ارزیابی دینامیک رشد ریشه و مولفه‌های عملکرد ارقام کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa) با تغییر مقادیر فسفر و روی
الموضوعات : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیانیسه جرفی 1 , مجتبی علوی فاضل 2 , عبدالعلی گیلانی 3 , محمدرضا اردکانی 4 , شهرام لک 5
1 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
3 - 1- گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران.
2 - بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات و آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران.
4 - گروه زراعت، واحد کرج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرج، ایران
5 - گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
الکلمات المفتاحية: سولفات روی, ژنوتیپ, ریشه, تعداد دانه در بوته, کینوا, سوپر فسفات تریپل,
ملخص المقالة :
توزیع و پراکنش مناسب ریشه جذب عناصر غذایی را تسهیل نموده و منجر به بهبود عملکرد گیاهان زراعی می شود. این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی ساختار ریشه و شاخساره ارقام کینوا در پاسخ به کاربرد عناصر فسفر و روی در مرکز تحقیقات، آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان خوزستان به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و با سه فاکتور شامل کاربرد کود شیمیایی سوپرفسفات تریپل در 4 سطح (صفر، 6، 12 و 18 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خاک)، محلول پاشی سولفات روی در 3 مقدار (آب بدون سولفات روی (شاهد)، محلول پاشی با غلظت 4 و 8 در هزار) و سه رقم کینوا (Giza 1، Q26، Titicaca) در سه تکرار در گلدان اجرا شد. یافته ها نشان داد پارامترهای ریشه نظیر وزن خشک ریشه، عرض ریشه، قطر ریشه، فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه و نسبت وزن ریشه به اندام هوایی تحت تاثیر سطوح کود فسفره و ارقام کینوا قرار گرفت (P≤0.01) و برگ پاشی سولفات روی تنها بر وزن خشک ریشه، عرض ریشه، فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه، چگالی ریشه، نسبت وزن ریشه به اندام هوایی و پارامترهای اندام هوایی اثر معنی دار ایجاد نمود. رقم Q26 به عنوان برترین رقم از نظر توسعه ساختار ریشه ای شناسایی شد که در سطوح کاربرد 18 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خاک فسفر و غلظت 4 در هزار سولفات روی بیشترین وزن خشک ریشه (3/23 گرم در بوته)، عرض ریشه (18/06 سانتی متر) و فاصله اولین انشعاب تا نوک ریشه (53/23) را دارا بود. در این سطوح مصرف عناصر، بیشترین تعداد دانه در بوته (4542) در رقم Q26 حاصل گردید. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، کاربرد بهینه عناصر با کاهش اثرات آنتاگونیسمی و افزایش اثرات سینرژیستی عناصر فسفر و روی منجر به توسعه ساختار ریشه ای، بهبود جذب عناصر و افزایش مولفه های تولید ارقام کینوا شد.
Abdollahpour, H., E. Tohidi Nejad, and A. Pasandi Pour. 2021. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on morphophysiological characteristics and yield of quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(57): 57-72. (In Persian).
Armin, M., and A. Keyvanlou. 2015. The effect of methanol foliar application on morphological characteristics of maize roots and shoots under drought stress. Journal of Crop Production Research. 7 (1): 27-39. (In Persian).
Bagheri, M. 2018. Quinoa agriculture manual, Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. 45 pp. (In Persian).
Bazile, D., S.E. Jacobsen, and A. Verniau. 2016. The global expansion of quinoa: trends and limits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 622: 1-6.
Bidabadi, S. , M. Afazel, and S.D. Poodeh. 2016. The effect of vermicompost leachate on morphological, physiological and biochemical indices of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in a soilless culture system. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 5: 251–262.
Bilalis, D.J., I. Roussis, I. Kakabouki, and A. Folina. 2019. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) crop under Mediterranean conditions: A Review. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria. 46 (2): 51-68.
Enfejari, M., and H. Bayat. 2017. Effects of bulb dipping time in complete NPK fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative traits of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. Double). Soil-Plant Relationships. 9 (1): 53-62. (In Persian).
Erbas, S., Z. Kucukyumuk, H. Baydar, L. Erdal, and A. Sanli. 2017. Effects of different phosphorus doses on nutrient concentrations as well as yield and quality characteristics of Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super). Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 22 (1): 32-38.
