• Home
  • A National Guideline for Transit-Oriented Development: Challenges and Prospects for the Iranian Edition

Share To

Article Url


Manuscript ID : SOIJ-2009-1367 (R2) Visit : 273 Page: 1 - 15

10.22094/soij.2021.680023

20.1001.1.23456450.2021.10.1.1.0

Article Type: Original Research

A National Guideline for Transit-Oriented Development: Challenges and Prospects for the Iranian Edition

Subject Areas : Space Ontology International Journal

Mahta Mirmoghtadaee 1 , Mohammad Hamed Abdi 2

1 - Faculty member of Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center"
2 - Urban Planning and Spatial Development Department, School of Architecture, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avda. Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain

Received: 2020-09-08 Accepted : 2021-02-18 Published : 2021-03-01

Keywords: Iran, Urban Planning, Middle East, Policymaking, Transit-Oriented Development,

Abstract :

Outstanding consequences of transport land-use integration under the label of transit-oriented development (TOD) approach in pioneer countries have spurred several newcomers to apply such a policy. Of which, Iran with a centralized planning system has recently provided a TOD national guideline with the purpose of curbing traffic-caused challenges. This study attempts to describe the process applied for the guideline preparation and discover operational challenges and future prospects for TOD successful implementation offering a local edition in Iran. The research has a qualitative approach, based on the case study. Critical analysis of Iranian existing situation together with review of five-year process which ends up with final approval of the guideline, are basic tools applied to investigate the situation. The results demonstrated that although the guideline as a turning point pinpointed the policy of the integration in Iranian policymaking efforts, there are still several barriers to realize TOD policies in Iran including inconsistent urban policies, profit making from TOD potentials, no practical experience, lacking public support and weak local authorities. This study also offers some lessons for such countries with a similar system of urban planning and/or policy challenges, which are planning transport and land use integration.

References:


