ارکیدها از پرفروش‌ترین گل‌های زینتی در جهان هستند که تولیدشان به صنعتی بزرگ در تجارت جهانی گل تبدیل شده است. به‌ خاطر مزایای زیاد ریزازدیادی نسبت به سایر روش‌های تولید، در این تحقیق به بررسی اثر تنظیم‌کننده-های‌ رشد روی ریزازدیادی ارکید کاتاستوم (Catasetum sp.) پرداخته شد. همچنین به ‌منظور رسیدن به صفات مطلوب و بازارپسند در ارکید دندروبیوم (Dendrobium sp.) از القای پلی‌پلوییدی توسط کلشی‌سین استفاده گردید. در ریزازدیادی، پروتوکورم ارکید به ‌عنوان ریزنمونه در محیط ‌کشت MS حاوی غلظت‌های مختلف ایندول-3-‌بوتیریک‌اسید (IBA) (0، 1/0، 2/0 و 5/0 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) و کینیتین (Kin) (0، 2/0، 5/0، 1 و 2 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) کشت شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد برگ و تعداد ریشه در گیاهچه‌های رشد یافته در محیط غنی -شده با 1 میلی‌گرم در لیتر Kin در ترکیب با 5/0 میلی‌گرم در لیتر IBA به دست آمد. در القای برون‌شیشه‌ای پلی-پلوییدی، گیاهچه‌های کامل 5 ماهه‌ی دندروبیوم در بابل رآکتورهای پر شده با غلظت‌های مختلف محلول کلشی‌سین (0، 05/0، 1/0 و 15/0 درصد) به مدت سه روز همراه با (NP-40) Nonident P-40 به ‌عنوان سورفاکتانت، غوطه‌ور شدند. آنالیز فلوسایتومتری آشکار کرد که گیاهچه‌های تتراپلویید با تیمار 15/0 درصد کلشی‌سین تولید شدند. بررسی صفات سایتولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی، حضور تتراپلوییدی را در گیاهچه‌های تیمار شده با 15/0 درصد کلشی‌سین تایید کرد. تفاصيل المقالة

میوه یا مغز فندق ارزش غذایی و دارویی دارد و به صورت خام یا بو داده مصرف می‌شود. رقم فندق مورد استفاده در پژوهش حاضر، رقم گرد اشکورات بود. برای تعیین بهترین درجه حرارت خشک‌کردن فندق، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با دو فاکتور دمای هوای خشک‌کن در سه سطح (40، 50 و 60 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد) و نوع میوه در دو سطح (با پوست و بدون پوست) در سه تکرار اجرا شد. خشک‌کردن میوه‌ها با دستگاه خشک‌کن آزمایشگاهی به صورت لایه نازک انجام شد. برای محاسبه‌ی انرژی ویژه‌ی مورد نیاز برای خشک‌کردن فندق در هر تیمار از رابطه‌ی کار الکتریکی در خشک‌کن (کار هیتر + کار فن) استفاده شد. از روش‌های استاندارد مؤسسه‌ی استاندارد و تحقیقات صنعتی ایران برای اندازه‌گیری پراکسید و اسیدیته‌ی روغن فندق استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل نوع میوه و دما بر درصد روغن میوه معنی‌دار نشد ولی سایر صفات تحت تأثیر اثر متقابل تیمارها قرار گرفتند. بالاترین درصد پروتئین (62/13 درصد)، در فندق‌های برشته‌شده در دمای 60 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد و با پوست به دست آمد. بالاترین و پایین‌ترین درصد اسیدیته روغن (28/0 و 11/0 درصد)، به ترتیب در فندق‌های برشته‌شده در دمای 50 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد با و بدون پوست به ثبت گردید. مقدار عددی پراکسید (25/8 و 30/1)، به ترتیب در فندق‌های برشته‌شده در دمای 40 و 60 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد با پوست به دست آمد. در مجموع، دمای 60 درجه‌ی سانتی‌گراد مناسب‌ترین دما برای خشک‌کردن میوه‌ی فندق بود و باعث ارتقای اغلب ویژگی‌های فیزیولوژیک و چشایی شد. تفاصيل المقالة