Fageria, N. 2014. Nitrogen management in crop production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Fakhri, Sh., A. Rahnama, and M. Maskar Bashi. 2017. Genetic diversity of growth traits and shoots of wheat seedlings and its relationship with salinity tolerance. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 6 (21): 115-125. (In Persian).
Farhadian Asgarabadi, K., and H. Isvand. 2017. The effect of application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent polymer on some root morphological characteristics and yield of chickpea in dryland conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 10 (2): 73-61. (In Persian).
Ganjali, A., M. Kafi, and M. Sabet Teymouri. 2010. Changes in physiological indices of roots and shoots of chickpea (Carthamus tinctorius) in response to drought stress. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences. 3 (1): 45 -35. (In Persian).
Garcia-Parra, M., R. Stechauner-Rohringer, D. Roa-Acosta, D. Ortiz-Gonzalez, J. Ramirez-Correa, N. Plazas-Leguizamon, and A. Colmenares-Cruz. 2020. Chlorophyll fluorescence and its relationship with physiological stress in Chenopodium quinoa Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 48 (4): 1742-1755.
Golabi, M., S. Lak, A. Gilani, M. Alavi Fazel, and A. Egdernezhad. 2022. Growth index, yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) cultivars affected by date and method of planting at Ahvaz region. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16 (63): 411-434. (In Persian).
Gordillo-Bastidas, E., D. A. Díaz-Rizzolo, E. Roura, T. Massanés, and R. Gomis. 2016. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), from nutritional value to potential health Benefits: An integrative review. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 6 (3): 1-10.
Hossein Alipour, B., A. Rahnama, and A. Farrokhian Firoozi. 2020. The effect of drought stress on wheat root growth and architecture at vegetative growth stage. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 51 (1): 63-75. (In Persian).
Jami Moeini, M., S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, P. Keshavarz, A. Sorooshzadeh, and A. Ganjeali, 2010. Relationship between root morphological properties and nitrogen utilization efficiency in six cultivars of potato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8 (3): 444-454. (In Persian).
Khalili Rad, R., and H. Mirseyed Hosseini, H. 2016. Investigation of some root morphological characteristics and efficiency indices in a number of phosphorus and inefficient cultivars of wheat. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 6 (3): 65-82. (In Persian).
Khalili, S. 2017. Effect of salinity stress, phosphorus and zinc stress on quinoa growth. M.Sc. Thesis. Shahed University, 96 pp. (In Persian).
Khan, W., M. Faheem, M.Y. Khan Sh. Hussain, M.A. Maqsood, and T. Aziz. 2015. Zinc requirement for optimum grain yield and zinc biofortification depends on phosphorus application to wheat cultivars. Romanian Agricultural Research. 32: 1-10.
Khavarinejad, R. F., F. Najafi, and R. Firozeh. 2011. Effect of zinc sulphate on physiological parameters on bean crop. Crop Science Research. 21 (1): 1-14.
Mai, W., X. Tian W.J. Gale, X. Yang, and X. LU. 2011. Tolerance to Zn deficiency and P-Zn interaction in wheat seedlings cultured in chelator-buffered solutions. Journal of Arid Land. 3 (3): 206−213.
Mansouri, M., M. Alavi Fazel, A. Gilani, S. Lak, and M. Mojdam, 2021. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and its split application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15 (59): 317-340. (In Persian).
Mesbah, R., M.R. Ardakani, A. Moghaddam, and F. Rafiei. 2021. Effect of biofertilizer and biochar applications on quantitative, qualitative yields and root characteristics of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) under dryland farming condition. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15 (58): 229-250. (In Persian).
Mostafavi Rad, M., A. Nobahar, and A. Mahboub Khomeini. 2018. Nutrition management in rapeseed agriculture. Publication of Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. 24 pp. (In Persian).
Mousavi, S., Gh. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Seghe Eslami, and A. Amiri. 2015. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three rice cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13 (1): 152-146. (In Persian).
Mousavi, S.A., A. Shokuhfar, Sh. Lak, M. Mojaddam, and M. Alavifazel. 2020. Integrated application of biochar and bio-fertilizer improves yield and yield components of Cowpea under water-deficient stress. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 15 (2): 94-101.
Mubarak, I., and M. Janat. 2021. Quinoa response to different transplanting dates and nitrogen fertilization levels in an arid environment. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology. 2: 77-89.
