تک‌یاخته‌های زئونوتیک منتقله از آب و موادغذایی تهدیدی ناشناخته به‌عنوان عوامل بیولوژیک در بیوتروریسم (مقاله مروری)
الموضوعات :ناصر حاجی پور 1 , جمال قره خانی 2
1 - استادیار، متخصص انگل‌شناسی دامپزشکی، گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
2 - آزمایشگاه مرکزی، سازمان دامپزشکی کشور، همدان، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: انگل, زئونوز, بیوتروریسم, آب و مواد غذایی,
ملخص المقالة :
برخی از تک‌یاخته‌های زئونوتیک به‌راحتی از طریق موادغذایی و آب منتقل و باعث بیماری‌های جدی در انسان و حیوان می‌شوند. این عوامل بیماریزا به‌علت اینکه برخی از خصوصیات یک عامل بیولوژیک مؤثر از جمله دوره کمون و دوز عفونی پایین، مقاومت بالا در برابر ضدعفونی‌کننده‌ها را دارا هستند. بنابراین می‌توانند به‌عنوان یک عامل بیولوژیک ناشناخته در بیوتروریسم ایفای نقش کنند. با تهدیدات فزاینده بیوتروریسم و عوامل بیولوژیکی و استفاده آن‌ها توسط برخی از کشورهای استعمارگر، شناسایی و شناخت این عوامل ناشناخته و راه‌های پیشگیری از آن امری ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد. بر اساس یک مطالعه سیستماتیک کلید واژه‌های بیوتروریسم، بیولوژیک و زئونوزهای تک یاخته‌ای، انگل، اسامی انگل‌های منتقله از آب و مواد غذایی در پایگاه‌های معتبر اطلاعاتی جستجو و موضوعات مرتبط مطالعه گردید. نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان می‌دهد که تک‌یاخته‌های زئونوزتیک نظیر ژیاردیا اینتستینالیس، انتاموبا هیستولیتیکا، کریپتوسپوریدیوم پارووم و توکسوپلاسما گوندی که توانایی انتقال از طریق موادغذایی و آب را دارند، به‌عنوان عوامل بیولوژیکی در حملات بیوتروریسم ایفای نقش می‌کنند. از آنجایی که این تک‌یاخته‌ها در برابر برخی از ضدعفونی‌کننده‌ها از جمله کلر و دماهای پایین مقاوم هستند، بنابراین تنها راه مقابله با آن‌ها در زمان‌های بحران، جوشاندن آب در دمای 60 درجه سلسیوس به‌مدت 15-10 دقیقه و نیز پختن کامل موادغذایی مشکوک به آلودگی می‌باشد.
المصادر:
Acha, P. N. , Szyfres, B. (2003). Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals. 3nd Edition, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, pp.256-275.
Alberts B. (2005). Modeling attacks on the food supply. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,102, 9737–9738.
Baig, A. M., Khan, N. A. (2015). Tackling infection owing to brain-eating amoeba. Acta Tropica, 142, 86-88.
Balali-mood, M., Moshiri, M. and Etemad, L. (2013). Medical aspects of bio-terrorism. Toxicon, 69, 131-142. [In Persian]
Bidaki, M., Balalimood, M.(2015). Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare, from Past to the Present: A classic review. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 22 182-198. [In Persian]
Chang, S., Fair, G. M. (1941). Viability and Destruction of the Cysts of Endameba histolytica. Journal of American Water Works Association, 33, 1705-1715.
· Rasco, B.A., Bledsoe, G.E.(2009). Bioterrorism and food safety. Microbiologically Safe Foods, 571-600.
Hajipour, N., Esmaeilnejad, B. (2018). Parasitic zoonoses, (Translation). Authors: Dhaliwal, B. S. , Juyal, P. D.1end, Avesta publication, pp.70-90.
Diadoo, C. A. (1999). An assessment for the need of a bioterrorism preparedness plan at hospital xyz in minnesota. University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Dwight, B. D. (2009). Georgi’s parasitology for veterinarians. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis.
Guidotti, T. L. (2000). Bioterrorism and the public health response. American journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 178-180.
