اثر مهاری اندوفیت‌های گیاه خوشاریزه (Echinophora platyloba) بر استرپتوکوکوس آگالاکتیه و کریپتوکوکوس نئوفورمنس
الموضوعات :
علی میرعباسی نجف آبادی
1
(
دانش‌آموخته ارشد باکتری‌شناسی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
سمیه شاهرخ شهرکی
2
(
استادیار گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
اعظم مختاری
3
(
دانشیار گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
تاريخ الإرسال : 30 الخميس , رجب, 1443
تاريخ التأكيد : 27 الثلاثاء , ذو الحجة, 1443
تاريخ الإصدار : 18 الجمعة , جمادى الثانية, 1443
الکلمات المفتاحية:
گیاهان دارویی,
اندوفیت,
گیاه خوشاریزه,
خواص ضدقارچی,
خواص ضدباکتریایی,
ملخص المقالة :
اندوفیت‌ها اغلب به‌صورت قارچ یا باکتری هستند که در فضاهای بین سلولی یا بافت‌های آوندی گیاهان میزبان زندگی می‌کنند. اندوفیت‌های گیاهان دارویی مانند خوشاریزه با تولید ترکیبات و متابولیت‌های ثانویه و ایجاد اثرات ضد میکروبی به‌عنوان یک نگهدارنده ضد قارچ و ضد میکروبی در مواد غذایی استفاده می‌شوند. مطالعه حاضر به‌منظور جداسازی اندوفیت‌های باکتریایی و تعیین خواص اثر مهاری آن ها بر روی باکتری استرپتوکوکوس آگالاکتیه و قارچ کریپتوکوکوس نئوفورمنس طراحی و انجام شد. اجزای گیاه بعد از جمع‌آوری از اﺳﺘﺎن ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﺤﺎل و ﺑﺨﺘﯿﺎری واﻗﻊ در اﯾﺮان، ضدعفونی شدند. اندوفیت‌های باکتریایی بعد از کشت اجزای گیاه بر روی محیط‌های YEA و PA جدا شدند. خواص ضدباکتریایی و ضد قارچی آن‌ها در بررسی عوامل ساختاری (توسط کلروفرم) و همچنین بررسی متابولیت‌های ترشحی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. آزمایش آنتی‌بیوگرام با روش انتشار دیسک انجام گرفت. از قسمت‌های مختلف برگ، ساقه و ریشه گیاه خوشاریزه در مجموع 12 اندوفیت باکتریایی جدا گردید. اندوفیت‌های گیاه دارویی خوشاریزه بر باکتری استرپتوکوکوس آگالاکتیه و قارچ کریپتوکوکوس نئوفورمنس اثرات مهاری مطلوبی را از خود بروز دادند. به‌طور کلی متابولیت‌های ترشحی حاصل از اندوفیت‌های جدا شده از این گیاه تا اثرات مهاری قدرتمندتری را نسبت به عوامل ساختاری بر علیه پاتوژن‌های مذکور از خود بروز دادند. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش حاکی از اثر بخشی و توانمدی بالقوه اندوفیت‌های باکتریایی گیاه خوشاریزه در مهار پاتوژن‌های انسانی است.
المصادر:
Ali, M.M., Woldeamanuel, Y., Asrat, D., Fenta, D.A., Beall, B., Schrag, S. et al., (2020). Features of Streptococcus agalactiae strains recovered from pregnant women and newborns attending different hospitals in Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1):1-9.
Altamirano, S., Jackson, K.M. and Nielsen, K., (2020). The interplay of phenotype and genotype in Cryptococcus neoformansBioscience Reports, 40(10):SR20190337
Ammar, A.M., El-Naenaeey, E.Y.M., El-Aziz, A. and Elazazy, A.A., (2018). Alternative Approaches for Mitigation of Drug Resistance in Streptococcus Species. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 35(2): 393-412.
Asghari, G.R., Sajjadi, S.E., Sadraei, H. and Yaghobi, K.H., (2010). Essential oil constituents of Echinophora platylobaIranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, (3):.185-186.
Avijgan, M., Saadat, M., Nilfrooshzadeh, M.A. and Hafizi, M., (2006). Anti fungal effect of Echinophora platyloba extract on some common dermathophytes. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(18):10-16.
Baker, C.J., Rench, M.A., Edwards, M.S., Carpenter, R.J., Hays, B.M. and Kasper, D.L., (1988). Immunization of pregnant women with a polysaccharide vaccine of group B streptococcus. New England Journal of Medicine, 319(18):1180-1185.
