بررسی عناصر روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در شیر خام تولیدی گاوداریهای صنعتی خرمآباد
الموضوعات :سهیل سبحان اردکانی 1 , محسن تیزهوش 2
1 - دانشیار گروه محیطزیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران
2 - دانشآموخته کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: استان لرستان, شیر خام, فلزات سنگین, سلامت و ایمنی غذایی,
ملخص المقالة :
فلزات سنگین از مهمترین آلایندههای شیمیایی موادغذایی محسوب میشوند. شیر و فرآوردههای آن به دلیل ارزش غذایی بالا و مصرف در تمامی سنین در بسیاری از نقاط جهان بخش مهمی از رژیم غذایی انسان را تشکیل می دهد. لذا این پژوهش با هدف بررسی غلظت روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در شیر خام تولیدی گاوداری های مستقر در شهرک صنعتی دام لرستان در سال 1393 انجام یافت.پس از انتخاب 8 واحد دامداری و تهیه 24 نمونه شیر خام، در آزمایشگاه نسبت به هضم اسیدی نمونهها مطابق روش استاندارد اقدام شد. سپس غلظت عناصر در نمونهها با استفاده از دستگاه نشر اتمی خوانده شد. برای پردازش آماری نتایج نیز از نرم افزار SPSS استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت عناصر برای روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس بهترتیب 674±3072، 2790±2720، 5/18±104 و 149±142 میکرو گرم در کیلوگرم بود. بهعلاوه میانگین غلظت تجمع یافته عناصر مورد بررسی در نمونههای شیر بسیار بیش تر از رهنمود WHOبرآورد شد. با توجه به نتایج که بیانگر تجاوز میانگین غلظت تجمع یافته فلزات سنگین روی، سرب، کادمیوم و مس در نمونه های شیر از حد مجاز بود، به منظور رسیدن به سلامت و ایمنی غذایی مصرف کنندگان، در نظر گرفتن تمهیداتی از جمله نظارت بر علوفه مصرفی، آب آشامیدنی، خصوصیات اراضی پیرامون دامداری ها و محل کشت علوفه و کنترل آلاینده های منتشر شده از مراکز صنعتی مجاور شهرک صنعتی دام لرستان توصیه می شود.
• بنیادیان، مجتبی؛ مشتاقی، حمدالله و سلطانی، زینب (1385). بررسی میزان سرب و کادمیوم در شیرهای خام و پاستوریزه تولید شده در منطقه شهرکرد.مجله دامپزشکی ایران، دوره 2، شماره 2، صفحات: 81-74.
• دبیری، مینو (1389). آلودگی محیطزیست (هوا، آب، خاک، صوت)، انتشارات اتحاد، تهران، صفحه 400.
• رحیمی، ابراهیم و نیکنشان، سهیل (1386). تعیین غلظت سرب و کادمیوم در شیر خام در منطقه زرین شهر. مجله دامپزشکی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد گرمسار، دوره 3، شماره 1، صفحات: 34-29.
• رکنی، نوردهر (1389). اصول بهداشت مواد غذایی، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، تهران، صفحه 161.
• قزلباش، مهسا؛ دربانی، سیدمحمدرضا؛ روستا، سرور؛ اسلامی مجد، عبدا...؛ سلطان الکتابی، محمود و موسویآذر، علی (1394). کاربرد بیناب نمایی فروشکست القایی لیزری در شناسایی و تعیین غلظت عناصر موجود در شیر. مجله علوم تغذیه و صنایع غذایی ایران، سال 10، شماره 1، صفحات: 96-89.
• وحیدینیا، علی اصغر؛ صالحی، ایرج؛ بیگینژاد، هادی.، پورتقی، جلال؛ نظری، زهرا و مرادی، محمدرضا (1392). مطالعه میزان سرب و کادمیوم و عوامل مرتبط با آن در شیرهای خام تولیدی در مناطق مختلف استان همدان. بهداشت مواد غذایی، دوره 3، شماره 3، صفحه: 47-39.
● Akalın, A.S., Unal, G., Dinkci, N., and Hayaloglu, A.A. (2012). Microstructural, textural, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurts fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate. Journal of Dairy Science, 95: 3617–3628.
● Akin, M.B., Akın, M.S., and Kırmacı, Z. (2007). Effects of inulin and sugar levels on the viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in probiotic ice-cream. Food Chemistry, 104: 93–99.
● Dols, J.A.M., Boon, M.E., Monachese, M., Changalucha, J., Butamanya, N., Varriano, S., Vihant, O., Hullegie, Y., van Tienen, A., Hummelen, R., and Reid, G. (2011). The impact of probiotic yogurt on HIV positive women in Tanzania. International Dairy Journal, 21: 575–577.
