بررسی اثر فصل و نوع دامداری بر مقدار آفلاتوکسین M1 و کیفیت شیر خام
محورهای موضوعی : علوم و صنایع غذایی
1 - استادیار، گروه مواد غذایی، پژوهشکده صنایع غذایی و کشاورزی، پژوهشگاه استاندارد، کرج، ایران
2 - کارشناس صنایع غذایی، مدیر کنترل کیفیت کارخانه کیمیا لبن، خرم آباد، ایران
کلید واژه: دامداری, شیر خام, آفلاتوکسین M1, ویژگی‌های میکروبی, ویژگی‌های شیمیایی,
چکیده مقاله :
کیفیت شیر خام بر کیفیت فرآورده‌های آن تأثیر دارد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی در این بررسی تعداد 600 نمونه شیر خام از 5 دامداری صنعتی و 5 مرکز جمع‌آوری شیر (در طی دو فصل تابستان و زمستان) در شهرستان خرم‌آباد در سال 1396 آباد تهیه شد. مقدار آفلاتوکسین M1 با استفاده از روش کروماتوگرافی مایع با کارآیی بالا (HPLC) در 40 نمونه (از هر دامداری در هر فصل دو نمونه) اندازه‌گیری گردید. همه نمونه‌ها ازنظر آزمون‌های اسیدیته، دانسیته، پروتئین، درصد آب، پروتئین، چربی و شمارش کلی میکروبی ارزیابی شدند. نتایج نشان داد مقدار آفلاتوکسین M1 در شیرهای فصل زمستان اندکی بالاتر از فصل تابستان بود گرچه این اختلاف معنی‌دار نبود. از بین 40 نمونه موردبررسی، در 5 نمونه (5/12 درصد) آفلاتوکسین M1 از حد مجاز تعیین شده در استاندارد ملی ایران (ng/ml 50) بالاتر بود. مقدار چربی، پروتئین و دانسیته در نمونه‌های شیر فصل زمستان بیشتر از فصل تابستان بود (05/0p <)، اما اختلاف معنی‌داری بین نمونه‌های شیر دامداری‌های صنعتی و مراکز جمع‌آوری شیر وجود نداشت. تعداد 93 درصد نمونه‌ها در فصل زمستان و 100 درصد نمونه‌ها در فصل تابستان، آلودگی بیش‌ازحد مجاز تعیین شده در استاندارد ملی داشتند. با توجه به نتایج این بررسی، برای کاهش بار میکروبی شیر خام باید روش‌های مناسبی به‌کار گرفته شده و به دامداران آموزش‌های لازم در خصوص نحوه دوشش و نوع تغذیه دام ارائه شود و علاوه بر آن نمونه‌های شیر حتماً باید ازنظر مقدار آفلاتوکسین M1 نیز موردبررسی قرار گیرند.
The quality of raw milk plays an important role in the quality of dairy products. The current study was aimed to investigate the effect of season and farming system on aflatoxin M1 content and raw milk quality. For this reason, 600 samples were collected from 5 industrial farms and 5 milk collection centers of Khorramabad city during the summer and winter of 2017 (300 samples in each season). The contamination level of aflatoxin M1 was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 40 samples (4 samples from each farm). All samples were investigated in terms of acidity, density, protein, water percent, protein, fat and total bacterial count. The results showed the aflatoxin M1 in 5 samples (12.5%), was higher than the permitted level of National Standard (50 ng / ml). The amount of fat, protein, and density of samples collected in the winter was higher than those collected in the summer (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the aflatoxin M1 level in milk samples of industrial farms and milk collection centers. Moreover, the total bacterial count of 93% and 100% of the samples collected during summer and winter has exceeded the permissible limit specified in the National Standard, respectively, It could be concluded that in order to reduce the microbial load of raw milk, appropriate methods should be applied and the livestock breeders should be provided with the necessary training on how to milk and feed the animal. Moreover, the raw milk delivered to dairy factories should also be considered for aflatoxin M1.
● Auldist, M., Mullins C., O Brien, B., O Kennedy, B.T. and Guinee, T. (2002). Effect of cowbreed on milk coagulation properties. Milchwissenschaft, 5: 140–143.