نیتروژن مهمترین عنصر در رشد و عملکرد گیاهان است. برای تامین نیتروژن نیاز گیاه منابع مختلفی وجود دارد که کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی از آن جمله است. اما کاربرد بیش از حد کودهای شیمیایی علاوه بر آلودگی آب و خاک، سلامت جامعه را نیز با مخاطراتی روبرو کرده است. بنابراین بهینه سازی مصرف کودهای شیمیـایی و جایگزین کردن آن با کودهای بیولوژیک می‌تواند قدمی برای افزایش سلامت جامعه باشد. به‌همین منظور یک آزمایش مزرعه‌ای با سطوح مختلف کود اوره و تأثیر کودهای زیستی و نانونیتروژن به صورت فاکتــوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار بر عملکرد و کیفیت میوه توت فرنگی انجام شد. فاکتور اول آزمایش شامل سطوح کود اوره (0، 75 و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و فاکتور دوم شامل منابع نیتروژن (آزوسپریلوم، ازتوباکتر، نانونیتروژن و شاهد) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در تمامی تیمارها، با افزایش کاربرد کود اوره طول بوته و وزن اندام هوایی افزایش، ولی ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل، ترکیبات فلاونوییدی کل، مقدار آنتوسیانین و ویتامینث میوهکاهش یافت. بیشترین وزن تر اندام هوایی و تعداد میوه از تیمار نانو نیتروژن + 75 کیلوگرم اوره به‌دست آمد. در حالی که بیشترین مقدار ویتامین‌ث، ظرفیت آنتی اکسیدانی کل و ظرفیت فنل کل از گیاهان تلقیح شده با ازتوباکتر و آزوسپریلوم به‌دست آمد ولی تیمار ازتوباکتر نسبت به آزوسپریلوم در اغلب صفات برتری نشان داد و با افزایش مصرف کود اوره، کارایی خود را نسبت به تیمار شاهد حفظ کرد. بیشترین عملکرد میوه از تیمار نانو نیتروژن + 75 کیلوگرم اوره به دست آمد ولی به لحاظ آماری اختلاف معنی‌دار با تیمار ازتوباکتر + 75 کیلوگرم اوره نداشت. بنابراین از آنجا که هدف از آزمایش افزایش عملکرد و کیفیت میوه بود، تیمار ازتوباکتر + 75 کیلوگرم اوره نسبت به سایر تیمارها قابل توصیه می‌باشد. تفاصيل المقالة

به منظور بررسی اثر سویه‌های باکتری حل‌کننده فسفات و سطوح مختلف کود فسفری بر عملکرد و میزان اسانس گیاه دارویی شوید (Anethum graveolens L.) آزمایشی به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در اراضی پیرامون شهرستان اردبیل در سال 1390 اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل 3 سطح مصرف کود فسفات (0، 75 و 150 کیلوگرم سوپرفسفات تریپل در هکتار) و چهار سطح باکتری حل‌کننده فسفات (سه سویه باکتری سودوموناس پیوتیدا سویه R-168، R-173, R-113 و بدون تلقیح با باکتری) بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثر سویه‌های باکتری بر ارتفاع گیاه، عملکرد بذر، میزان اسانس، مقدار آلفا فلاندرن، لیمونن، دیل اتر، ترانس دی هیدروکاروون، فسفر و آهن، معنی‌دار بود. مقایسه میانگین نشان داد که سویه R-113 در سطح ۷۵ کیلوگرم کود فسفات بالاترین بازدهی بذر را موجب شد. سویه R-168 نیز بیشترین میزان اسانس و بالاترین مقدار آلفا فلاندرن، لیمونن و دیل‌اتر را تولید کرد. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده با استفاده از این باکتری‌ها علاوه بر کاهش یک سوم مصرف کود فسفات توصیه شده، می‌توان کیفیت محصول را نیز بالا برد.بنابراین جایگزینی باکتری‌های حل‌کننده فسفات برای افزایش عملکرد و همچنین کیفیت گیاه شوید توصیه می‌شود. تفاصيل المقالة

Phalaenopsis orchid has high economic value in the floriculture industry and is one of the most popular orchids in the world. Tissue culture techniques makes it possible to propagate and conserve this species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of two plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely N-Phenyl-N′-1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl-urea (TDZ) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), alone and in combination with each other, on the number of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs), leaves, and roots, along with leaf and root lengths of micropropagated Phalaenopsis circus using leaf explants through organogenesis method. Also, correlations between these traits in the Phalaenopsis circus plantlets under study were calculated. Plantlets produced from PLBs were cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal media enriched with various levels and combinations of TDZ and 2,4-D. The optimal concentrations of the PGRs for micropropagation of Phalaenopsis circus are reported and discussed. The maximum number of PLBs (75.00) was obtained on the medium enriched with 1.00 mg l–1 2,4-D. The highest length of leaf (5.23 cm) was calculated on the medium enriched with 2.00 mg l–1 2,4-D. Concentration of 1.00 mg l–1 TDZ induced the maximum number (6.07) of leaf. The longest root length (4.15 cm) and the largest number of root (4.93) was obtained in medium augmented with 2.00 mg l–1 2,4-D. تفاصيل المقالة

