف نوع تکنیکهای یادگیری زبان آموزی مورد استفاده دانشجویان ایرانی در رشته بهداشت و تکنولوژی مواد غذایی و همچنین یافتن رابطه بین استفاده از تکنیکهای یادگیری زبان با تفکر انتقادی و سطح انگیزش این زبان آموزان انجام شد. بدین منظور 60 شرکت کننده به صورت تصادفی از بین دانشجویان کارشناسی در رشته بهداشت وتکنولوژی مواد غذایی انتخاب شدند. دانشجویان نامبرده که در دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شهرکرد در حال تحصیل بودند از نظر تسلط بر زبان انگلیسی از طریق آزمون تعیین سطح سریع آکسفورد (OQPT) همگن شدند. سپس، یک فهرست 50 موردی استراتژی یادگیری زبان برای شرکت‌کنندگان اجرا شد تا انواع تکنیکهای یادگیری مورد استفاده توسط آنها در طول دوره زبان آموزی خود را کشف کنند. سپس توانایی تفکر انتقادی و انگیزه شرکت کنندگان از طریق پرسشنامه های مربوطه تعیین شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان داد که اکثر این دانشجویان استفاده از تکنیکهای شناختی را ترجیح می‌دهند. همچنین، نتایج به رابطه معنادار بین استفاده از تکنیکهای یادگیری زبان و پتانسیل تفکر انتقادی این دانشجویان و عدم وجود رابطه معنا داربین استفاده از تکنیکهای یادگیری زبان و انگیزه دانشجویان نامبرده اشاره کرد. نتایج همچنین کاربرد این یافته ها را برای دوره های فراگیری زبان برای اهداف ویژه ESP)) را ارائه می دهد. تفاصيل المقالة

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is an instrumental approach in equipping students with the necessary skills and preparing them for success in academic, professional, and real-life communication contexts. However, the lack of research in this area in teaching writing is a notable gap in the field of language education. This gap in research hinders the understanding of how TBLT can be optimally applied to the development of writing proficiency in language learners. To this end, the current study aimed at finding the effects of three types of task repetitions (exact, procedural and content) on the writing quality of a group of EFL learners. A convenience sample of 120 intermediate EFL learners agreed to participate in this study. The participants were then randomly assigned to 4 groups: 1 control group and 3 experimental groups. The initial writing task, functioning as the pre-test, was conducted across all groups. In this task, learners were requested to rephrase the reading passage from unit 6A of the American File book, which was considered a descriptive writing assignment. Following this, the participants underwent the necessary treatment over three sessions in three experimental groups. The variations among the experimental groups were related to the types of task repetition. After the treatment sessions were completed, the same pre-test was given to the participants as the post-test to measure any difference in the quality of the participants’ writing. Data analysis was done through a series of t-tests and one-way ANCOVA. تفاصيل المقالة

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) and Automatic Corrective Feedback (ACF) are two pedagogical approaches that intersect in the realm of language learning and teaching. However, the integration of ACF into TBLT has not been thoroughly investigated, especially in second language writing. The current study, hence, was an attempt to explore the relationship between TBLT and ACF on the overall quality of L2 writing among a group of Iranian EFL learners. To this end, a number of 120 EFL learners were selected to participate in the study. The participants were subsequently allocated randomly into five groups: two control groups and three experimental groups. A preliminary writing assignment, serving as the pre-test, was administered to all groups. In this task, learners were instructed to rewrite the reading passage from unit 6A of the American File book, which was designated as a descriptive writing task. Subsequently, the participants received the required intervention over three sessions in the experimental groups. The distinctions among the experimental groups pertained to the types of task repetition employed. When needed, the participants sought assistance from Grammarly as an ACF. Participants in the control group did not experience any types of task repletion nor automated corrective feedback. Once the treatment sessions concluded, participants were administered the same pre-test as a post-test to gauge any alterations in the quality of their writing. Data analysis entailed a series of t-tests. Findings indicated that, on the whole, the three writing tasks accompanying ACF impacted the quality of writing among EFL learners similarly. Recommendations for future research were also put forward. تفاصيل المقالة