Naseri, R., M. Barari, M.J. Zare, K. Khavazi, and Z. Tahmasebi. 2018. The effect of plant growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on wheat root characteristics at different levels of phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Soil Biology. 6(2): 137-156. (In Persian).
Nemček, L., M. Šebesta, M. Urík, M. Bujdoš, E., Dobročka, and I. Vávra. 2020. Impact of bulk ZnO, ZnO nanoparticles and dissolved Zn on early growth stages of barley-a pot experiment. Plants. 9 (10) 1365: 1-14.
Olsen, S. R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe, and L.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Pang, C., Z. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2017. Effects of water and phosphorus coupling on root growth, biomass allocation and yield of quinoa. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 50: 4107–4117.
Parentoni, S.N., and C.L. de Souza Júnior. 2008. Phosphorus acquisition and internal utilization efficiency in tropical maize genotypes. Pesquisa. Agropecuaria Bras., Brasíleira. 43 (7): 893-901.
Rajaie, M., and A.H. Ziaeyan. 2009. Combined effect of zinc and boron on yield and nutrients accumulation in corn. International Journal of Plant Production. 3 (3): 435-440.
Ramezani, A., M. Solhi, and M. Rezaei. 2017. Effect of zinc fertilizer foliar application on grain yield and zinc content of rice cultivar Sazandegi. Iranian Agricultural Research. 16 (1): 125-136. (In Persian).
Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., M.D. Rey, H. Nechate-Drif, M.A. Castillejo, J.V. Jorrín-Novo, J. Torrent, M.C. del Campillo, and D. Sacristán. 2021. Combining P and Zn fertilization to enhance yield and grain quality in maize grown on Mediterranean soils. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 1-14.
Sepahvand, N. 2013. Investigation of compatibility, agronomic, phenological and qualitative value of quinoa plant products in Iran. Final Report, Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute, Agricultural Scientific and Research Information and Procurement Center, Registration No. 44026. (In Persian).
Sepehri, A., E. Chitsaz, N. Gharebaghli, and M. Saman. 2017. Effect of zinc and iron sulfate on yield and kaempferol content of chicory (Cichorium intybus) under drought stress. Plant Production Technology. 17 (1): 99-111. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi, R., and N. Kamri. 2014. The effect of salinity stress and leaf nutrition with zinc nanooxide on yield and some morphophysiological characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Iranian Agricultural Research. 13 (2): 399-410. (In Persian).
Staji, A., H. Rusta, and M. Roghami. 2017. Comparison of vegetative parameters and root yield of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in different soilless cultivation systems and soil cultivation under the influence of different nitrogen sources. Journal of Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology. 8 (2): 105-117. (In Persian).
Tayafeh Soltankhani, A.M. 2011. Monthly analysis, news and Agricultural Engineering. 22 pp.
Vaziri Kateshouri, S., M. Daneshvar, A. Sohrabi, and F. Nazarian Firoozabadi. 2013. The effect of different amounts of phosphorus on agricultural crops (Cicer arietinum) foliar application of iron and zinc on grain yield and yield components of chickpea. Agricultural Journal of Abu Reihan Campus. 15 (2):17-30. (In Persian).
Yavuz, T., and K. Karadag. 2015. The effect of fertilization and grazing applications on root length and root biomass of some rangeland grasses. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 20 (1): 38-42.
_||_Abdollahpour, H., E. Tohidi Nejad, and A. Pasandi Pour. 2021. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on morphophysiological characteristics and yield of quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(57): 57-72. (In Persian).
Armin, M., and A. Keyvanlou. 2015. The effect of methanol foliar application on morphological characteristics of maize roots and shoots under drought stress. Journal of Crop Production Research. 7 (1): 27-39. (In Persian).
Bagheri, M. 2018. Quinoa agriculture manual, Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute. 45 pp. (In Persian).
Bazile, D., S.E. Jacobsen, and A. Verniau. 2016. The global expansion of quinoa: trends and limits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 622: 1-6.
Bidabadi, S. , M. Afazel, and S.D. Poodeh. 2016. The effect of vermicompost leachate on morphological, physiological and biochemical indices of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni in a soilless culture system. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. 5: 251–262.
Bilalis, D.J., I. Roussis, I. Kakabouki, and A. Folina. 2019. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) crop under Mediterranean conditions: A Review. Ciencia e Investigación Agraria. 46 (2): 51-68.