● Donkar, O.N., Nilmini, S.L.I., Stolic, P., Vasiljevic, T., and Shah, N.P. (2007). Survival and activity of selected probiotic organisms in set-type yogurt during cold storage. International Dairy Journal, 16: 1181–1189.
● Erdem, O., Gultekin-ozguven, M., Berktas, I., Ersan, s., Tuna, H.E., Karadag, A., and Ozcelik, B. (2013). Development of a Novel Synbiotic Dark Chocolate Enriched with Bacillus indicus HU36, Maltodextrin and Lemon Fiber: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Food Science and Technology. 56 (1): 187–193.
● Farnworth, E.R., Mainville, I., Desjardins, M.P., Gardner, N., Fliss, I., and Champagne, C. (2007). Growth of probiotic bacteria and bifidobacteria in a soy yogurt formulation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 116: 174–181.
● Hoppert, K., Zahn, S., Jänecke, L., Mai, R., Hoffmann, S., and Rohm, H. (2013). Consumer acceptance of regular and reduced-sugar yogurt enriched with different types of dietary fiber. International Dairy Journal, 28: 1–7.
● Irkin, R., and Guldas, M. (2011). Evaluation of cacao-pudding as a probiotic food carrier and sensory acceptability properties. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 97: 223-232.
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2008). Probiotic yogurt - Characteristics and test methods. Standard No. 11325. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2008).Yoghurt-Characteristics and test methods. Standard No. 695. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2007). Milk and dairy products - Enumeration of colony forming units mold or yeast - colony count at 25 ° C in the plate. Standard No. 10154. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2007). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Comprehensive method for counting coliforms - colony count method - national standard of 9263. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2006). Determination of acidity titratable and potentiometric ph in milk and milk products, 1st Edition, Standard No. 2852. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2005). Detection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli in foods - most probable number technique, 1st Revision, 3rd Edition, Standard No. 2946. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2005). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) - Test Method, Part I, using medium-range Culture medium Bard - Parker agar. Standard No. 1-6806. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2004). Milk and dairy products - raw milk specifications and test methods. Standard No. 164. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2002). Cheese and processed cheese - Determination of total dry matter (Reference method) - Test Method (revised). Standard No. 1753. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2002). Milk and dairy products - total count of colonies of microorganisms at 30 degrees Celsius. Standard No. 5484. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (1991). Measurement Milk fat. Standard No. 366. [in Persian]
● Jayeola, C. O., Yahaya, L. E., and Igbinadolor, R. O. (2010). Cocoa powder supplementation in yoghurt production. Journal of Food Technology, 3: 82-85.
● Lollo P.C.B., de Moura, C.S., Morato, P.N., Cruz, A.G., and Castro, W.F. (2013). Corrigendum to “Probiotic yogurt offers higher immune-protection than probiotic whey beverage. Food Research International, 54: 923.
● Madhu, A.N., Amrutha, N., and Prapulla, S.G. (2012). Characterization and antioxidant property of probiotic and synbiotic yogurts. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 4: 90-97.
● Marafon A.P., Sumi, A., Granato, D., Alcântara, M.R., Tamime, A.Y., and Nogueira de Oliveira, M. (2011). Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 5330–5340.
● Matto, J., Malinen, E., Suihko, M. L., Alander, M., Palva, A. and Saarela, M. (2004). Genetic heterogeneity and technological properties of intestinal bifidobacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 97: 459–470.
● Possemiers, S., Marzorati, M., Verstraete, W., and Van de Wiele, T. (2010). Bacteria and chocolate, A successful combination for probiotic delivery. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 141: 97–103.
● Ricci, G., Borgo, F., Ferrario, C., and Fortina, M. G. (2011). Cocoa powder as delivery medium for probiotic Lactobacillus strains. Advances in Microbiology,1: 1-6.
● Rokka, S., and Rantamäki, P. (2010). Protecting probiotic bacteria by microencapsulation: challenges for industrial applications. European Food Research and Technology, 231: 1-12.
● Shah, N.P.(2000). Symposium: prodiotic bacteria selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 894-907.
● Soukoulis, C., Lyroni, E., and Tzia, C. (2010). Sensory profiling and hedonic judgement of probiotic ice cream as a function of hydrocolloids, yogurt and milk fat content. Food Science and Technology, 43: 1351–1358.
_||_● Akalın, A.S., Unal, G., Dinkci, N., and Hayaloglu, A.A. (2012). Microstructural, textural, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurts fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate. Journal of Dairy Science, 95: 3617–3628.
● Akin, M.B., Akın, M.S., and Kırmacı, Z. (2007). Effects of inulin and sugar levels on the viability of yogurt and probiotic bacteria and the physical and sensory characteristics in probiotic ice-cream. Food Chemistry, 104: 93–99.