Bermas, A. and Geddes-McAlister, J., (2020). Combatting the evolution of antifungal resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. Molecular Microbiology, 114(5): pp.721-734.
Betriu, C., Culebras, E., Gómez, M., Rodríguez-Avial, I., Sánchez, B.A., Agreda, M.C., et al., (2003). Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance and telithromycin susceptibility in Streptococcus agalactiae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47(3): 1112-1114.
Buatong, J., Phongpaichit, S., Rukachaisirikul, V. and Sakayaroj, J., (2011). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from mangrove fungal endophytes. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27(12): 3005-3008.
Chang, A.L. and Doering, T.L., (2018). Maintenance of mitochondrial morphology in Cryptococcus neoformans is critical for stress resistance and virulence. MBio, 9(6):e01375-18.
Christina, A., Christapher, V. and Bhore, S.J., (2013). Endophytic bacteria as a source of novel antibiotics: an overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(13):11.
Cruickshank, R., Duguid, J.P., Marmion, B.P. and Swain, R.H., (1975). Tests for identification of bacteria. Medical Microbiology, 2:170-189.
El-Deeb, B., Fayez, K. and Gherbawy, Y., (2013). Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from Plectranthus tenuiflorus medicinal plant in Saudi Arabia desert and their antimicrobial activities. Journal of Plant Interactions, 8(1): 56-64.
Entezari, M., Dabaghian, F.H. and Hashemi, M., (2014). The comparison of antimutagenicity and anticancer activities of Echinophora platyloba DC on acute promyelocytic leukemia cancer cells. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 10(4):1004.
Fathimoghaddam, E., Shakerian, A., Sharafati Chaleshtori, R. and Rahimi, E., (2020). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties and Antimicrobial Effects of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge and Echinophora platyloba Essential Oils Against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-product, 9(Special): 47-58.
Furfaro, L.L., Chang, B.J. and Payne, M.S., (2018). Perinatal Streptococcus agalactiae epidemiology and surveillance targets. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 31(4):e00049-18.
Genovese, C., D’Angeli, F., Di Salvatore, V., Tempera, G. and Nicolosi, D., (2020). Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women: serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over five years in Eastern Sicily (Italy). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 39(12):2387-2396.
Gizachew, M., Tiruneh, M., Moges, F. and Tessema, B., (2019). Streptococcus agalactiae maternal colonization, antibiotic resistance and serotype profiles in Africa: a meta-analysis. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 18(1):1-14.
Khajeh, E., Hosseini Shokouh, S.J., Rajabibazl, M., Roudbary, M., Rafiei, S., Aslani, P. and Farahnejad, Z., (2016). Antifungal effect of Echinophora platyloba on expression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 73(1):44-48.
Kong, Q., Cao, Z., Lv, N., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Hu, L. and Li, J., (2020). Minocycline and fluconazole have a synergistic effect against Cryptococcus neoformans both in vitro and in vivo. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11:836.
Krishnapura, P.R. and Belur, P.D., (2016). Isolation and screening of endophytes from the rhizomes of some Zingiberaceae plants for L-asparaginase production. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 46(3):281-287.
Liu, X., Dong, M., Chen, X., Jiang, M., Lv, X. and Zhou, J., (2008). Antimicrobial activity of an endophytic Xylaria sp. YX-28 and identification of its antimicrobial compound 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 78(2):241-247.
Osman, K.M., Marouf, S.H., Samir, A. and AlAtfeehy, N., (2012). The prevalence of multidrug resistance of various numbers of antimicrobial classes, multiple resistance patterns, and distribution of Salmonella isolates from human and avian clinical cases of diarrheoa. Journal of Chemotherapy, 24(5):300-304.
Pereira, C.B., De Oliveira, D.M., Hughes, A.F., Kohlhoff, M., La Vieira, M., Martins Vaz, A.B., et al., (2015). Endophytic fungal compounds active against Cryptococcus neoformans and gattii. The Journal of Antibiotics, 68(7):436-444.
Photolo, M.M., Mavumengwana, V., Sitole, L., and Tlou MG. (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of a bacterial endophyte, methylobacteriumradiotolerans MAMP 4754, isolated from combretum erythrophyllum seeds. International Journal of Microbiology, 18:2020.
Pieranski, M.K., Rychlowski, M. and Grinholc, M., (2021). Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae biofilm culture in a continuous flow system for photoinactivation studies. Pathogens, 10(9):1212.