To reduce the postharvest loss of cut lisianthus ‘Pink Picotte’ flowers, an experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete design with three replications. The experimental treatments were composed of salicylic acid (SA) at three rates of 50, 100 and 200 mgL-1 and cerium nitrate (Ce(NO3)3) at four rates of 20, 40, 80 and 200 μM and distilled water (control) applied at 24-h pulses with 3% sucrose. It was found that SA and Ce (NO3)3 influenced all recorded traits significantly except for dry matter. The treatments of 40 μM Ce (NO3)3 and 100 mgL-1 SA performed the best in extending vase life so that they were associated with the longest vase lives of 15.42 and 15.20 days, respectively. In addition to improving vase life, these two treatments outperformed the other treatments in inhibiting the loss of fresh weight, reducing bacterial colony in vase solution, and increasing leaf chlorophyll. The highest catalase activity (8.57 IUg-1FWmin-1) was observed in the plants treated with 40 μM Ce (NO3)3, not differing from the treatments of 50 and 100 mgL-1 SA significantly. Furthermore, these treatments were effective in increasing superoxide dismutase activity. The results revealed that the application of 200 mgL-1 SA had adverse impacts on the vase life and the related traits. Overall, it is not recommended to apply high concentrations of Ce (NO3)3 (80 and 200 μM) and SA (200 mgL-1) in the vase solution of cut lisianthus ‘Pink Picotte’ flowers. تفاصيل المقالة

Magnetic field improved germination parameters. The germination of Catharanthus roseus seeds is lost under salinity conditions. The effect of different strengths of magnetic field and exposure durations on the germination of C. roseus seeds under salinity conditions (19 mS cm-1) were investigated. The experiment was conducted with factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 magnetic field strengths (50, 100 and 150 mT) and 3 exposure durations (10, 20, and 30 minutes). It was found that exposure to magnetic field improved seed germination under salinity conditions, so that the highest germination percentages of (74.44 and 73.05%) were obtained from 20 and 30 minutes exposure to the 100 mT magnetic field, respectively, which resulted in 28% higher germination than control. Also, these treatments were found to be the best for germination rate and vigor indices I and II. The highest radicle length (2.37 cm) and plumule length (3.50 cm) were related to the 20 minutes exposure in 50 mT magnetic field and the 10 minutes exposure in the 100 mT magnetic field. The highest radicle dry weight of 0.24 g and plumule dry weight of 0.81 g was observed in treatment of 10 minute exposure to the100 mT magnetic field. تفاصيل المقالة

The effect of potash biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer was studied on quantitative and qualitative traits of periwinkle in a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Design with three replications, 48 experimental units, and two factors: (1) different methods of potash bio-fertilizer application at four levels of control (B0), seed inoculation (B1), root inoculation (B2) and seed inoculation × root inoculation (B3), and (2) different rates of potassium on fertigation at four levels of 0 (K0), 100 (K1), 200 (K2) and 300 mgL-1 (K3). It was found that the longest shelf life of 35.58 days was related to the treatment of root inoculation × 100 mgL-1 K. The highest number of auxiliary branches (3.66), number of leaves (42.88), plant fresh weight (17.69 g), number of flowers (4.46), and chlorophyll a (10.61 mg g-1 F.W.) were obtained from the treatment of seed inoculation × 300 mgL-1 K. The treatment of root inoculation × 200 mgL-1 K was the best treatment for plant potassium content (28.9 mgkg-1). The highest petal anthocyanin content amounted 178.04 mg 100 g-1 D.W. was observed in the treatment of ‘seed inoculation × root inoculation’ × 0 mg l-1 K. The best treatment of enhancing of qualitative and quantiative traits of periwinkle was seed inoculation × 300 mgL-1 K. تفاصيل المقالة

The impact of phenylphthalamic acid (PPA) rates including 0 (PPA0), 1000 (PPA1000), 2000 (PPA2000) or 3000 (PPA3000) mgL-1 and perfect fertilizer rates including 0 (PF0), 100 (PF100), 200 (PF200) and 300 (PF300) mgL-1 was studied on vegetative and reproductive growth of ornamental pepper plants. To realize this, a factorial experiment was conducted in a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. It was found that the interaction between ‘PPA × PF’ improved the measured traits; so that the shortest time to flower initiation (55.40 day), the shortest time to fruit set (62.93 day) and the highest fruit number (98.12 fruit) were related to the application of ‘PPA2000 × PF200’. Plants treated with ‘PPA2000 × PF300’ exhibited the most number of flowers (117.36), number of flowering stems (7.4), diameter of flowering stem (3.7 mm), plant height (45.83 cm), fruit fresh weight (6.71 g), fruit dry weight (3.79 g), plant fresh weight (21.96 g) and plant dry weight (15.17 g). Also, this treatment exhibited the highest fruit anthocyanin content and total chlorophyll. Conclusively, the application of ‘PPA2000×PF200’ is recommended because of the lower consumption of perfect fertilizer and the greater effect on traits having a beautiful and economic value for ornamental peppers. تفاصيل المقالة