· Gharekhani, J. (2014). Toxoplasma gondii infections in domestic animals in Hamedan, Iran: A sero-epidemiological study. Bulltine UASVM Veterinary Medicine, 71(1), 68-72.
· Gharekhani, J., Gerami-Sadeghian, A., Tavoosidana, G.R., Sohrabei, A. (2015) Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs and domestic equine from western Iran. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 24(2), 255-258.
· Gharekhani, J., Yakhchali, M., Esmaeilnejad, B., Mardani, K., Majidi, G., Sohrabi, A., Berahmat, R., Alaei, M. (2018) Seroprevalence and risk factors of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants in southwest of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(4), 305-310.
· Hajian-Bidar, H., Heidari, H., Bahari, A. A., Gharekhani, J. (2014).Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic goats in western Iran. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(8), 639-643.
Hayes, E. B., Matte, T. D., O'brien, T. R., Mckinley, T. W., Logsdon, G. S., Rose, J. B., Ungar, B. L., Word, D. M., Wilson, M. A. and Long, E. G. (1989). Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 1372-1376.
· Heidari, H., Gharekhani, J., Tavoosidana, G. H. R. (2013). Role of toxoplasmosis in abortion of ewes in western Iran: a serological study. Scientia Parasitologica, 14(2), 99-103.
Hennessy, T. W., Hedberg, C. W., Slutsker, L., White, K. E., Besser-wiek, J. M., Moen, M. E., Feldman, J., Coleman, W. W., Edmonson, L. M. and Macdonald, K. L. (1996). A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 1281-1286.
Hibler, C. P. (1987). Inactivation of Giardia cysts with chlorine at 0.50 C to 5.00 C, American Water Works Association.
Hohlfeld, P., Daffos, F., Thulliez, P. A., Aufrant, C., Couvreur, J., Macaleese, J., Descombey, D. and Forestier, F. (1989). Fetal toxoplasmosis: outcome of pregnancy and infant follow-up after in utero treatment. The Journal of Pediatrics, 115, 765-769.
Hugh-jones, M. E., Hubbert, W. T. and Hagstad, H. V. (2008). Zoonoses: recognition, control, and prevention, John Wiley & Sons.
Hvarchanova, N. , Georgieva, M. (2015). Biological toxins and Bioterrorism. Scripta Scientifica Pharmaceutica, 2, 250-265.
Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K. and Meyer, E. A. (1981). Effect of chlorine on Giardia lamblia cyst viability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 483-487.
Jernigan, D. B., Raghunathan, P. L., Bell, B. P., Brechner, R., Bresnitz, E. A., Butler, J. C., Cetron, M., Cohen, M., Doyle, T. and Fischer, M. (2002). Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8, 1019.
John, D. T. , Markell, P. W. (2006). Voge's medical parasitology. Athari A.(Persian translator), 9.
John, D. T. , Petri, W. A. (2013). Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.
Karamy, A. (2002). Investigation and analysis of recent biotourism of black wounds. Journal of Military Medicine, 4, 23-30. [In Persian]
Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A., Devleesschauwer, B., Dopfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-walker, C. L. and Hald, T.(2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLOS Medicine, 12, e1001921.
Levine, N. D. (1985). Veterinary Protozoology, Iowa State University Press Ames, pp.245-260.
Lujan, H. D. , Svard, S. (2011). Giardia: A model organism, Springer Science & Business Media.
Markell, E. K. , Voge, M. (1965). Medical Parasitology. Academic Medicine, 40, 719.
Marquardt, W. C., Demaree, R. S. and Grieve, R. B. (2000). Parasitology and Vector Biology. Academic press San Diego, California, pp.347-358.
Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Midzi, N., Muchaneta-Kubara, C., Simbini, T. and Mduluza, T. (2009). Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106, 847-852.
Neva, F. A. , Brown, H. W. (1994). Basic Clinical Parasitology, Appleton & Lange, pp.300-330.
Pakandl, M. (1994). The prevalence of intestinal protozoa in wild and domestic pigs. Veterinarni Medicina, 39, 377-380.
Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons. mycological research, 110, 1003-1010.