  1. Alwehab, A., & Al Ani, M. (2016). Urban Optimization of Transit Oriented Development in Baghdad City. Civil and Environmental Research, 8(4), 38-47.
    2.
  2. Akhoundi, A. (2017, 01 28). Rail-based urban Development: An Answer to modern Life. Retrieved 3 30, 2020, from DONYA-YE-EGHTESAD: https://donya-e-eqtesad.com/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4-%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C-38/1088715-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8
    3.
  3. Aldalbahi, M., & Walker, G. (2016). Riyadh Transportation History and Developing Vision. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 163-171.
    4.
  4. Al-Harami, A., & Furlan, R. (2020). Qatar National Museum-Transit oriented development: The masterplan for the urban regeneration of a ‘green TOD’. Journal of Urban Management, 9(1), 115-136.
    5.
  5. Assadpour, N., & Melles, G. (2018). Participation in urban renewal projects in Iran: An initial review of Mashhad, Shiraz and Tehran. Development Bulletin - Australian Development Studies Network(79), 78-82.
    6.
  6. Azami, M., Mirzaee, E., & Mohammadi, A. (2015). Recognition of urban unsustainability in Iran (case study: Sanandaj City). Cities(49), 159-168.
    7.
  7. Barati, N. (2006). Challenges have to be faced in the context of urbanism in Iran at the beginning of the 21th century. Bagh-e Nazar, 3(6), 5-29.
    8.
  8. Bardi Anamoradnezhad, R. (2016). Analysis of the spatial planning and urban development pattern in Iran. Research and Urban Planning, 7(26), 93-112.
    9.
  9. Calthorpe, P. (1993). Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. Princeton: Princeton Architectural Press.
    10.
  10. Cervero, R. (1998). The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry. Washington, DC: Island Press.
    11.
  11. Cervero, R. (2013). Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 6(1), 7-24.
    12.
  12. Cervero, R., Murphy, S., Ferrel, C., Goguts, N., Tsai, Y., Arrington, G., . . . Witenstein, N. (2004). Transit-oriented development in the United States: Experiences, challenges and prospects. USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy Press.
    13.
  13. Chisholm, G. (2002). Transit-Oriented Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review. Research Board of the National Academies, TCRP Project H-27, Legal Research Digest 52.
    14.
  14. Curtis, C., Renne, J., & Bertolini, L. (2009). Transit Oriented Development: Making It Happen. Farnham,UK: Ashgate publishing.
    15.
  15. Dąbrowski, M., Musiałkowska, I., & Polverari, L. (2018). Introduction: drawing lessons from international policy-transfer initiatives in regional and urban development and spatial planning. Regional Studies, 52(9), 1-4.
    16.
  16. Daneshpour, Z., & Tarantash, M. (2017). Revealing Land-Use Transformation: Analysing Specifications of Unplanned Growth in the Metropolitan Region of Tehran. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba Memari-Va-Shahrsazi, 15-32.
    17.
  17. De Vos, J., & Witlox, F. (2013). Transportation policy as spatial planning tool; reducing urban sprawl by increasing travel costs and clustering infrastructure and public transportation. J.Transp.Geogr.33, 117-125.
    18.
  18. Dittmar, H., Belzer, D., & Autler, A. (2004). An introduction to transit- oriented development. Washington,D.C.: Island Press.
    19.
  19. Dunphy, R., & Porter, D. (2006). Manifestations of Development Goals in Transit-Oriented Projects. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1977, 172–178.
    20.
  20. Fanni, Z. (2006). Cities and urbanization in Iran after the Islamic revolution. Cities, 23(6), 407-411.
    21.
  21. Farhoodi, R., Gharakhlou-N, M., Ghadami, M., & Panahandeh Khah, M. (2009). A Critique of the Prevailing Comprehensive Urban Plannng Paradigm in Iran: The Need for Strategic Planning. Planning Theory, 8(4), 335-361.
    22.
  22. Ghidini, R. (2009). Aprendiendo una lección de Curitiba. Efectos perversos de una política orientada al transporte público y al medio ambiente. Cuaderno de Investigación Urbanística, 68-85.
    23.
  23. Gilat, M., & Sussman, J. (2003). Coordinated Transportation and Land Use Planning in the Developing World. Transportation Research Record, 1859(1), 102-109.
    24.
  24. Goetz, A. (2013). Suburban Sprawl or Urban Centres: Tensions and Contradictions of Smart Growth Approaches in Denver, Colorado. Urban Studies, 50(11), 2178–2195.
    25.
  25. Goodman, J., Laube, M., & Schwenk, J. (2005). Curitiba’s bus system is model for rapid transit”,. Race, Poverty and the Environment 12 (1), 75-76.
    26.