The effects of varying irrigation intervals (I) and foliar application of salicylic acid (M) on morphological and physiological traits of Catharanthus roseus L. were studied in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design with three replications. The experimental treatments consisted of four irrigation intervals [2 days (I1), 4 days (I2), 6 days (I3) and 8 days (I4)] and foliar application of 200 mgL-1 salicylic acid (SA) at three frequencies [0 (M0), one (M1) and two (M2) times]. Among the morphological traits, treatment I2M2 resulted in the greatest number of flowers (25.66 flowers), the fewest leaf abscissions (3.8), and the highest root fresh weight (1.181 g); I1M0 resulted in the highest plant height (154 cm), leaf number (36 leaves), internode length (9.243 mm), shoot fresh weight (8.636 g), and shoot dry matter (26.20%); and I1M2 resulted in the largest flower diameter (1.176 mm), node number per plant (16.66 nodes), plant fresh weight (9.366 g), and root dry matter (30.03%). Among physiological traits, I1M0 was related to the highest chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and petal anthocyanin. The highest and lowest proline contents were obtained from I3M2 and I2M0, respectively. The lowest MDA content of 1.42 nmolg-1fresh weight (FW) was observed in I4M1 and the highest SOD activity of 88 IUg-1FW was obtained from I3M0. POD activity was lowest in I2M0 and highest in I4M2. In total, given the detrimental impacts of water deficit stress at irrigation intervals of 6 and 8 days, it is recommended that SA be applied to improve the growth of Catharanthus. roseus L. تفاصيل المقالة

The application of blue light to postharvest cut flowers is a new method to improve their vase life. This research aimed to explore the effect of blue light irradiated for different times (6, 12, 18, or 24 hours) and the pulse treatment of silver nanoparticles (SNP) (5, 10, 15, or 20 mg L-1) on the vase life and the related traits of cut Alstroemeria cv. ‘Napoli’ flowers. The control plants were treated with 3% sucrose. The study was based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the longest vase life was 22.66 days obtained from 10 mg L-1 SNP, which did not differ significantly from the treatments of 12 hours of blue light irradiation (22.00 days) and 20 mg L-1 SNP (21.66 days). The lowest fresh weight losses were observed in the treatments of blue light for 18 and 12 hours and SNP at the rate of 10 mg L-1, respectively. The highest dry matter percentage (57.34 %) was related to the plants treated with 10 mg L-1 SNP. The flowers irradiated with blue light for 12 hours had the highest chlorophyll a and b (2.52 and 1.27 mg g-1 FW, respectively), the highest catalase activity (5.26 nmol g-1 FW min-1), and the lowest polyphenol oxidase activity (0.007 μmol g-1 FW min-1). The lowest vase solution bacterial population was obtained from the application of 15 mg L-1 SNP and the highest petal protein from the irradiation of blue light for 24 hours. SNP was effective in controlling Gram-negative bacteria, and blue light was effective in controlling Gram-positive bacteria in the vase solution. It is inferred from the results that blue light, as a physical factor, is effective in preserving the vase life and relevant traits in the cut Alstroemeria ‘Napoli’ flowers. تفاصيل المقالة

In addition to its ornamental and medicinal applications, marigold is considered an edible flower, too. To produce marigold with safe and non-chemical methods, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications and 20 treatments. The experimental treatments included two cultivars of marigold (‘Yellow’ and ‘Orange’) and three amino acids including arginine, glutamine, and proline at three levels (100, 500, and 1000 µM), as well as distilled water as the control treatment. The results showed that amino acids had positive effects on the recorded traits. The treatment of 100 µM arginine outperformed other treatments in increasing leaf number, flower diameter, shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry matter, reducing electrolyte leakage, and improving catalase activity in cv. ‘Orange’. In cv. ‘Yellow’, the highest leaf number, shoot fresh weight and root dry matter, the lowest polyphenol oxidase activity, the lowest electrolyte leakage, and the highest catalase activity were related to the treatment of 1000 µM proline. The highest total phenol was obtained from 100 µM arginine in two cultivar. With the application of amino acids, flavonoids were increased in both cultivars versus the control. Therefore, it is recommended to apply amino acids, especially arginine (100 µM) and proline (1000 µM), to produce marigolds ‘Orange’ and ‘Yellow’ in an organic way, respectively. تفاصيل المقالة