Phills, J. A., Harrold, A. J., Whiteman, G. V. and Perelmutter, L. (1972). Pulmonary infiltrates, asthma and eosinophilia due to Ascaris suum infestation in man. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 965-970.
Rose, J. B. , Slifko, T. R. (1999). Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review. Journal of Food Protection, 62, 1059-1070.
Rotz, L. D., Khan, A. S., Lillibridge, S. R., Ostroff, S. M. and Hughes, J. M. (2002). Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerging infectious diseases, 8, 225.
Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-bean, N. T., Potter, M. E., Endo, T., Mayer, L., Langkop, C. W., Gibson, C., Mcdonald, R. C. and Kenney, R. T. (1987). Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. Jama, 258, 3269-3274.
Ryan, J. (2016). Biosecurity and bioterrorism: containing and preventing biological threats, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Singh, B. B., Sharma, R., Sharma, J. K., Banga, H. S., Kumar, H., Aulakh, R. S. and Gill, J. P. S. (2008). Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis infection in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 22, 91-92.
Tavakkoly, H. R., Sarraf Poor, R. and Samady, M. (2005). Water, Food and Bioterrorism. Journal of Military Medicine, 7, 75-82. [In Persian]
Tavassoli, M. (2006). Veterinary Protozoology, Urmia, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research.[In Persian]
Tavassoli, M., Sodagar-Skandarabadi, M., Soltanalinejad, F.(2007). A survey on cryptosporidial infection in horse in Urmia area, northwestern Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 8, 86-90.
Tavasoli, M., Ghorhbanzadegan, M., Esmailnejad, B., Mardani, K., Hosseinzadeh, S.(2012). Identification of Toxoplasma gondii strain in human and mouse in Urmia by PCR-RFLP. Veterinary Researches Biological Products, 25, 29-34. [In Persian]
Tavassoli, M., Ghorbanzadehghan, M., Esmaeilnejad, B.(2013b). Foll Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats blood samples by PCR-RFLP in Urmia. In: Veterinary research forum,4, 43-47.
Tavassoli, M., Esmaeilnejad, B., Malekifard, F., Soleimanzadeh, A., Dilmaghani, M. (2013a). Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Sheep and Goat Milk in Northwest of Iran by PCR-RFLP. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 6, 1-4.
Thavaselvam, D. , Vijayaraghavan, R. (2010). Biological warfare agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2, 179.
Thompson, R. A. (2004). The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis. Veterinary parasitology, 126, 15-35.
Venkatesh, S. , Memish, Z. A. (2003). Bioterrorism—a new challenge for public health. International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents, 21, 200-206.
Von Gunten, U.(2003). Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Research, 37, 1469-1487.
WHO (1979). Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with the participation of FAO, World Health Organization.
Xiao, L. (1994). Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitology Today, 10, 436-438.
_||_
Acha, P. N. , Szyfres, B. (2003). Zoonoses and communicable diseases common to man and animals. 3nd Edition, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, pp.256-275.
Alberts B. (2005). Modeling attacks on the food supply. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,102, 9737–9738.
Baig, A. M., Khan, N. A. (2015). Tackling infection owing to brain-eating amoeba. Acta Tropica, 142, 86-88.
Balali-mood, M., Moshiri, M. and Etemad, L. (2013). Medical aspects of bio-terrorism. Toxicon, 69, 131-142. [In Persian]
Bidaki, M., Balalimood, M.(2015). Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare, from Past to the Present: A classic review. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 22 182-198. [In Persian]
Chang, S., Fair, G. M. (1941). Viability and Destruction of the Cysts of Endameba histolytica. Journal of American Water Works Association, 33, 1705-1715.
· Rasco, B.A., Bledsoe, G.E.(2009). Bioterrorism and food safety. Microbiologically Safe Foods, 571-600.
Hajipour, N., Esmaeilnejad, B. (2018). Parasitic zoonoses, (Translation). Authors: Dhaliwal, B. S. , Juyal, P. D.1end, Avesta publication, pp.70-90.
Diadoo, C. A. (1999). An assessment for the need of a bioterrorism preparedness plan at hospital xyz in minnesota. University of Wisconsin-Stout.