Enfejari, M., and H. Bayat. 2017. Effects of bulb dipping time in complete NPK fertilizer on qualitative and quantitative traits of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. Double). Soil-Plant Relationships. 9 (1): 53-62. (In Persian).
Erbas, S., Z. Kucukyumuk, H. Baydar, L. Erdal, and A. Sanli. 2017. Effects of different phosphorus doses on nutrient concentrations as well as yield and quality characteristics of Lavandin (Lavandula × intermedia Emeric ex Loisel. var. Super). Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 22 (1): 32-38.
Fageria, N. 2014. Nitrogen management in crop production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Fakhri, Sh., A. Rahnama, and M. Maskar Bashi. 2017. Genetic diversity of growth traits and shoots of wheat seedlings and its relationship with salinity tolerance. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 6 (21): 115-125. (In Persian).
Farhadian Asgarabadi, K., and H. Isvand. 2017. The effect of application of mycorrhiza and superabsorbent polymer on some root morphological characteristics and yield of chickpea in dryland conditions. Journal of Crop Production. 10 (2): 73-61. (In Persian).
Ganjali, A., M. Kafi, and M. Sabet Teymouri. 2010. Changes in physiological indices of roots and shoots of chickpea (Carthamus tinctorius) in response to drought stress. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences. 3 (1): 45 -35. (In Persian).
Garcia-Parra, M., R. Stechauner-Rohringer, D. Roa-Acosta, D. Ortiz-Gonzalez, J. Ramirez-Correa, N. Plazas-Leguizamon, and A. Colmenares-Cruz. 2020. Chlorophyll fluorescence and its relationship with physiological stress in Chenopodium quinoa Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 48 (4): 1742-1755.
Golabi, M., S. Lak, A. Gilani, M. Alavi Fazel, and A. Egdernezhad. 2022. Growth index, yield and yield components of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) cultivars affected by date and method of planting at Ahvaz region. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 16 (63): 411-434. (In Persian).
Gordillo-Bastidas, E., D. A. Díaz-Rizzolo, E. Roura, T. Massanés, and R. Gomis. 2016. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), from nutritional value to potential health Benefits: An integrative review. Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences. 6 (3): 1-10.
Hossein Alipour, B., A. Rahnama, and A. Farrokhian Firoozi. 2020. The effect of drought stress on wheat root growth and architecture at vegetative growth stage. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 51 (1): 63-75. (In Persian).
Jami Moeini, M., S.A.M. Modarres Sanavy, P. Keshavarz, A. Sorooshzadeh, and A. Ganjeali, 2010. Relationship between root morphological properties and nitrogen utilization efficiency in six cultivars of potato. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8 (3): 444-454. (In Persian).
Khalili Rad, R., and H. Mirseyed Hosseini, H. 2016. Investigation of some root morphological characteristics and efficiency indices in a number of phosphorus and inefficient cultivars of wheat. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production. 6 (3): 65-82. (In Persian).
Khalili, S. 2017. Effect of salinity stress, phosphorus and zinc stress on quinoa growth. M.Sc. Thesis. Shahed University, 96 pp. (In Persian).
Khan, W., M. Faheem, M.Y. Khan Sh. Hussain, M.A. Maqsood, and T. Aziz. 2015. Zinc requirement for optimum grain yield and zinc biofortification depends on phosphorus application to wheat cultivars. Romanian Agricultural Research. 32: 1-10.
Khavarinejad, R. F., F. Najafi, and R. Firozeh. 2011. Effect of zinc sulphate on physiological parameters on bean crop. Crop Science Research. 21 (1): 1-14.
Mai, W., X. Tian W.J. Gale, X. Yang, and X. LU. 2011. Tolerance to Zn deficiency and P-Zn interaction in wheat seedlings cultured in chelator-buffered solutions. Journal of Arid Land. 3 (3): 206−213.
Mansouri, M., M. Alavi Fazel, A. Gilani, S. Lak, and M. Mojdam, 2021. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and its split application on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15 (59): 317-340. (In Persian).
Mesbah, R., M.R. Ardakani, A. Moghaddam, and F. Rafiei. 2021. Effect of biofertilizer and biochar applications on quantitative, qualitative yields and root characteristics of flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) under dryland farming condition. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15 (58): 229-250. (In Persian).