A study was conducted on increasing the postharvest quality and vase life of cut Strelitzia reginae flowers based on a randomized complete design with 10 treatments in three replications. The experimental treatments included cobalt chloride (CoCl2) (250 and 500 mgL-1), cerium nitrate (Ce (NO3)3) (100, 300, and 600 µM), silver nanoparticle (SNP) (20 and 40 mgL-1), and Nanosil (2000 and 4000 µM) applied as the 24-hour pulse. Distilled water was used as the control. Results showed that the longest vase life (11.68 days) was obtained from the application of 300 µM Ce(NO3)3, but it did not significantly differ from the treatments of 100 and 600 µM Ce (NO3)3, 500 mgL-1 CoCl2, and 20 mgL-1 SNP. The best treatments in increasing water uptake and dry matter, preserving fresh weight, and reducing stem-end and vase solution bacteria were 300 and 600 µM Ce (NO3)3. The lowest malondialdehyde accumulation (0.09 nmolg-1 FW) and the highest activity of peroxidase (0.147 nmolg-1 FW) and catalase (1.02 nmolg-1 FW) were obtained from the plants treated with 300 µM Ce(NO3)3 in the vase solution. The highest sepal flavonoid (0.493 %) was related to the treatment of 2000 µM Nanosil. The control plants exhibited the greatest loss of fresh weight and the lowest values of the recorded traits. Based on the results, it is recommended to use a vase solution containing 300 µM Ce (NO3)3 and 3 % sucrose to preserve the quality and increase postharvest vase life of cut S. reginae flowers. تفاصيل المقالة

Supplying safe, natural, and inexpensive food sources for the growing population of the world is a need of contemporary societies. Edible flowers are a new natural source in humans’ food basket. In this regard, the nutritional value of five edible flowers including Tagetes erecta L., gladiolus, yucca (Yucca gloriosa), chrysanthemum, and Hibiscus syriacus were explored. According to the results, the African marigold flowers had the highest total flavonoids (16.13 mg CE g-1 FW), total phenols (14.48 mg GAE g-1 FW), antioxidant capacity (87.89 % DPPH inhibition), vitamin C (30.60 mg 100 g-1 FW), and proteins (1.56 %). The highest carotenoids (482.57 μg g-1 FW), Fe (2.54 mg 100 g-1 FW), and Zn (0.27 mg 100 g-1 FW) were recorded by the yucca flowers. The chrysanthemum flowers exhibited the highest Ca (47.25 mg 100 g-1 FW) and Mg (2.60 mg 100 g-1 FW), and the H. syriacus flowers exhibited the highest anthocyanins (30.86 mg/100 g-1 FW). In addition, the gladiolus flowers showed the lowest total flavonoids (11.17 mg CE g-1 FW), anthocyanins (2.14 mg 100 g-1 FW), proteins (0.52 %), Fe (0.36 mg 100 g-1 FW), Ca (9.11 mg/100 g-1 FW), and Zn (0.14 mg 100 g-1 FW). The chrysanthemums had the lowest total phenols (0.54 mg GAE g-1 FW) and vitamin C (8.16 mg 100 g-1 FW), the yuccas had the lowest antioxidant capacity (47.76% DPPH inhibition), and the H. syriacus flowers had the lowest carotenoids (362.17 μg g-1 FW). So, given the phenol and antioxidant compounds, minerals, and proteins of the studied flowers, they can be included in the food basket of households as natural food sources. تفاصيل المقالة

The research aimed to explore the active ingredients of rue extract and essential oil as an ornamental and medicinal plant species and to assess their antimicrobial activity. So, rue shoots were collected from the natural habitat of this species in the elevations of Chaboksar, Guilan province in October and November 2019. The leaves and stems were oven-dried at 75 °C for 24 hours, and their extracts and essential oils were extracted with a Clevenger. The active ingredients of the extracts and essential oils were detected with GC-MS. The most abundant compounds in the leaf essential oil, stem essential oil, leaf extract, and stem extract were found to be hexadecanoic acid, isomaturnin, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,5,6,7,8-heptamethy, and 12-methoxy-19-norpodocarpa, respectively. The microbial assay by the disk diffusion method on the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli showed that the leaf and stem extracts were most influential in inhibiting A. baumannii. The assessment of MIC and MBC revealed that S. aureus was the most sensitive bacterium to the leaf and stem essential oils with the lowest MIC and MBC and A. baumannii was the most sensitive bacterium to the leaf extract with the lowest MBC. So, rue extract and essential oil can be used as an antimicrobial compound against human pathogenic bacteria. تفاصيل المقالة

