تغییرات شاخص‌های رشد، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) تحت تاثیر تاریخ و شیوه کاشت در اهواز
الموضوعات :
اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی
مهرنوش گلابی
1
(گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران)
شهرام لک
2
(گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران)
عبدالعلی گیلانی
3
(1-گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران، 2- بخش اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی. اهواز، ایران.)
مجتبی علوی فاضل
4
(گروه زراعت، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران)
اصلان اگدرنژاد
5
(گروه علوم و مهندسی آب، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران)
تاريخ الإرسال : 26 السبت , رمضان, 1442
تاريخ التأكيد : 23 السبت , ذو القعدة, 1442
تاريخ الإصدار : 27 الجمعة , صفر, 1444
الکلمات المفتاحية:
ملخص المقالة :
مهم‌ترین مؤلفه سازگار با تنوع اقلیمی در زراعت، تاریخ کاشت است که بیشترین تأثیر را بر خصوصیات فنولوژیکی گیاه دارد و بر اساس رقم و آب و هوای هر منطقه تعیین می گردد. به همین منظور، این تحقیق با هدف تعیین امکان کاشت نشایی ارقام مختلف کینوا در تاریخ کاشت های مختلف در شرایط آب و هوایی اهواز انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت های دوبار خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در دو سال زراعی 1398-1397 و 1399-1398 اجرا گردید. تاریخ کاشت به‌عنوان عامل اصلی در چهار سطح (30 مهر، 10 ، 20 و 30 آبان ماه)، روش کاشت (نشاکاری و مستقیم) به عنوان عامل فرعی و ارقام کینوا (Giza1، Q26 و Titicaca) به عنوان عامل فرعی فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تأخیر در تاریخ کاشت موجب کاهش شاخص های رشدی (22، 39 و 26 درصد به ترتیب شاخص سطح برگ، ماده خشک و سرعت رشد محصول)، روز تا گلدهی (21 درصد) و اجزای عملکرد دانه شامل تعداد پانیکول در بوته (42 درصد)، تعداد دانه در پانیکول(26 درصد) و وزن هزار دانه (21 درصد)، عملکرد دانه (63 درصد) و شاخص برداشت (54 درصد) در کینوا شد. بالاترین مقدار این صفات مربوط به تاریخ کاشت 30 مهر بود و کاشت نشایی در تاریخ کاشت های زود هنگام نسبت به کاشت مستقیم بذر ضعیف‌تر، ولی در تاریخ کاشت تاخیری بهتر از کشت مستقیم بوده و موجب کاهش تاثیرات منفی کشت تاخیری شد. در بین ارقام مورد مطالعه رقم Q26 از نظر مؤلفه های آنالیز رشد شامل شاخص سطح برگ (4.87)، ماده خشک (637.2 گرم در مترمربع) و سرعت رشد محصول (18.58 گرم در مترمربع در روز) و اجزای عملکرد شامل تعداد پانیکول در بوته (9.72) و وزن هزار دانه (4.81 گرم) و عملکرد دانه (1813 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بالاتر از دو رقم دیگر بود. بالاترین عملکرد دانه (3058 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به رقم Q26 در تاریخ کاشت 30 مهر و کاشت به‌صورت مستقیم (3148 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین آن (769 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به رقم Titicaca در تاریخ کاشت 20 و 30 آبان بود. به‌طورکلی، مشاهده شد که تاریخ کاشت اوایل پاییز به علت طولانی‌تر بودن دوره رشد و همچنین اجتناب از گرمای انتهای فصل، مناسب کشت ارقام مختلف کینوا در خوزستان بوده و نشاکاری در این تاریخ کاشت ها از نظر عملکرد نسبت به کشت بذر مزیت چندانی نداشت، ولی در تاریخ کاشت های تاخیری موجب کاهش تاثیرات منفی گردید.
المصادر:
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Alvaro, F., J. Isidro, D. Villegas, and L.F. Garcia Del Moral. 2008. Breeding effects on grain filling, biomass partitioning, and remobilization in mediterranean durum wheat. Agronomy Journal. 100: 361-370.
Badran, M.S.S. 2001. Effect of transplanting and seedling age on grain yield and its components of some maize cultivars. Alexandria Journal Agriculture Research. 46)2(: 47–56.
Bagheri, M. 2018. Quinoa cultivation. Ministry of Agriculture Press. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Bakhshandeh, A.M., A. Shengari, M.H. Gharine, and Gh. Fathi. 2015. Effect of delay in planting and nitrogen levels on grain yield of morphological traits and chlorophyll index of rapeseed under weather conditions of Ahwaz. Journal Agriculture Research. 1: 69-73. (In Persian)
Bertero, H. 2003. Response of developmental processes to temperature and photoperiod in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Reviews International. 19: 87-97.