Pilevar, Z., Hosseini, H., Hajimehdipoor, H., Shahraz, F., Alizadeh, L., Khaneghah, A.M. et al., (2017). The anti-Staphylococcus aureus effect of combined Echinophora platyloba essential oil and liquid smoke in beef. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 55(1):117.
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. and Carter, G.R., (1994). Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical veterinary Microbiology, 12:109-135.
Radu, S. and Kqueen, C.Y., (2002). Preliminary screening of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants in Malaysia for antimicrobial and antitumor activity. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(2):23.
Rana, K.L., Kour, D., Kaur, T., Devi, R., Negi, C., Yadav, A.N., et al., (2020). Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: biodiversity and biotechnological applications. In Microbial endophytes(pp. 273-305). Woodhead Publishing.
Ranjbar, R. and Babaie, S., (2016). Evaluation the antibacterial effects of Echinophora platyloba extracts against some Salmonella species. Electronic Physician, 8(2):1943.
Ratti, R.P., Serrano, N.F.G., Hokka, C.O. and Sousa, C.P., (2008). Antagonistic properties of some microorganisms isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah plants against Staphylococcus coagulase-positive strain. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 14:294-302.
Rosini, R. and Margarit, I., (2015). Biofilm formation by Streptococcus agalactiae: influence of environmental conditions and implicated virulence factors. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 5: p.6.
Ryan, R.P., Germaine, K., Franks, A., Ryan, D.J. and Dowling, D.N., (2008). Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 278(1):1-9.
Saei-Dehkordi, S.S., Fallah, A.A., Saei-Dehkordi, S.S. and Kousha, S., (2012). Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Echinophora platyloba Essential oil, and its interaction with natural antimicrobials against food‐borne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Journal of Food Science, 77(11): 631-637.
Selb, R., Fuchs, V., Graf, B., Hamprecht, A., Hogardt, M., Sedlacek, L., et al., (2019). Molecular typing and in vitro resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates obtained in Germany between 2011 and 2017. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 309(6):151336.
Sepehri, Z., Javadian, F., Khammari, D. and Hassanshahian, M., (2016). Antifungal effects of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Echinophora platyloba and Rosmarinus officinalis. Current Medical Mycology, 2(1):30.
Sharafati-chaleshtori, R., Rafieian-kopaei, M., Mortezaei, S., Sharafati-chaleshtori, A. and Amini, E., (2012). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the extracts of Echinophora platylobaAfrican Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(37):2692-2695.
Shabayek, S. and Spellerberg, B., (2018). Group B streptococcal colonization, molecular characteristics, and epidemiology. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9: 437.
Simoni, S., Vincenzi, C., Brenciani, A., Morroni, G., Bagnarelli, P., Giovanetti, E., et al., (2018). Molecular characterization of Italian isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae and relationships with chloramphenicol resistance. Microbial Drug Resistance, 24(3):225-231.
Yang, H.R., Hu, X.P., Jiang, C.J., Qi, J., Wu, Y.C., Li, W., et al., (2015). Diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li, a well‐known medicinal plant in China. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 61(5):484-490.
Umaru, I.J., Badruddin, F.A., Assim, Z.B. and Umaru, H.A., (2018). Antibacterial and cytotoxic actions of chloroform crude extract of Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decnee. Clinical Medical Biochemistry, 4:1-4.
Zhu, T., Chen, X., Li, C., Tu, J., Liu, N., Xu, D. and Sheng, C., (2021). Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51)/histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors for treatment of Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformansEuropean Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 221:113524.
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Ali, M.M., Woldeamanuel, Y., Asrat, D., Fenta, D.A., Beall, B., Schrag, S. et al., (2020). Features of Streptococcus agalactiae strains recovered from pregnant women and newborns attending different hospitals in Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20(1):1-9.
Altamirano, S., Jackson, K.M. and Nielsen, K., (2020). The interplay of phenotype and genotype in Cryptococcus neoformansBioscience Reports, 40(10):SR20190337
Ammar, A.M., El-Naenaeey, E.Y.M., El-Aziz, A. and Elazazy, A.A., (2018). Alternative Approaches for Mitigation of Drug Resistance in Streptococcus Species. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 35(2): 393-412.
Asghari, G.R., Sajjadi, S.E., Sadraei, H. and Yaghobi, K.H., (2010). Essential oil constituents of Echinophora platylobaIranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, (3):.185-186.