To study the effect of “cycloheximide” and amino acids of arginine and proline on post-harvest longevity of cut Alstroemeria × hybrid ‘Mars’ flowers, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete design with 3 replications and 20 treatments. The experiment includes CHI at 4 levels (0, 50, 100, 1000 µM), amino acid (AA) at 5 levels [0, 5, 10 mM (Arg) and 5, 10 mM proline] in terms of 24 h pulse. The results showed that flowers treated with “CHI50 x Pro10” had the most vase-life (9.3 days), water uptake (1.771 ml g-1 F.W.), and dry material (13.56 %), the least MDA aggregation (1.32 nmol g-1 F.W.), and the most CAT enzyme activity (5.68 nmol g-1 F.W. min-1). The treatment of “CHI10 x Arg5” was one of the most successful treatments in water uptake, wet weight, dry material, and total protein preservation, and MDA aggregation decrease, SOD enzyme activity increase, and took the second place in vase-life increase (9.08 days). Therefore, the 2 treatments of “CHI0 x Arg5” and “CHI50 x Pro10” are presented as the most successful treatments in quantitative and qualitative trait’s improvement of cut Alstroemeria flowers. The lowest positive impact on the majority of analyzed traits belongs to the treatment of 1000 µM CHI. Therefore, the application of high levels of CHI (1000 µM) on vase-life solution of cut Alstroemeria × hybrid ‘Mars’ is not recommended due to negative and toxic impact on post-harvest traits. تفاصيل المقالة

The effects of Nano-zinc oxide (ZnO), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were studied on sweet violets under different irrigation water regimes in a factorial experiment. The factors were drought stress at three levels including irrigation at 85 (control), 65 (moderate stress) and 55 (severity stress) percent of field capacity (FC) soil water depletion and foliar application of ZnO, SA, SNP, and distilled water as a control. Means comparison showed that the best resutls was obtained from interaction 200 mgL-1 SA, with irrigation and 85 % FC, the treatment that influenced most traits positively. Also, 300 mgL-1 SA and both SNP rates significantly outperformed the control and Nano-ZnO. The lowest stomatal conductance was related to the 200 µM SNP at 55% FC. The lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content was observed in 200 mgL-1 SA and 85 % FC treatment. The highest relative water content (RWC) was associated with the application of 1500 mgL-1, Nano-ZnO at 85% FC. The control plants at 55% FC recorded the highest proline (46.62 μgg-1 FW). The highest peroxidase (POD) enzyme activity was related to the treatment of 1000 mgL-1 Nano-ZnO and the highest ascorbate peroxidase (APX) to the treatment of 1500 mgL-1 Nano-ZnO at 55% FC. تفاصيل المقالة

The cultivation of edible flowers, e.g. violet, which is native to Iran, is a good way to increase the availability of these new and nutritionally valuable sources to humans. This research employed a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design in three replications to explore the interactive effects of gibberellic acid (GA) at three rates of 0, 150, and 300 mg L-1 and nitrogen (N) at three rates of 0, 100, and 200 mg L-1 on the traits of two violet species (Viola tricolor and V. odorata). The results showed that the application of GA and N significantly improved the edible traits of both species so that the highest protein, carotenoid, Fe, and Zn contents in the petals of both species were related to the treatment of ‘GA300 × N200’. The maximum petal anthocyanin content was produced by the treatment of ‘GA0 × N100’ (58.32 mg 100 g-1 FW) in the sweet violets and by the treatment of ‘GA300 × N100’ (66.84 mg 100 g-1 FW) in the commercial violets. The commercial violets were richer in Se than the sweet violets. The highest Se contents in the commercial violets were obtained from the treatments of ‘GA300 × N200’, ‘GA300 × N100’, and ‘GA150 × N200’. In both violet species, the highest flavonoid contents at the wavelengths of 300 and 330 nm were related to the treatments of ‘GA300 × N200’ and ‘GA150 × N200’. However, these treatments were ineffective in flavonoids at 270 nm. The sweet violets had a higher antioxidant capacity than the commercial violets. The highest antioxidant capacity in the sweet violets (84.83 % DPPHsc) and commercial violets (78.17 % DPPHsc) was produced with the application of ‘GA150 × N200’. Based on the results, both species are effective sources of proteins, minerals, and antioxidant compounds. As well, ‘GA300 × N200’ and ‘GA150 × N200’ are recommended for improving the edible traits of these two species. تفاصيل المقالة