Carrotero, R., R.A. Serrago, M.O. Bancal, A.E. Perello, and D.J. Miralles. 2010. Absorbed radiotion and radiation use efficiency as effected by foliar diseases in relation to their vertical position into the canopy in wheat. Field Crops Research. 116: 184-195.
Chimenti, C.A., and A.S. Hall. 2002. Grain number responses to temperature during floret differentiation in sunflower. Field Crops Research. 72(3):177-184.
Dao, A., J. Alvar-Beltr, A. Gnanda, A. Guira, L. Nebie, and J. Sanou. 2020. Effect of different planting techniques and sowing density rates on the development of quinoa. African Journal Agriculture Research.16(9):1325-1333.
Ehteshami, M.R., A. Tehrani, and B. Samadi. 2015. Effect of planting date on some phenological, morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of five rapeseed cultivars. Applied Field Crops Research. 28(4): 111-120. (In Persian).
Estakhr, A., and R. Choukan. 2006. Effects of planting date and density of female parent B73 on hybrid seed production of KSC704 in Fars province. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 22(2):167-183. (In Persian).
Fathi, A., and F. Kardoni, 2020. The importance of quinoa (Quinoa Chenopodium) cultivation in developing countries: a review. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 3(183): 337-356
Garcia, M., B. Condori, and C.D. Castillo. 2015. Agroecological and agronomic cultural practices of quinoa in South America. In: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan. (eds.), and Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 25-46
Gharineh, M.H., M. Bakhshandeh, B. Andarzian, and M. Shirali. 2019. Investigation of the effect of planting date and irrigation regimes on morphological characteristics and yield of Chenopodium quinova Willd. In Khuzestan climate. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 50(3):149-156. (In Persian).
Ghorbani, H., M. Barmaki, and Y. Khirizade. 2015. Study of potato mini-tube yield in direct cultivation and transplanting. Science Technology Greenhouse Cultivation. 6 (22): 121-132. (In Persian).
Hinojosa, L., J.B. Matanguihan, and K.M. Murphy. 2019. Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 205: 33-45.
Hirich, A., R. ChoukrAllah, and S.E. Jacobsen. Quinoa in morocco effect of sowing dates on development and yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 200: 371-377.
Hossini, H., A. Rahmi-karizki, and A. Biaban. 2020. Evaluation of changes in physiological growth and yield indices of Chenopodium quinoa Willd under the influence of different planting dates. Journal of Crop Production. 3 (2):99-116. (In Persian)
Jafari, H. 2020. Investigation of cotton transplanting and pyramid cultivation in increasing water use efficiency (Case study of North Khorasan province). Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering.11(42): 224-237. (In Persian)
Jafari-Haghighi, B. 2009. A study on the relationship between grain yield and its components at suitable seed density in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ) using path analysis. Plant Ecophysiology. 1(2):14-25. (In Persian).
Javadi, H., M.H. Rashed Mohasel, Gh.R. Zamani, E. Azari Nasr Abadi, and R. Musavi. 2006. Effect of plant density on growth indices in four grain sorghum cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 4: 253-265. (In Persian).
Kirland, K.G., and E.N. Johnson. 2000. Alternative seeding dates affect Canola (Brassica napus) yield and quality. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 80(4): 713-719.
Lavini, A., C. Pulvento, R. Andria, M. Riccardi, R. Choukr-Allah, O. Belhabib, A. Yazar, C. Incekaya, S. Metin Sezen, M. Qadir, and S.E. Jacobsen. 2014. Quinoa’s potential in the mediterranean region. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 200: 344-360.
Ludvigson, K., J.P. Reganold, and K. Murphy. 2019. Sustainable intensification of quinoa production in peri-urban environments in western Washington state utilizing transplant vs. direct-seed methods. International Journal of Agriculture Natural Research. 46(2): 100-112.
Majidian, M. 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and water stress in agro systems during different growth stages on quantities and qualitative agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays) Ph.D. Thesis. Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Morrison, M.J., and D.W. Stewart. 2002. Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop 42: 797-803
Mustafa, T.A.N., and S. Temel. 2018. Performance of some quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) genotypes grown in different climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 23(2): 180-186
Nurse, R.E., K. Obeid, and E.R. Page. 2016. Optimal planting date, row width, and critical weed-free period for grain amaranth and quinoa grown in Ontario, Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 96: 360-366.
Saeidi, S., A. Siadat, A. Mushatati, M.R. Moradi Telavat, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2020. Effect of planting time and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of Chenopodium quinoa Willd in Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 21(4):354-367. (In Persian).