● Fazlara, A., Zareie, M. and Mottaghian, N. (2013). Survey of predictive model for microbial load in raw and pasteurized milk with measuring electrical resistance (Impedance-Splitting Method) and it's correlation with milk titrable acidity. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 97-105. [In Persian]
● ISIRI 2406, Iranian National Standardization Organization (2017). Microbiology of milk and milk products – Specifications and test methods, 3rd Revision [In Persian].
● ISIRI 164, Iranian National Standardization Organization 164, (2017). Raw milk – specification and test methods, 3rd Revision [In Persian].
● ISIRI 7133, Iranian National Standardization Organization 7133, (2016).Milk and milk prouducts. Determination of aflatoxin M1 by HPLC method and immunoaffinity column clean up-test method, 1st Revision [In Persian].
● Jalili, M. and Scotter, M. (2015). A review of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety & Environment, 2 (2): 283-295.
● Jensen, R. (2002). The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. Journal of Dairy Science, 85:295–350.
● Kabil, O.I., Ibrahim, E.A., El Barbary, H.A. and Ali, M.A. (2015). Effect of seasonal variation on chemical composition of Cow's milk. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 28(1): 150-154.
● Kędzierska-Matysek, M., Litwińczuk, Z., Florek, M., and Barłowska, J. (2011). The effects of breed and other factors on the composition and freezing point of cow’s milk in Poland. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 64(3): 336-342.
● Looper, M. (1994). Factors affecting milk composition of lactating cows. Division of Agriculture Research and Extension University of Arkansas System. (available at https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-4014.pdf)
● Lues, J.F.R., De Beer, H., Jacoby, A., Jansen, K.E. and Shale, K. (2010). Microbial quality of milk, produced by small scale farmers in a peri-urban area in South Africa. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(17): 1823-1330.
● Medhammar, E., Wijesinha-Bettoni, R., Stadlmayr, B., Nilsson, E., Charrondiere, U.R. and Burlingame, B. (2012). Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92: 445–474.
● Movassagh, M.H. and Adinehvand, S. (2013). Study of aflatoxin M1 level in the collected raw cow milk from milk collection centers in Tabriz. Food Hygiene, 2(10): 63-70. [In Persian]
● Mohammadian, B., Khezri, M., Ghasemipour, N., Mafakheri, S. and Poorghafour Langroudi, P. (2010). Aflatoxin M1 contamination of raw and pasteurized milk produced in Sanandaj, Iran. Archives of Razi Institut, 65(2): 99-104. [In Persian]
● Nateghi, L., Yousefi, M., Zamani, E., Gholamian, M. and Mohammadzadeh, M. (2014). The effect of different seasons on the milk quality. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1): 550-552.
● Neciu, F.C., Cziszter, L.T., Neamţ, R.I., Ilie, D.F. and Costin, L. (2012). Influence of season on raw milk yield and quality in a dairy farm. Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Seria Zootehnie, 58: 269-272.
● Norian, R., Pourfarzaneh, A.R. and Mashatian, F. (2015). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Qazvin province by ELISA and HPLC. Journal of Food Microbiology, 1(3): 7-13. [In Persian]
● Quist, M.A., Blanc, S.J., Hand, K.J., Lazenby, D. and Rangel, A.H.N. (2008). Influência do estágio de lactação sobre a composição do leite de búfala. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 5(3): 306-310.
● Schennink, A., Stoop, W.M., Visker, M.H.P.W., Heck, J.M.L., Bovenhuis, H., Van Der Poel, J.J. et al. (2007). DGAT1 underlies large genetic variation in milk-fat composition of dairy cows. Animal Genetics, 38: 467–473.
● Schönfeldt H.C., Hall N.G. and Smit L.E. (2012). The need for country specific composition data on milk. Food Research International, 47: 207–209.
● Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi-Sh, F., Salah Nejad, A., Poursoltani, H., Motallebi, A. A. and Mahdavi, H. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19: 1033–1036.
● Zajác,P., Čapla, J., Vietoris,V., Zubrická,S. and Čurlej, J. (2015). Effects of storage on the major constituents of raw milk. Potravin a rstvo Scientific Journal for Food Industry, 9(1): 375-381.
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● Auldist, M., Mullins C., O Brien, B., O Kennedy, B.T. and Guinee, T. (2002). Effect of cowbreed on milk coagulation properties. Milchwissenschaft, 5: 140–143.