داودی یکی از مهمترین گل‌های زینتی در جهان است که از نظر دارویی و خوراکی نیز حائز اهمیت است. در این پژوهش 20 ژنوتیپ گل داودی تولید و اصلاح شده در پژوهشکده‌ی گل و گیاهان زینتی محلات از نظر ترکیبات مغذی، معدنی و آنتی‌اکسیدانی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی در سال 1402 بررسی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که در بین ژنوتیپ‌های منتخب گل داودی اختلاف معناداری در همه صفات ارزیابی شده وجود دارد، بطوری‌که بیشترین مقدار کلسیم (1/74 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم وزن تر)، آهن (231/2 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم وزن تر) و سلنیوم (233/0 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم وزن تر) به‌ترتیب برای Code 326، Code 110 و Code 562 ثبت شد. بیشترین مقدار روی (315/0 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم وزن تر) نیز به Code 562 و Code 134 تعلق داشت. بیشترین ویتامین A (086/0 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم) و ویتامین C (58/13 میلی‌گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) به‌ترتیب برای ژنوتیپ‌های Code 540 و Code 603 ثبت شد. Code 751 (483/1 درصد) بالاترین سطح پروتئین و Code 540 و Code 138 نیز به‌ترتیب با 06/13 و 34/22 درصد کمترین و بیشترین درصد فیبر را داشتند. Code 674 و Code 108 نیز به‌ترتیب ژنوتیپ‌های برتر در صفات آنتوسیانین و کاروتنوئید گلبرگ بودند. Code 684 و Code 354 بیشترین و Code 751 کمترین فلاونوئید کل را داشتند در حالیکه بیشترین و کمترین مقدار فنل کل به‌ترتیب به Code 326 و Code 462 تعلق داشت. با توجه به نتایج حاصل، از 20 ژنوتیپ معرفی شده گل داودی که در داخل کشور اصلاح و تولید می‌شوند می‌توان به‌عنوان یک منبع غذایی جدید و در دسترس جهت تامین بخشی از مواد مغذی مورد نیاز بدن استفاده نمود. تفاصيل المقالة

Rose, the queen of ornamental plants, is used as a new food source that is rich in nutrients and biologically active compounds in modern cuisine. Despite the popularity of rose flowers in cooking, many rose cultivars and species have not yet been subjected to research on their edibility. So, the present study aimed to determine the nutrients, minerals, and antioxidant compounds of six rose cultivars (‘Hella’, ‘Crimson Siluetta’, ‘Rainbows End’, ‘Dolce Vita’, ‘Samurai’, and ‘Avalanche’) in an experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The cultivars were procured at the full-blooming stage at an authentic producer in Tehran province and were transferred to the laboratory in proper packages. The petals were used to determine the nutritional and antioxidant properties. The results showed that ‘Crimson Siluetta’ was the richest in dry matter (22.75%), total phenols (20.20 mg GAE/100 g FW), antioxidant capacity (85.83% DPPH), P (33.48 mg/100 g FW), and Mn (2.76 mg/100 g FW). The best cultivars in vitamin C and anthocyanin were ‘Crimson Siluetta’ and ‘Samurai’, which did not differ significantly from one another. The richest cultivars in total flavonoids, carotenoids, N, and protein were ‘Rainbows End’ and ‘Dolce Vita’. Also, ‘Dolce Vita’ had the highest vitamin A (0.39 µg/100 g FW) and S content (356 mg/100 g FW). The highest fibre, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Ni, and B were recorded by ‘Hella’, the best cultivar in K, along with ‘Samurai’. All six cultivars were good sources of minerals, nutrients, and antioxidant compounds. Among them, ‘Hella’ was richer in fibre and minerals, ‘Crimson Siluetta’ was richer in antioxidant compounds, and ‘Dolce Vita’ and ‘Rainbows End’ were more affluent in vitamin A and carotenoids, so they are recommended in human food regime as they are good for their health. تفاصيل المقالة

Zinnia is a very attractive and beautiful ornamental plant due to the diversity of color and flowering period. The effect of cycocel and pot size was studied on growth and flowering of zinnia in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete design with two factors: cycocel at 3 levels (0, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and pot size at 4 levels (10, 12, 14 and 16 cm) with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The interaction results showed that cycocel and pot size had a significant effect on all studied traits, that 2000 ppm cycocel in 12 cm pots produced the minimum height and that 16 cm pots treated with 1000 ppm cycocel or without cycocel treatment produced the maximum plant height. Maximum flowering period was related to 14 cm pots × 1000 ppm cycocel that had no significant difference with plants in 16 cm pot size in all three concentrations of cycocel. Minimum flowering period was related to 10 cm pot size at all three concentrations of cycocel. Zinnias planted in 10 cm pot size without cycocel treatment exhibited the minimum fresh weight and in 14 cm pot size without cycocel treatment exhibited the maximum root fresh weight. Overall, flowers in 14 and 16 cm pot sizes treated with 1000 ppm cycocel were found to be the best treatments. تفاصيل المقالة