  26. Habibi, S. (2018). Az Shar ta Shahr (From Shar to city: An histirocal analysis of city concept and its physical image) (15th ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Press (in Persian).
    27.
  27. High Council of Urban Planning and Architecture. (2018, June 18). Urban Development and Architecture. Retrieved August 03, 2019, from Ministry of Road and Urban Development: https://www.mrud.ir/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D9%8
    28.
  28. Hosseini, S., & Naghi zadeh, M. (2016). Presenting Annalytical and Theoritical Framework for walkable urban design. International conference on Architecture and Urban planning (pp. 1-2-). Tehran: International conference on Architecture and Urban planning.
    29.
  29. Hosseini, V., & Shahbazi, H. (2016). Urban Air Pollution in Iran. Iranian Studies, 49(6), 1029-1046.
    30.
  30. IEA. (2018). Statisrics & Data. Retrieved April 28, 2019, from International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/statistics/?country=IRAN&year=2016&category=Energy%20consumption&indicator=ShareOilProductsConsBySector&mode=chart&dataTable=BALANCES
    31.
  31. Islamic Parliament of Iran. (1994, April 9). Laws and Regulations. Retrieved August 14, 2019, from Islamic Parliament Research Center Of The Islamic Republic Of IRAN: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/92382
    32.
  32. Kamrava, S. M. (2009). Contemporary Town Planning in Iran (3rd ed.). Tehran: University of Tehran Press (in Persian).
    33.
  33. Knowles, R. K. (2012). Transit oriented development in Copenhagen, Denmark: from the finger plan to Qrestad. Journal of Transport Geography 22, 251-261.
    34.
  34. Loo, B., Cheng, A., & Nichols, S. (2017). Transit-oriented development on greenfield versus infill sites: Some lessons from Hong Kong. Landscape and Urban Planning, 167, 37-48.
    35.
  35. Maghsoodi Tilaki, M., Abdullah, A., Bahauddin, A., & Hedayati Marzbali, M. (2013). Contemporary Urbanization Review: To Identify the Impact of Policies and Events on the Evolution of Urbanization in Iran. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 14(11), 1452-1462.
    36.
  36. Maghsoodi Tilaki, M., Mustafa, R., Hedayati Marzbali, M., Abdullah, A., & Ariffin, J. (2011). Challenges of the Informal Settlements in Developing Countries' Cities: A Case Study of Iran. World Applied Science Journal, 12(2), 160-169.
    37.
  37. Ministry of Road and Urban Development (MRUD). (2020). National TOD guideline. Tehran: Unpublished document.
    38.
  38. Mirmoghtadaee, M. (2016). Challenges of transit oriented development (TOD) in Iran. The need for a paradigm shift. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, 35-46.
    39.
  39. Mirmoghtadaee, M., & Seelig, S. (2015). A Comparative Study on the Role of Energy Efficiency in Urban Planning Instruments of Iran and Germany. Space Ontology International Journal, 4(15), 33-38.
    40.
  40. Moshfegi, V., Haghighat Naeini, Gh., & Habibi, M. (2020). Land Use and the Efficiency of Transportation Laws with Regard to Air Pollution in Tehran Metropolitan Area. Space Ontology International Journal, 9(1), 65-75.
    41.
  41. Moshiri, S. (2010). Control and Leadership of Urban construction; Designing an efficient system. Hoviat-e Shahr, 5(7), 23-30 (in Persian).
    42.
  42. Mousavi, M., & Ghavidel, S. (2019). Structural time series model for energy demand in Iran's transportation sector. Case Studies on Transport Policy, In Press.
    43.
  43. MUDGI. (2016). Transit Oriented Development Guidance Document. Retrieved from Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India: http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/GuidanceDocumentFINAL.pdf
    44.
  44. Municipality of Tehran. (2019). Terhan Municipality Statistical Yearbook 2018-2019. Retrieved March 12, 2020, from Telecommunication and Information Technology Organization: http://thmporg.ir/Uploads/User/1/amar/sayer_salnameh/shahrdari/amarnameh%20shahr%2097.pdf
    45.
  45. Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (1998). Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
    46.
  46. Newman, P., & Kenworthy, J. (2006). Urban design toreduce automobile dependence. Opolis, 2 (1), 35-52.
    47.
  47. NIOPDC. (2018). Statistic of Products Consumption . Retrieved April 28, 2019, from National Iranian oil products Distribution Company: https://www.niopdc.ir/fa/products/amar-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2-98
    48.
  48. Noblit, G., & Hare, R. (1988). Meta-Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative Studies. London: Sage publication.
    49.
  49. OICA. (2015). Vehicle in Use. Retrieved April 27, 2019, from International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers: http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads//Total_in-use-All-Vehicles.pdf