Avijgan, M., Saadat, M., Nilfrooshzadeh, M.A. and Hafizi, M., (2006). Anti fungal effect of Echinophora platyloba extract on some common dermathophytes. Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5(18):10-16.
Baker, C.J., Rench, M.A., Edwards, M.S., Carpenter, R.J., Hays, B.M. and Kasper, D.L., (1988). Immunization of pregnant women with a polysaccharide vaccine of group B streptococcus. New England Journal of Medicine, 319(18):1180-1185.
Bermas, A. and Geddes-McAlister, J., (2020). Combatting the evolution of antifungal resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans. Molecular Microbiology, 114(5): pp.721-734.
Betriu, C., Culebras, E., Gómez, M., Rodríguez-Avial, I., Sánchez, B.A., Agreda, M.C., et al., (2003). Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance and telithromycin susceptibility in Streptococcus agalactiae. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 47(3): 1112-1114.
Buatong, J., Phongpaichit, S., Rukachaisirikul, V. and Sakayaroj, J., (2011). Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts from mangrove fungal endophytes. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 27(12): 3005-3008.
Chang, A.L. and Doering, T.L., (2018). Maintenance of mitochondrial morphology in Cryptococcus neoformans is critical for stress resistance and virulence. MBio, 9(6):e01375-18.
Christina, A., Christapher, V. and Bhore, S.J., (2013). Endophytic bacteria as a source of novel antibiotics: an overview. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 7(13):11.
Cruickshank, R., Duguid, J.P., Marmion, B.P. and Swain, R.H., (1975). Tests for identification of bacteria. Medical Microbiology, 2:170-189.
El-Deeb, B., Fayez, K. and Gherbawy, Y., (2013). Isolation and characterization of endophytic bacteria from Plectranthus tenuiflorus medicinal plant in Saudi Arabia desert and their antimicrobial activities. Journal of Plant Interactions, 8(1): 56-64.
Entezari, M., Dabaghian, F.H. and Hashemi, M., (2014). The comparison of antimutagenicity and anticancer activities of Echinophora platyloba DC on acute promyelocytic leukemia cancer cells. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 10(4):1004.
Fathimoghaddam, E., Shakerian, A., Sharafati Chaleshtori, R. and Rahimi, E., (2020). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Properties and Antimicrobial Effects of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge and Echinophora platyloba Essential Oils Against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-product, 9(Special): 47-58.
Furfaro, L.L., Chang, B.J. and Payne, M.S., (2018). Perinatal Streptococcus agalactiae epidemiology and surveillance targets. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 31(4):e00049-18.
Genovese, C., D’Angeli, F., Di Salvatore, V., Tempera, G. and Nicolosi, D., (2020). Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women: serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over five years in Eastern Sicily (Italy). European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 39(12):2387-2396.
Gizachew, M., Tiruneh, M., Moges, F. and Tessema, B., (2019). Streptococcus agalactiae maternal colonization, antibiotic resistance and serotype profiles in Africa: a meta-analysis. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 18(1):1-14.
Khajeh, E., Hosseini Shokouh, S.J., Rajabibazl, M., Roudbary, M., Rafiei, S., Aslani, P. and Farahnejad, Z., (2016). Antifungal effect of Echinophora platyloba on expression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes in fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 73(1):44-48.
Kong, Q., Cao, Z., Lv, N., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Hu, L. and Li, J., (2020). Minocycline and fluconazole have a synergistic effect against Cryptococcus neoformans both in vitro and in vivo. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11:836.
Krishnapura, P.R. and Belur, P.D., (2016). Isolation and screening of endophytes from the rhizomes of some Zingiberaceae plants for L-asparaginase production. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 46(3):281-287.
Liu, X., Dong, M., Chen, X., Jiang, M., Lv, X. and Zhou, J., (2008). Antimicrobial activity of an endophytic Xylaria sp. YX-28 and identification of its antimicrobial compound 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 78(2):241-247.
Osman, K.M., Marouf, S.H., Samir, A. and AlAtfeehy, N., (2012). The prevalence of multidrug resistance of various numbers of antimicrobial classes, multiple resistance patterns, and distribution of Salmonella isolates from human and avian clinical cases of diarrheoa. Journal of Chemotherapy, 24(5):300-304.