The periwinkle with the scientific name of Catharanthus roseus isone of the most important ornamental plants of the Apocynaceae family. Inorder to evaluate the effect of different waters on the amount of the nutrientelements in soil and aerial parts of Catharanthus roseus, a factorial experimentbased on completely randomized design was conducted in 3 replications.Experimental treatments were including: type of water (magnetized tapwater, tap water, magnetized well water and well water) and irrigationintervals (2, 4, 6 and 8 days). In this study, the attributes such as display life, plant height, leaf number, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiumof the soil and the plant were evaluated. According to results, the maximumdisplay life (42.23 days), plant height (21.71 cm) and leaf number (165.88)were related to the treatment of irrigation with the magnetized tap waterwith2 days interval. The maximum amount of nitrogen of the plant wasrelated to the treatment of irrigation with the magnetized well water +2 daysinterval (0.32 mgl-1). The treatments of irrigation with the non- magnetizedtap and well water with 8 days interval had the maximum amount of nitrogenof the soil. The maximum amount of potassium of the plant with 56.21 mgl-1was obtained in the treatment of irrigation with the magnetized well waterwith 2 days interval. The maximum amount of phosphorus of the plant with39.5 mgl-1and then 38.8 mgl-1were related to the treatments of irrigationwith the magnetized well water + 2 days interval and irrigation with the magnetizedtap water+ 2 days interval. تفاصيل المقالة

In order to improve the vase life of alstroemeria cut flowers (Alstroemeria aurantiaca), an experiment was performed based on completely randomized design with 10 treatments including cycloheximide (50, 100 and 200 mg l-1), benzyladenine (50, 100 and 200 mg l-1), coconut juice (5, 10 and 20 %) and control (distilled water) in three replications. In this study, characteristics such as vase life, dry matter, increasing ° Brix, the percentage of flower opening, chlorophyll a and b and ionic leakage were evaluated. The results showed that coconut juice at a concentration of 5% has the maximum vase life (17.39 days), although it has no significant difference with different levels of benzyladenine and 10 and 20% coconut juice treatments. 10% coconut juice with 2.58 and 0.88 has the highest ° Brix and flower opening index, respectively. Treatments of 50 mg l-1 benzyladenine, 5 and 10% coconut juice had the maximum impact on the amount of dry matter. The most successful treatments for reducing ionic leakage are two treatments of 5% coconut juice and 100 mg l-1 benzyladenine. All treatments cause maintenance of chlorophyll a and b compared to the control, and two treatments of 50 mg l-1 cycloheximide and 5% coconut juice had the highest content of chlorophyll a and b, respectively among treatments. According to the obtained results, using 5% coconut juice in the vase solution can effectively improve the vase life of alstroemeria cut flowers. تفاصيل المقالة

به‌منظور بررسی برهمکنش ساکارز، عسل و اسید سیتریک روی عمر گل‌جایی گل بریده آلسترومریا آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی در سه تکرار و 15 تیمار انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل قند در 5 سطح (بدون قند، ساکارز 2 و 4 درصد، عسل 2 و 4 درصد) و اسید سیتریک در 3 سطح (0 و 200 ،400 میلی گرم در لیتر) بودند. تیمار عسل 2 درصد در 400 میلیگرم در لیتر اسید سیتریک با 7/18 روز بیشترین عمر گل‌جایی را به خود اختصاص داد که نسبت به شاهد (84/9 روز) 83/8 روز ماندگاری این گل بریده را افزایش داد. کمترین باکتری محلول گلجا (Log 10 CFU ml-1 66/3) و کمترین مقدار مالوندی‌آلدئید (30/11 نانومول در هر گرم وزن تر) در گل‌های تیمار شده با عسل 2 درصد در 400 میلی گرم در لیتر اسید سیتریک مشاهده شد. تیمار شاهد با 72/48 نانو لیتر در لیتر در ساعت در هر گرم وزن تر بیشترین مقدار اتیلن را داشت. کمترین مقدار اتیلن نیز به تیمارهای 200 و 400 میلی گرم در لیتر اسید سیتریک در شرایط بدون قند، ساکارز 4 درصد در 400 میلی‌گرم در لیتر اسید سیتریک و عسل 4 درصد در شرایط بدون اسید سیتریک اختصاص داشت. نتایج حاصل بیان‌گر آن بود که استفاده از عسل (2%) و اسید سیتریک (400 میلی‌گرم در لیتر) با کاهش باکتری محلول گلجا، مالون‌دی‌آلدئید و تولید اتیلن، پژمردگی گل‌ها را به تاخیر می‌اندازد. بنابراین تیمار گل‌های بریده با این ترکیبات جهت حفظ ماندگاری گل‌های بریده آلسترومریا توصیه می‌شود. تفاصيل المقالة