    50.
  50. Park, K., Ewing, R., Sabouri, S., & Larsen, J. (2019). Street life and the built environment in an auto-oriented US region. Cities, 88, 243-251.
    51.
  51. Plan and Budget Organization. (2016, October 24). Comprehensive Urban & Suburb Transportation. Retrieved August 15, 2019, from Office of Deputy for Technical and Infrastructure Development Affairs: nezamfanni.ir
    52.
  52. Poormokhtar, A. (2013). Evaluation on walkability in Chahar-Bagh street of Esfahan and its effect on citizen's social interaction. an Iranian-Islamic city (Quarterly), 91-100.
    53.
  53. Pourtazak, A., Bahrainy, S., & Naghizadeh, M. (2018). Speed Up, Slow Down or Both? Investigating the Contemporary Cities. Space Ontology International Journal, 7(3), 1-10.
    54.
  54. Rasoolimanesh, S., Jaafar, M., & Badarulzaman, N. (2014). Examining the contributing factors for the successful implementation of city development strategy in Qazvin City, Iran. Cities, 41, 10-19.
    55.
  55. Saei Orosi, I. (2013). An Analysis of Urbanization changes in Iranian Provinces. Iranian Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 10(2), 42-72.
    56.
  56. Saeidi mofrad, S., & Mofidi Shemirani, S. (2017). Urban design guidance of smart growth and their application in Iran. Bagh- e Nazar, 13(43), 107-124.
    57.
  57. Saket, M., Maleki, A., Doroudgar Hezaveh, E., & Karimi, M. (2019). Institutional analysis on impediments over fuel consumption reduction at Iran's transportation niches. Energy Policy, 129, 861-867.
    58.
  58. Satari Far, M., Zarei, H., & Shekari, N. (2015). The Impact of Immigration and Urbanization on Informal Employment in different regions of Iran. Financial Economy Quarterly, 8(29), 49-70.
    59.
  59. SCI. (2018a). Statistics Yearbook 2016. Tehran: Presidency of the I.R.I., Vice Presidency for Strategic Planning and Supervision, Statistical Centre of Iran.
    60.
  60. SCI. (2018b). The Detailed Results of Iranian National Census 2016. Tehran: Presidency of the I.R.I., Vice Presidency for Strategic.
    61.
  61. Shaygan, M., Mamdoohi, A., & E. Masoumi, H. (2017). Car Ownership models in Iran: A Review of Methods and Determinants. Transport and Telecommunication, 18(1), 45-59.
    62.
  62. Shibley, R. (1998). The Complete New Urbanism and the Partial Practices of Placemaking. Utopian Studies, 9(1), 80-102.
    63.
  63. Shieh, E. (2006). The crisis of new residential area in big cities of Iran. Social welfare (Quarterly), 365-380.
    64.
  64. Soltani, A. (2017). Social and urban form determinants of vehicle ownership; evidence from a developing country. Transportation Research Part A, 96, 90-100.
    65.
  65. Soltani, A., Pojani, D., Askari, S., & E. Masoumi, H. (2018). Socio-demographic and built environment determinants of car use among older adults in Iran. Journal of Transport Geography, 68, 109-117.
    66.
  66. Tehran Urban Research and Planning Centre. (2016). The Evaluation of Tehran Urban Planning codes based on Transit Oriented Development pricnciples. Tehran: Tehran Municipality.
    67.
  67. Thomas, R., Pojani, D., Lenferink, S., Bertolini, L., Stead, D., & van der Krabben, E. (2018). Is transit-oriented development (TOD) an internationally transferable policy concept? Regional Studies, 52(9), 1201-1213.
    68.
  68. United Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New york: United Nations.
    69.
  69. Varesi, H., & Sarvari, Z. (2006). An analysis of mutual relation of developmentand migration in Iran. Journal of Geography and regional Development, 4(6), 179-196.
    70.
  70. Victoria Transportation Policy Institute. (2010). On line TDM Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 10, 2009, from http://www.vtpi.org
    71.
  71. World Bank. (2005, February 1). Islamic Republic of Iran transportation sector review and strategy. Retrieved August 12, 2019, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/633871468253273064/pdf/34600010white0cover.pdf
    72.
  72. Xu, W., Guthrie, A., Fan, Y., & Li, Y. (2017). Transit-oriented development in China: Literature review and evaluation of TOD potential across 50 Chinese cities. The Journal of Transport and Land use ,1, 10, 743-762.
    73.
  73. Zamani, B., & Arefi, M. (2013). Iranian New Towns and their Urban Management Issues: A critical review of influential actors and factors. Cities, 30, 105-112.
    74.
  74. Ziari, K. (2006). The planning and functioning of new towns in Iran. Cities, 23(6), 412-422.
    75.

Related articles

The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024

Home| Login| About Us| Contact Us|
[فارسی] [العربية] [fa] [ar]