Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Aspect of Religion Archetype in Urban Areas (Case Study: Comparison of two Citiesو Sanandaj and Yazd)
Subject Areas :
Space Ontology International Journal
Fouad Kheirabadi
1
,
Hooshmand Alizadeh
2
1 - Department of urban planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Iran.
2 - Department of urban planning and Design, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Kurdistan, Iran
Received: 2018-05-29
Accepted : 2019-05-23
Published : 2019-03-01
Keywords:
Yazd,
Archetype,
Sanandaj,
Religion,
Natural environment,
Abstract :
Religion as the most important relationship between mankind andGod plays an important role in human mental relaxation.Jung considered religion as one of the most important archetypes of the collective subconscious mind and believed that the archetypes are primarily the result of human generations’ experiences, created like the human instinctive adaptations and affect human behavior and perceptions.Therefore, psychological adaptations, like physical adaptations, are influenced by the environment and different environments will lead to different adaptations. Religion as a mental adaptation has three main components of fear, hope and loving God. The environment plays an important role in the effectiveness and superiority of each of these components over man's relationship with God;however, how understanding religion, which results from diverse environmental characteristics, is reflected in the religious uses and urban spaces. To investigate this question, the historical context of two cities of ‘Sanandaj and Yazd’ that are very different in terms of environmental conditions are compared using the inductive method and library studies. Finally, it was observed that various environmental conditions cause different understanding of religion and hence caused the superiority of its components on the residents of the two cities.In fact, the merciful and giving environments lead superiority of the element of hope in God, and hazardous environments cause fear of God in man's relationship with God that both perceptions are reflected in the design and site selection for religious uses. Therefore, urban planners should pay special attention to environmental characteristics as the causative agent of psychological adaptations to create spaces harmonious with spirits and historical identity of citizens.can be categorized into three eras and in the framework of different subjects like structure-forming ideas, stylistic references, etc.
References:
Abdolahzadeh Fard, A., Zare, S.(2018) ‘An Examination of the Effect of Social Dimensions on Peoples’ use of Urban Public Spaces (Case Study: Chamran Recreational Site of Shiraz Located Between Shahidan Sheikhi and Niayesh Bridge)’ , Space Ontology International Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 1, Winter 2018, 67-76. (In Persian).
Abdolrahim, A., Mahmudian, H., Saberizade, R. (2013) ‘Manifestation of mysticism in the architecture of the mosque ’, Journal of Islamic Mysticism, Volume 9, Issue 33, pp. 159-188. (In Persian).
Behzad, M. (1975) Darwinism and Evolution. Tehran, Pocket Book Company. (In Persian).
Bemaniyan, M.R., Amini, M. (2012) ‘A Study of Effective Indicators in the Formation of Balance in Muslims’ Architecture (A Case Study: The Jāmeh Mosque of Isfahan)’, Journal of studies on Iranian Islamic city, Volume 2 Issue 17, Pages 5-27. (In Persian).
Buss, D. (2015) Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind: Psychology Press.
Eliade, M. (2010) The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (Vol. 144). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. (Behzad Saleki Translation), Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Pablication. (In Persian).
Etezadi, L. (2000) ‘The role of the mosque in the structure of Muslim cities’, Soffeh, 9(26). (In Persian).
Freud, S. (1959) The Future of an Illusion, Translated: Hashem Razi, Tehran: Asia Publishing. (In Persian).
Jung, C. G. (1993) Memoirs, Dreams and Thoughts, Translated by: Parvin Faramarzi, Mashhad: Astan Qods Razavi Publication. (In Persian).
Jung, C.G. (2012) Psychologie et religion, Translation: Fouad Rouhani, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Pablication. (In Persian).
Heidari, M. M. (2008) ‘A re-search on minaret, The Journal of Honar-ha-ye Ziba’, Volume 34, pp. 49-58. (In Persian).
Hick, J. (2013) The fifth dimension: An exploration of the spiritual realm. Oneworld Publication.
Ibn Khaldun, A. (1979) al-Muqaddimah, translated by Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi. Volume I, Tehran: Translation and Publishing Agency. (In Persian).
Khatibi, S. M., Habib, F. (2015) ‘Defining a Structural Model for the Revitalization of the Lost Urban Spaces (City Entrances) in Contemporary Urban Design Case Study: Entrance of Sanandaj’, Space Ontology International Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015, Page 35-42. (In Persian).