Pereira, C.B., De Oliveira, D.M., Hughes, A.F., Kohlhoff, M., La Vieira, M., Martins Vaz, A.B., et al., (2015). Endophytic fungal compounds active against Cryptococcus neoformans and gattii. The Journal of Antibiotics, 68(7):436-444.
Photolo, M.M., Mavumengwana, V., Sitole, L., and Tlou MG. (2020). Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of a bacterial endophyte, methylobacteriumradiotolerans MAMP 4754, isolated from combretum erythrophyllum seeds. International Journal of Microbiology, 18:2020.
Pieranski, M.K., Rychlowski, M. and Grinholc, M., (2021). Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae biofilm culture in a continuous flow system for photoinactivation studies. Pathogens, 10(9):1212.
Pilevar, Z., Hosseini, H., Hajimehdipoor, H., Shahraz, F., Alizadeh, L., Khaneghah, A.M. et al., (2017). The anti-Staphylococcus aureus effect of combined Echinophora platyloba essential oil and liquid smoke in beef. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 55(1):117.
Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B. and Carter, G.R., (1994). Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical veterinary Microbiology, 12:109-135.
Radu, S. and Kqueen, C.Y., (2002). Preliminary screening of endophytic fungi from medicinal plants in Malaysia for antimicrobial and antitumor activity. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(2):23.
Rana, K.L., Kour, D., Kaur, T., Devi, R., Negi, C., Yadav, A.N., et al., (2020). Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants: biodiversity and biotechnological applications. In Microbial endophytes(pp. 273-305). Woodhead Publishing.
Ranjbar, R. and Babaie, S., (2016). Evaluation the antibacterial effects of Echinophora platyloba extracts against some Salmonella species. Electronic Physician, 8(2):1943.
Ratti, R.P., Serrano, N.F.G., Hokka, C.O. and Sousa, C.P., (2008). Antagonistic properties of some microorganisms isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah plants against Staphylococcus coagulase-positive strain. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 14:294-302.
Rosini, R. and Margarit, I., (2015). Biofilm formation by Streptococcus agalactiae: influence of environmental conditions and implicated virulence factors. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 5: p.6.
Ryan, R.P., Germaine, K., Franks, A., Ryan, D.J. and Dowling, D.N., (2008). Bacterial endophytes: recent developments and applications. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 278(1):1-9.
Saei-Dehkordi, S.S., Fallah, A.A., Saei-Dehkordi, S.S. and Kousha, S., (2012). Chemical Composition and Antioxidative Activity of Echinophora platyloba Essential oil, and its interaction with natural antimicrobials against food‐borne pathogens and spoilage organisms. Journal of Food Science, 77(11): 631-637.
Selb, R., Fuchs, V., Graf, B., Hamprecht, A., Hogardt, M., Sedlacek, L., et al., (2019). Molecular typing and in vitro resistance of Cryptococcus neoformans clinical isolates obtained in Germany between 2011 and 2017. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 309(6):151336.
Sepehri, Z., Javadian, F., Khammari, D. and Hassanshahian, M., (2016). Antifungal effects of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Echinophora platyloba and Rosmarinus officinalis. Current Medical Mycology, 2(1):30.
Sharafati-chaleshtori, R., Rafieian-kopaei, M., Mortezaei, S., Sharafati-chaleshtori, A. and Amini, E., (2012). Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the extracts of Echinophora platylobaAfrican Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 6(37):2692-2695.
Shabayek, S. and Spellerberg, B., (2018). Group B streptococcal colonization, molecular characteristics, and epidemiology. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9: 437.
Simoni, S., Vincenzi, C., Brenciani, A., Morroni, G., Bagnarelli, P., Giovanetti, E., et al., (2018). Molecular characterization of Italian isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae and relationships with chloramphenicol resistance. Microbial Drug Resistance, 24(3):225-231.
Yang, H.R., Hu, X.P., Jiang, C.J., Qi, J., Wu, Y.C., Li, W., et al., (2015). Diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Cephalotaxus hainanensis Li, a well‐known medicinal plant in China. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 61(5):484-490.
Umaru, I.J., Badruddin, F.A., Assim, Z.B. and Umaru, H.A., (2018). Antibacterial and cytotoxic actions of chloroform crude extract of Leptadenia hastata (pers) Decnee. Clinical Medical Biochemistry, 4:1-4.
Zhu, T., Chen, X., Li, C., Tu, J., Liu, N., Xu, D. and Sheng, C., (2021). Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51)/histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors for treatment of Candida tropicalis and Cryptococcus neoformansEuropean Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 221:113524.