Salehi, M., V. Soltani, and F. Dehghani. 2019. The effect of planting date on phenological stages and yield of quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in saline conditions. Environmental Stresses Agriculture Science. 12(3): 923-932. (In Persian).
Samadzadeh, A.R., Gh. Zamani, and H.R. Falahi. 2020. Feasibility study of new quinoa production in climatic conditions of South Khorasan under the influence of planting date and planting density. Journal of Agriculture Applied Research. 33 (1):82-104. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., and F. Sheikh. 2011. Familiarity with the new quinoa plant. National Conference on Natural Products and Medicinal Plants. 4-5 Oct. Bojnourd. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., M. Tavazoa, and M. Kohbazi. 2010. Quinoa valuable plant for alimentary security and adaptation agricultural in Iran. 11th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. 24-26 Jul. Tehran. (In Persian)
Small, E. 2013. Quinoa is the United Nations’ featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? Biodiversity. 14(3): 169-179.
Tahmasebi, S.Z., and M. Kordi. 2001. Evaluation of cotton transplanting in saline soils. 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Australian Society of Agronomy. 2: 26-37.
Tavosi, M., and N.A. Sepahvand. 2014. Effect of planting date on yield and phenological and morphological characteristics of different genotypes of new quinoa in Khuzestan. The First International Congress and the 13th Iranian Genetics Congress, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/328023. (In Persian).
Weeden, B.R. 2000. Potential of sugar beet on the Atherton tableland. Rural industries research and Development Corporation. 102 p.
Zareei Siahbidi, A., A. Rezaeizad, A. Asgari, and A.H. Shirani Rad. 2021. Evaluation of the response of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to delay sowing dates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(2): 251-264.
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Aalehi, M., and F. Dehghani. 2017. Quinoa: Pseudo-cereals suitable for saline water. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Amouzesh Keshavari Press. 32p. (In Persian).
Alvaro, F., J. Isidro, D. Villegas, and L.F. Garcia Del Moral. 2008. Breeding effects on grain filling, biomass partitioning, and remobilization in mediterranean durum wheat. Agronomy Journal. 100: 361-370.
Badran, M.S.S. 2001. Effect of transplanting and seedling age on grain yield and its components of some maize cultivars. Alexandria Journal Agriculture Research. 46)2(: 47–56.
Bagheri, M. 2018. Quinoa cultivation. Ministry of Agriculture Press. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Bakhshandeh, A.M., A. Shengari, M.H. Gharine, and Gh. Fathi. 2015. Effect of delay in planting and nitrogen levels on grain yield of morphological traits and chlorophyll index of rapeseed under weather conditions of Ahwaz. Journal Agriculture Research. 1: 69-73. (In Persian)
Bertero, H. 2003. Response of developmental processes to temperature and photoperiod in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Reviews International. 19: 87-97.
Carrotero, R., R.A. Serrago, M.O. Bancal, A.E. Perello, and D.J. Miralles. 2010. Absorbed radiotion and radiation use efficiency as effected by foliar diseases in relation to their vertical position into the canopy in wheat. Field Crops Research. 116: 184-195.
Chimenti, C.A., and A.S. Hall. 2002. Grain number responses to temperature during floret differentiation in sunflower. Field Crops Research. 72(3):177-184.
Dao, A., J. Alvar-Beltr, A. Gnanda, A. Guira, L. Nebie, and J. Sanou. 2020. Effect of different planting techniques and sowing density rates on the development of quinoa. African Journal Agriculture Research.16(9):1325-1333.
Ehteshami, M.R., A. Tehrani, and B. Samadi. 2015. Effect of planting date on some phenological, morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of five rapeseed cultivars. Applied Field Crops Research. 28(4): 111-120. (In Persian).
Estakhr, A., and R. Choukan. 2006. Effects of planting date and density of female parent B73 on hybrid seed production of KSC704 in Fars province. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal. 22(2):167-183. (In Persian).
Fathi, A., and F. Kardoni, 2020. The importance of quinoa (Quinoa Chenopodium) cultivation in developing countries: a review. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. 3(183): 337-356
Garcia, M., B. Condori, and C.D. Castillo. 2015. Agroecological and agronomic cultural practices of quinoa in South America. In: Murphy, K., J. Matanguihan. (eds.), and Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 25-46
Gharineh, M.H., M. Bakhshandeh, B. Andarzian, and M. Shirali. 2019. Investigation of the effect of planting date and irrigation regimes on morphological characteristics and yield of Chenopodium quinova Willd. In Khuzestan climate. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 50(3):149-156. (In Persian).
Ghorbani, H., M. Barmaki, and Y. Khirizade. 2015. Study of potato mini-tube yield in direct cultivation and transplanting. Science Technology Greenhouse Cultivation. 6 (22): 121-132. (In Persian).