Khatibi, Seyed Mohammadreza; Habib, Farah. (2015) ‘Defining a Structural Model for the Revitalization of the Lost Urban Spaces (City Entrances) in Contemporary Urban Design Case Study: Entrance of Sanandaj’, Space Ontology International Journal, Volume 4, Issue 2, 2015, Page 35-42. (In Persian).
King, W. L. (1987) Religion'in Mircea Eliade, ed (Vol. 12). New York: Macmillan.
Mazaheri, M. A., Passandideh, A., Sadeghi, M. S. (2010) Faith Triangle: Dimensions of man's Relationship with God, Qom: Darolhadis Publishers. (In Persian).
Memarian, G. H. (2006) Introduction of Iranian Residential Architecture: extroversion of Typology,Tehran: Soroosh Danesh. (In Persian).
Memarian, G. H. (2006) Introduction to Iranian Residential Architecture: Introverted of Typology, Tehran: Soroosh Danesh. (In Persian).
Montazaralghaem, A., Amini, R. (2010) ‘The Investigation of Vaset City's Civil Circumstance Until the Third Century ’, Journal of Islamic History, Volume 10, Issue 4, pp. 167-192. (In Persian).
Muller, F. M. (1893) Introduction to the science of religion: four lectures delivered at the Royal Institution, in February and May. (1870) Longmans, Green.
Nahj al-Balagha. (Sermon 13) translation of Sharif al-Razi, Tehran, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Nahj al-Balagha. (Sermon 129) translation of Sharif al-Razi, Tehran, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
Noghrekar A., Hamzehnejad, M., Dehghani Tafti, M. (2010) ‘Analyze of Environment's Effects on Behavior and Comportment, From Islamic Intellectuals'point of view and its Results on Environment Design ’, Armanshahr, Volume 3, Issue 5, pp. 79-96. (In Persian).
Noss, J. B. (1980) Man's Religions Macmillan Publishing Company.
O'dea, T. F. (1966) The Sociology of Religion Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Omidvar, K., Hatefi, M. R. (2013) ‘Course of change and Physical Development of Islamic Cities and Determining the Developmental Directions (Case Study: Ardakan City Yazd province) ’, Journal of studies on Iranin Islamic city, Volume 2, Issue 7, Pages 63-71. (In Persian).
Otto, R. (1950) The Idea of the Holy (Trans.: Johan Harvey): Oxford University Press.
Pourjafar, M. R., Pourjafar, A. (2013) ‘Proposed «Mohallah» with Centrality of Mosque And Public Spaces in Persian-Islamic City’, Journal of studies on Iranin Islamic city, Vol. 3, No. 10. (In Persian).
Pup, A. U. (1995) Persian architecture: the triumph of form and color (translation of the Karmat Allah officer), Tehran: Farhangsara (yassavoli) Publishing. (In Persian).
Qodusifar, H., Habib, F., Shahbazi, M. (2013) ‘Sophia Perennis and Nature Place in Ideology and Temples Architecture of Religions ’, Journal of Bagh-I-Nazar, Volume 9, Issue 20, Pages 37-50. (In Persian).
Sadeghi, M. S., Asar, M., Peyman Pak, F., Ebrahimi, S. M. (2014) ‘The Role of the Main Aspects of Personality in the Relationship with God ’, Semi-annual Journal of Studies in Islam and Psychology, Vol. 8 no. 15, Pages 103-126. (In Persian).
Schulz, C. N. (2010) Genius loci: towards a phenomenology of architecture: Translation by Mohammad Reza Shirazi. (In Persian).
Shamisa, S. (2004) Literary types, Tehran: Ferdows Publishing. (In Persian).
Shirazi, S. M. (1990) The Transcendent theosophy in the Four Journeys of the Intellect. Beirut: Dar al-'Ara'at al-Arabi. (In Persian).
Shojaeezand, A. (2013) ‘Religion and Mundane Affairs: Different Insights of Religions Concerning Mundane, Journal of Religious Thought ’, 13 (46), pp. 58-118. (In Persian).
Thompson, K. L. (2003) Religion and Social Structure, Translation: Ali Bahrampour and Hassan Mohaddesi, Tehran: kavir Publishing. (In Persian).
Yazdani, A. (2011) ‘Difficulty of Defintion of Religion and Approaches ’. Philosophy of Religion, Volume 7, Issue 8, Pages 29-46. (In Persian).