Dwight, B. D. (2009). Georgi’s parasitology for veterinarians. Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis.
Guidotti, T. L. (2000). Bioterrorism and the public health response. American journal of Preventive Medicine, 18, 178-180.
· Gharekhani, J. (2014). Toxoplasma gondii infections in domestic animals in Hamedan, Iran: A sero-epidemiological study. Bulltine UASVM Veterinary Medicine, 71(1), 68-72.
· Gharekhani, J., Gerami-Sadeghian, A., Tavoosidana, G.R., Sohrabei, A. (2015) Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs and domestic equine from western Iran. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 24(2), 255-258.
· Gharekhani, J., Yakhchali, M., Esmaeilnejad, B., Mardani, K., Majidi, G., Sohrabi, A., Berahmat, R., Alaei, M. (2018) Seroprevalence and risk factors of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in small ruminants in southwest of Iran. Archives of Razi Institute, 73(4), 305-310.
· Hajian-Bidar, H., Heidari, H., Bahari, A. A., Gharekhani, J. (2014).Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic goats in western Iran. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(8), 639-643.
Hayes, E. B., Matte, T. D., O'brien, T. R., Mckinley, T. W., Logsdon, G. S., Rose, J. B., Ungar, B. L., Word, D. M., Wilson, M. A. and Long, E. G. (1989). Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 1372-1376.
· Heidari, H., Gharekhani, J., Tavoosidana, G. H. R. (2013). Role of toxoplasmosis in abortion of ewes in western Iran: a serological study. Scientia Parasitologica, 14(2), 99-103.
Hennessy, T. W., Hedberg, C. W., Slutsker, L., White, K. E., Besser-wiek, J. M., Moen, M. E., Feldman, J., Coleman, W. W., Edmonson, L. M. and Macdonald, K. L. (1996). A national outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections from ice cream. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 1281-1286.
Hibler, C. P. (1987). Inactivation of Giardia cysts with chlorine at 0.50 C to 5.00 C, American Water Works Association.
Hohlfeld, P., Daffos, F., Thulliez, P. A., Aufrant, C., Couvreur, J., Macaleese, J., Descombey, D. and Forestier, F. (1989). Fetal toxoplasmosis: outcome of pregnancy and infant follow-up after in utero treatment. The Journal of Pediatrics, 115, 765-769.
Hugh-jones, M. E., Hubbert, W. T. and Hagstad, H. V. (2008). Zoonoses: recognition, control, and prevention, John Wiley & Sons.
Hvarchanova, N. , Georgieva, M. (2015). Biological toxins and Bioterrorism. Scripta Scientifica Pharmaceutica, 2, 250-265.
Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K. and Meyer, E. A. (1981). Effect of chlorine on Giardia lamblia cyst viability. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 41, 483-487.
Jernigan, D. B., Raghunathan, P. L., Bell, B. P., Brechner, R., Bresnitz, E. A., Butler, J. C., Cetron, M., Cohen, M., Doyle, T. and Fischer, M. (2002). Investigation of bioterrorism-related anthrax, United States, 2001: epidemiologic findings. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8, 1019.
John, D. T. , Markell, P. W. (2006). Voge's medical parasitology. Athari A.(Persian translator), 9.
John, D. T. , Petri, W. A. (2013). Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology-E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences.
Karamy, A. (2002). Investigation and analysis of recent biotourism of black wounds. Journal of Military Medicine, 4, 23-30. [In Persian]
Kirk, M. D., Pires, S. M., Black, R. E., Caipo, M., Crump, J. A., Devleesschauwer, B., Dopfer, D., Fazil, A., Fischer-walker, C. L. and Hald, T.(2015). World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 22 foodborne bacterial, protozoal, and viral diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLOS Medicine, 12, e1001921.
Levine, N. D. (1985). Veterinary Protozoology, Iowa State University Press Ames, pp.245-260.
Lujan, H. D. , Svard, S. (2011). Giardia: A model organism, Springer Science & Business Media.
Markell, E. K. , Voge, M. (1965). Medical Parasitology. Academic Medicine, 40, 719.