Mostafavi Rad, M., A. Nobahar, and A. Mahboub Khomeini. 2018. Nutrition management in rapeseed agriculture. Publication of Guilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Training Center. 24 pp. (In Persian).
Mousavi, S., Gh. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.J. Seghe Eslami, and A. Amiri. 2015. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three rice cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 13 (1): 152-146. (In Persian).
Mousavi, S.A., A. Shokuhfar, Sh. Lak, M. Mojaddam, and M. Alavifazel. 2020. Integrated application of biochar and bio-fertilizer improves yield and yield components of Cowpea under water-deficient stress. Italian Journal of Agronomy. 15 (2): 94-101.
Mubarak, I., and M. Janat. 2021. Quinoa response to different transplanting dates and nitrogen fertilization levels in an arid environment. Italian Journal of Agrometeorology. 2: 77-89.
Naseri, R., M. Barari, M.J. Zare, K. Khavazi, and Z. Tahmasebi. 2018. The effect of plant growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on wheat root characteristics at different levels of phosphorus fertilizer. Journal of Soil Biology. 6(2): 137-156. (In Persian).
Nemček, L., M. Šebesta, M. Urík, M. Bujdoš, E., Dobročka, and I. Vávra. 2020. Impact of bulk ZnO, ZnO nanoparticles and dissolved Zn on early growth stages of barley-a pot experiment. Plants. 9 (10) 1365: 1-14.
Olsen, S. R., C.V. Cole, F.S. Watanabe, and L.A. Dean. 1954. Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Pang, C., Z. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 2017. Effects of water and phosphorus coupling on root growth, biomass allocation and yield of quinoa. Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 50: 4107–4117.
Parentoni, S.N., and C.L. de Souza Júnior. 2008. Phosphorus acquisition and internal utilization efficiency in tropical maize genotypes. Pesquisa. Agropecuaria Bras., Brasíleira. 43 (7): 893-901.
Rajaie, M., and A.H. Ziaeyan. 2009. Combined effect of zinc and boron on yield and nutrients accumulation in corn. International Journal of Plant Production. 3 (3): 435-440.
Ramezani, A., M. Solhi, and M. Rezaei. 2017. Effect of zinc fertilizer foliar application on grain yield and zinc content of rice cultivar Sazandegi. Iranian Agricultural Research. 16 (1): 125-136. (In Persian).
Sánchez-Rodríguez, A.R., M.D. Rey, H. Nechate-Drif, M.A. Castillejo, J.V. Jorrín-Novo, J. Torrent, M.C. del Campillo, and D. Sacristán. 2021. Combining P and Zn fertilization to enhance yield and grain quality in maize grown on Mediterranean soils. Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 1-14.
Sepahvand, N. 2013. Investigation of compatibility, agronomic, phenological and qualitative value of quinoa plant products in Iran. Final Report, Seed and Plant Breeding Research Institute, Agricultural Scientific and Research Information and Procurement Center, Registration No. 44026. (In Persian).
Sepehri, A., E. Chitsaz, N. Gharebaghli, and M. Saman. 2017. Effect of zinc and iron sulfate on yield and kaempferol content of chicory (Cichorium intybus) under drought stress. Plant Production Technology. 17 (1): 99-111. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi, R., and N. Kamri. 2014. The effect of salinity stress and leaf nutrition with zinc nanooxide on yield and some morphophysiological characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Iranian Agricultural Research. 13 (2): 399-410. (In Persian).
Staji, A., H. Rusta, and M. Roghami. 2017. Comparison of vegetative parameters and root yield of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in different soilless cultivation systems and soil cultivation under the influence of different nitrogen sources. Journal of Greenhouse Crop Science and Technology. 8 (2): 105-117. (In Persian).
Tayafeh Soltankhani, A.M. 2011. Monthly analysis, news and Agricultural Engineering. 22 pp.
Vaziri Kateshouri, S., M. Daneshvar, A. Sohrabi, and F. Nazarian Firoozabadi. 2013. The effect of different amounts of phosphorus on agricultural crops (Cicer arietinum) foliar application of iron and zinc on grain yield and yield components of chickpea. Agricultural Journal of Abu Reihan Campus. 15 (2):17-30. (In Persian).
Yavuz, T., and K. Karadag. 2015. The effect of fertilization and grazing applications on root length and root biomass of some rangeland grasses. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 20 (1): 38-42.