● Dols, J.A.M., Boon, M.E., Monachese, M., Changalucha, J., Butamanya, N., Varriano, S., Vihant, O., Hullegie, Y., van Tienen, A., Hummelen, R., and Reid, G. (2011). The impact of probiotic yogurt on HIV positive women in Tanzania. International Dairy Journal, 21: 575–577.
● Donkar, O.N., Nilmini, S.L.I., Stolic, P., Vasiljevic, T., and Shah, N.P. (2007). Survival and activity of selected probiotic organisms in set-type yogurt during cold storage. International Dairy Journal, 16: 1181–1189.
● Erdem, O., Gultekin-ozguven, M., Berktas, I., Ersan, s., Tuna, H.E., Karadag, A., and Ozcelik, B. (2013). Development of a Novel Synbiotic Dark Chocolate Enriched with Bacillus indicus HU36, Maltodextrin and Lemon Fiber: Optimization by Response Surface Methodology. Food Science and Technology. 56 (1): 187–193.
● Farnworth, E.R., Mainville, I., Desjardins, M.P., Gardner, N., Fliss, I., and Champagne, C. (2007). Growth of probiotic bacteria and bifidobacteria in a soy yogurt formulation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 116: 174–181.
● Hoppert, K., Zahn, S., Jänecke, L., Mai, R., Hoffmann, S., and Rohm, H. (2013). Consumer acceptance of regular and reduced-sugar yogurt enriched with different types of dietary fiber. International Dairy Journal, 28: 1–7.
● Irkin, R., and Guldas, M. (2011). Evaluation of cacao-pudding as a probiotic food carrier and sensory acceptability properties. Acta agriculturae Slovenica, 97: 223-232.
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2008). Probiotic yogurt - Characteristics and test methods. Standard No. 11325. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2008).Yoghurt-Characteristics and test methods. Standard No. 695. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2007). Milk and dairy products - Enumeration of colony forming units mold or yeast - colony count at 25 ° C in the plate. Standard No. 10154. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2007). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - Comprehensive method for counting coliforms - colony count method - national standard of 9263. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2006). Determination of acidity titratable and potentiometric ph in milk and milk products, 1st Edition, Standard No. 2852. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2005). Detection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli in foods - most probable number technique, 1st Revision, 3rd Edition, Standard No. 2946. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2005). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - enumeration of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and other species) - Test Method, Part I, using medium-range Culture medium Bard - Parker agar. Standard No. 1-6806. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2004). Milk and dairy products - raw milk specifications and test methods. Standard No. 164. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2002). Cheese and processed cheese - Determination of total dry matter (Reference method) - Test Method (revised). Standard No. 1753. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (2002). Milk and dairy products - total count of colonies of microorganisms at 30 degrees Celsius. Standard No. 5484. [in Persian]
● Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (1991). Measurement Milk fat. Standard No. 366. [in Persian]
● Jayeola, C. O., Yahaya, L. E., and Igbinadolor, R. O. (2010). Cocoa powder supplementation in yoghurt production. Journal of Food Technology, 3: 82-85.
● Lollo P.C.B., de Moura, C.S., Morato, P.N., Cruz, A.G., and Castro, W.F. (2013). Corrigendum to “Probiotic yogurt offers higher immune-protection than probiotic whey beverage. Food Research International, 54: 923.
● Madhu, A.N., Amrutha, N., and Prapulla, S.G. (2012). Characterization and antioxidant property of probiotic and synbiotic yogurts. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 4: 90-97.
● Marafon A.P., Sumi, A., Granato, D., Alcântara, M.R., Tamime, A.Y., and Nogueira de Oliveira, M. (2011). Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage. Journal of Dairy Science, 94: 5330–5340.
● Matto, J., Malinen, E., Suihko, M. L., Alander, M., Palva, A. and Saarela, M. (2004). Genetic heterogeneity and technological properties of intestinal bifidobacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 97: 459–470.
● Possemiers, S., Marzorati, M., Verstraete, W., and Van de Wiele, T. (2010). Bacteria and chocolate, A successful combination for probiotic delivery. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 141: 97–103.
● Ricci, G., Borgo, F., Ferrario, C., and Fortina, M. G. (2011). Cocoa powder as delivery medium for probiotic Lactobacillus strains. Advances in Microbiology,1: 1-6.
● Rokka, S., and Rantamäki, P. (2010). Protecting probiotic bacteria by microencapsulation: challenges for industrial applications. European Food Research and Technology, 231: 1-12.
● Shah, N.P.(2000). Symposium: prodiotic bacteria selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. Journal of Dairy Science, 83: 894-907.
● Soukoulis, C., Lyroni, E., and Tzia, C. (2010). Sensory profiling and hedonic judgement of probiotic ice cream as a function of hydrocolloids, yogurt and milk fat content. Food Science and Technology, 43: 1351–1358.