Marquardt, W. C., Demaree, R. S. and Grieve, R. B. (2000). Parasitology and Vector Biology. Academic press San Diego, California, pp.347-358.
Mtapuri-Zinyowera, S., Midzi, N., Muchaneta-Kubara, C., Simbini, T. and Mduluza, T. (2009). Impact of solar radiation in disinfecting drinking water contaminated with Giardia duodenalis and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar at a point-of-use water treatment. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 106, 847-852.
Neva, F. A. , Brown, H. W. (1994). Basic Clinical Parasitology, Appleton & Lange, pp.300-330.
Pakandl, M. (1994). The prevalence of intestinal protozoa in wild and domestic pigs. Veterinarni Medicina, 39, 377-380.
Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons. mycological research, 110, 1003-1010.
Phills, J. A., Harrold, A. J., Whiteman, G. V. and Perelmutter, L. (1972). Pulmonary infiltrates, asthma and eosinophilia due to Ascaris suum infestation in man. New England Journal of Medicine, 286, 965-970.
Rose, J. B. , Slifko, T. R. (1999). Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Cyclospora and their impact on foods: a review. Journal of Food Protection, 62, 1059-1070.
Rotz, L. D., Khan, A. S., Lillibridge, S. R., Ostroff, S. M. and Hughes, J. M. (2002). Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents. Emerging infectious diseases, 8, 225.
Ryan, C. A., Nickels, M. K., Hargrett-bean, N. T., Potter, M. E., Endo, T., Mayer, L., Langkop, C. W., Gibson, C., Mcdonald, R. C. and Kenney, R. T. (1987). Massive outbreak of antimicrobial-resistant salmonellosis traced to pasteurized milk. Jama, 258, 3269-3274.
Ryan, J. (2016). Biosecurity and bioterrorism: containing and preventing biological threats, Butterworth-Heinemann.
Singh, B. B., Sharma, R., Sharma, J. K., Banga, H. S., Kumar, H., Aulakh, R. S. and Gill, J. P. S. (2008). Prevalence of Giardia intestinalis infection in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Parasitology, 22, 91-92.
Tavakkoly, H. R., Sarraf Poor, R. and Samady, M. (2005). Water, Food and Bioterrorism. Journal of Military Medicine, 7, 75-82. [In Persian]
Tavassoli, M. (2006). Veterinary Protozoology, Urmia, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research.[In Persian]
Tavassoli, M., Sodagar-Skandarabadi, M., Soltanalinejad, F.(2007). A survey on cryptosporidial infection in horse in Urmia area, northwestern Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 8, 86-90.
Tavasoli, M., Ghorhbanzadegan, M., Esmailnejad, B., Mardani, K., Hosseinzadeh, S.(2012). Identification of Toxoplasma gondii strain in human and mouse in Urmia by PCR-RFLP. Veterinary Researches Biological Products, 25, 29-34. [In Persian]
Tavassoli, M., Ghorbanzadehghan, M., Esmaeilnejad, B.(2013b). Foll Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats blood samples by PCR-RFLP in Urmia. In: Veterinary research forum,4, 43-47.
Tavassoli, M., Esmaeilnejad, B., Malekifard, F., Soleimanzadeh, A., Dilmaghani, M. (2013a). Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in Sheep and Goat Milk in Northwest of Iran by PCR-RFLP. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 6, 1-4.
Thavaselvam, D. , Vijayaraghavan, R. (2010). Biological warfare agents. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 2, 179.
Thompson, R. A. (2004). The zoonotic significance and molecular epidemiology of Giardia and giardiasis. Veterinary parasitology, 126, 15-35.
Venkatesh, S. , Memish, Z. A. (2003). Bioterrorism—a new challenge for public health. International Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents, 21, 200-206.
Von Gunten, U.(2003). Ozonation of drinking water: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine. Water Research, 37, 1469-1487.
WHO (1979). Parasitic zoonoses. Report of a WHO Expert Committee with the participation of FAO, World Health Organization.
Xiao, L. (1994). Giardia infection in farm animals. Parasitology Today, 10, 436-438.
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