اساس مولکولی برهمکنش بین افکتور های بیمارگر های قارچی با گیاهان میزبان
امیر میرزادی گوهری 1 , فرزانه لک 2
1 - گیاهپزشکی-دانشگاه تهران
2 - گروه گیاه پزشکی، دانشکدگان کشاورزی کرج، دانشگاه تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: افکتور, بیمارگر¬های قارچی, نقش بیولوژیکی, تعاملات متقابل,
چکیده مقاله :
تعاملات مولکولی بین بیمارگر¬های قارچی و گیاهان میزبان یک فرآیند بسیار پیچیده و دینامیک است که به دو صورت مختلف، پاسخ‌های سازگاری و ناسازگاری، بروز می‌نماید. در حالت سازگاری، گیاهان در نتیجه حمله بیمارگر به بیماری مبتلا می‌شوند؛ در مقابل، در حالت ناسازگاری، گیاهان پس از حمله بیمارگر از خود مقاومت نشان می‌دهند. یکی از جنبه‌های کلیدی در این برهمکنش‌ها، ترشح مولکول‌های پروتئینی کوچک توسط بیمارگر¬های قارچی است. این مولکول‌های کوچک، معمولاً به¬عنوان افکتور¬ها شناخته می‌شوند که طی فرگشت توسط بیمارگر¬های قارچی بدست می‌آیند. این افکتور¬ها نقش بسیار حیاتی در تغییر فیزیولوژی گیاهان میزبان و سرکوب پاسخ‌های دفاعی آنها ایفا می‌نمایند. این مقاله مروری به بررسی اساس ژنتیکی تعاملات مولکولی بین افکتور¬های بیمارگر¬های قارچی و گیاهان میزبان با تأکید بر پاتوسیستم متشکل از بیمارگر قارچی Cladosporium fulvum و گیاه گوجه‌فرنگی می‌پردازد. این بررسی می‌تواند به درک بهتر از نحوه ایجاد بیماری یا بروز مقاومت گیاهان میزبان در برابر بیمارگر¬های قارچی کمک کرده و پایه‌ای جهت توسعه رویکرد¬های نوین در راستای کنترل بیماری¬های گیاهی را فراهم آورد.
Molecular interactions between fungal pathogens and host plants is a very complex and dynamic process that manifests itself in two different ways such as adaptive and incompatible responses. In the adaptive state, plants become diseased as a result of pathogen attack. On the other hand, through the incompatibility state, plants show resistance after pathogen attack. One of the key aspects in these interactions is the secretion of small protein molecules by fungal pathogens. These small molecules, commonly known as effectors, are acquired during evolution by fungal pathogens. These effectors play a very vital role in changing the physiology of host plants and suppressing their defense responses. This review article examines the genetic basis of these molecular interactions between the effectors of fungal pathogens and host plants, emphasizing the patho-system consisting of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and the tomato plant. This study can help to better understanding how the disease occurs or the resistance of host plants against fungal pathogens and provides a basis for the development of new approaches to control plant diseases.
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