● Fazlara, A., Zareie, M. and Mottaghian, N. (2013). Survey of predictive model for microbial load in raw and pasteurized milk with measuring electrical resistance (Impedance-Splitting Method) and it's correlation with milk titrable acidity. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(2): 97-105. [In Persian]
● ISIRI 2406, Iranian National Standardization Organization (2017). Microbiology of milk and milk products – Specifications and test methods, 3rd Revision [In Persian].
● ISIRI 164, Iranian National Standardization Organization 164, (2017). Raw milk – specification and test methods, 3rd Revision [In Persian].
● ISIRI 7133, Iranian National Standardization Organization 7133, (2016).Milk and milk prouducts. Determination of aflatoxin M1 by HPLC method and immunoaffinity column clean up-test method, 1st Revision [In Persian].
● Jalili, M. and Scotter, M. (2015). A review of aflatoxin M1 in liquid milk. Iranian Journal of Health, Safety & Environment, 2 (2): 283-295.
● Jensen, R. (2002). The composition of bovine milk lipids: January 1995 to December 2000. Journal of Dairy Science, 85:295–350.
● Kabil, O.I., Ibrahim, E.A., El Barbary, H.A. and Ali, M.A. (2015). Effect of seasonal variation on chemical composition of Cow's milk. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, 28(1): 150-154.
● Kędzierska-Matysek, M., Litwińczuk, Z., Florek, M., and Barłowska, J. (2011). The effects of breed and other factors on the composition and freezing point of cow’s milk in Poland. International Journal of Dairy Technology, 64(3): 336-342.
● Looper, M. (1994). Factors affecting milk composition of lactating cows. Division of Agriculture Research and Extension University of Arkansas System. (available at https://www.uaex.edu/publications/pdf/FSA-4014.pdf)
● Lues, J.F.R., De Beer, H., Jacoby, A., Jansen, K.E. and Shale, K. (2010). Microbial quality of milk, produced by small scale farmers in a peri-urban area in South Africa. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 4(17): 1823-1330.
● Medhammar, E., Wijesinha-Bettoni, R., Stadlmayr, B., Nilsson, E., Charrondiere, U.R. and Burlingame, B. (2012). Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 92: 445–474.
● Movassagh, M.H. and Adinehvand, S. (2013). Study of aflatoxin M1 level in the collected raw cow milk from milk collection centers in Tabriz. Food Hygiene, 2(10): 63-70. [In Persian]
● Mohammadian, B., Khezri, M., Ghasemipour, N., Mafakheri, S. and Poorghafour Langroudi, P. (2010). Aflatoxin M1 contamination of raw and pasteurized milk produced in Sanandaj, Iran. Archives of Razi Institut, 65(2): 99-104. [In Persian]
● Nateghi, L., Yousefi, M., Zamani, E., Gholamian, M. and Mohammadzadeh, M. (2014). The effect of different seasons on the milk quality. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 4(1): 550-552.
● Neciu, F.C., Cziszter, L.T., Neamţ, R.I., Ilie, D.F. and Costin, L. (2012). Influence of season on raw milk yield and quality in a dairy farm. Lucrări Ştiinţifice-Seria Zootehnie, 58: 269-272.
● Norian, R., Pourfarzaneh, A.R. and Mashatian, F. (2015). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk produced in Qazvin province by ELISA and HPLC. Journal of Food Microbiology, 1(3): 7-13. [In Persian]
● Quist, M.A., Blanc, S.J., Hand, K.J., Lazenby, D. and Rangel, A.H.N. (2008). Influência do estágio de lactação sobre a composição do leite de búfala. Acta Veterinaria Brasilica, 5(3): 306-310.
● Schennink, A., Stoop, W.M., Visker, M.H.P.W., Heck, J.M.L., Bovenhuis, H., Van Der Poel, J.J. et al. (2007). DGAT1 underlies large genetic variation in milk-fat composition of dairy cows. Animal Genetics, 38: 467–473.
● Schönfeldt H.C., Hall N.G. and Smit L.E. (2012). The need for country specific composition data on milk. Food Research International, 47: 207–209.
● Tajkarimi, M., Aliabadi-Sh, F., Salah Nejad, A., Poursoltani, H., Motallebi, A. A. and Mahdavi, H. (2008). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in winter and summer milk in 14 states in Iran. Food Control, 19: 1033–1036.
● Zajác,P., Čapla, J., Vietoris,V., Zubrická,S. and Čurlej, J. (2015). Effects of storage on the major constituents of raw milk. Potravin a rstvo Scientific Journal for Food Industry, 9(1): 375-381.