Hinojosa, L., J.B. Matanguihan, and K.M. Murphy. 2019. Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 205: 33-45.
Hirich, A., R. ChoukrAllah, and S.E. Jacobsen. Quinoa in morocco effect of sowing dates on development and yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 200: 371-377.
Hossini, H., A. Rahmi-karizki, and A. Biaban. 2020. Evaluation of changes in physiological growth and yield indices of Chenopodium quinoa Willd under the influence of different planting dates. Journal of Crop Production. 3 (2):99-116. (In Persian)
Jafari, H. 2020. Investigation of cotton transplanting and pyramid cultivation in increasing water use efficiency (Case study of North Khorasan province). Journal of Irrigation and Water Engineering.11(42): 224-237. (In Persian)
Jafari-Haghighi, B. 2009. A study on the relationship between grain yield and its components at suitable seed density in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum ) using path analysis. Plant Ecophysiology. 1(2):14-25. (In Persian).
Javadi, H., M.H. Rashed Mohasel, Gh.R. Zamani, E. Azari Nasr Abadi, and R. Musavi. 2006. Effect of plant density on growth indices in four grain sorghum cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 4: 253-265. (In Persian).
Kirland, K.G., and E.N. Johnson. 2000. Alternative seeding dates affect Canola (Brassica napus) yield and quality. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 80(4): 713-719.
Lavini, A., C. Pulvento, R. Andria, M. Riccardi, R. Choukr-Allah, O. Belhabib, A. Yazar, C. Incekaya, S. Metin Sezen, M. Qadir, and S.E. Jacobsen. 2014. Quinoa’s potential in the mediterranean region. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 200: 344-360.
Ludvigson, K., J.P. Reganold, and K. Murphy. 2019. Sustainable intensification of quinoa production in peri-urban environments in western Washington state utilizing transplant vs. direct-seed methods. International Journal of Agriculture Natural Research. 46(2): 100-112.
Majidian, M. 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer, manure and water stress in agro systems during different growth stages on quantities and qualitative agronomic characteristics of corn (Zea mays) Ph.D. Thesis. Tarbiat Modaress University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Morrison, M.J., and D.W. Stewart. 2002. Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop 42: 797-803
Mustafa, T.A.N., and S. Temel. 2018. Performance of some quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) genotypes grown in different climate conditions. Turkish Journal of Field Crops. 23(2): 180-186
Nurse, R.E., K. Obeid, and E.R. Page. 2016. Optimal planting date, row width, and critical weed-free period for grain amaranth and quinoa grown in Ontario, Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 96: 360-366.
Saeidi, S., A. Siadat, A. Mushatati, M.R. Moradi Telavat, and N.A. Sepahvand. 2020. Effect of planting time and amount of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of Chenopodium quinoa Willd in Ahvaz. Iranian Journal of Crop Science. 21(4):354-367. (In Persian).
Salehi, M., V. Soltani, and F. Dehghani. 2019. The effect of planting date on phenological stages and yield of quinoa seed (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in saline conditions. Environmental Stresses Agriculture Science. 12(3): 923-932. (In Persian).
Samadzadeh, A.R., Gh. Zamani, and H.R. Falahi. 2020. Feasibility study of new quinoa production in climatic conditions of South Khorasan under the influence of planting date and planting density. Journal of Agriculture Applied Research. 33 (1):82-104. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., and F. Sheikh. 2011. Familiarity with the new quinoa plant. National Conference on Natural Products and Medicinal Plants. 4-5 Oct. Bojnourd. (In Persian).
Sepahvand, N.A., M. Tavazoa, and M. Kohbazi. 2010. Quinoa valuable plant for alimentary security and adaptation agricultural in Iran. 11th National Iranian Crop Science Congress. 24-26 Jul. Tehran. (In Persian)
Small, E. 2013. Quinoa is the United Nations’ featured crop of 2013 bad for biodiversity? Biodiversity. 14(3): 169-179.
Tahmasebi, S.Z., and M. Kordi. 2001. Evaluation of cotton transplanting in saline soils. 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Australian Society of Agronomy. 2: 26-37.
Tavosi, M., and N.A. Sepahvand. 2014. Effect of planting date on yield and phenological and morphological characteristics of different genotypes of new quinoa in Khuzestan. The First International Congress and the 13th Iranian Genetics Congress, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/328023. (In Persian).
Weeden, B.R. 2000. Potential of sugar beet on the Atherton tableland. Rural industries research and Development Corporation. 102 p.
Zareei Siahbidi, A., A. Rezaeizad, A. Asgari, and A.H. Shirani Rad. 2021. Evaluation of the response of spring canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars to delay sowing dates. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 15(2): 251-264.
