ارزیابی آلودگی ناشی از کارگاه های پرورش ماهی قزل آلا (مطالعه موردی: رودخانه هراز)

محورهای موضوعی : آب و محیط زیست

میترا توکل ¹ (دکتری، گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست و انرژی، واحد علوم وتحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.*(مسوول مکاتبات))
منصوره شایقی ² (استاد تمام، گروه حشره شناسی پزشکی و مبارزه با ناقلین، دانشکده بهداشت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.)
سید مسعود منوری ³ (استادیار، گروه علوم محیط زیست، دانشکده محیط زیست و انرژی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.)
عبدالرضا کرباسی ⁴ (دانشیار،گروه مهندسی محیط زیست،دانشکده محیط زیست،دانشگاه تهران،تهران،ایران.)

تاریخ دریافت : 1395/02/05 تاریخ پذیرش : 1397/06/27 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/05/01

کلید واژه: کیفیت آب, ارزیابی, کارگاه پرورش ماهی, رودخانه هراز,

چکیده مقاله :

زمینه وهدف :گسترش آبزی پروری و لزوم توسعه همگام آن با معیارهای زیست محیطی نیاز به مطالعه آثار نامطلوب احتمالی این صنعت را آشکار می‌سازد. از جمله این آثار ورود فاضلاب های تصفیه نشده ناشی از مزارع پرورش ماهی به آب رودخانه می باشد که می‌تواند موجب آثار زیست محیطی زیانباری در اکوسیستم های آبی پذیرنده باشد. بر این اساس، تحقیق پیش رو با هدف ارزیابی آلودگی ناشی از کارگاه های پرورش ماهی قزل آلا بر کیفیت آب رودخانه هراز واقع در شمال ایران انجام گرفت. روش بررسی : برای این منظور، نمونه برداری 24 پارامتر فیزیکی و شیمیایی آب در15 ایستگاه بر اساس متدهای استاندارد طی یکسال انجام گردید. نقشه های توپوگرافی، زمین شناسی، هیدرولوژی، خاکشناسی و کاربری اراضی منطقه و راههای دسترسی محدوده مورد مطالعه تهیه و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. هم چنین منابع آلاینده شامل استخرهای پرورش ماهی، اراضی کشاورزی، استقرار مراکز مسکونی ، صنایع موجود و آبگرم های معدنی شناسایی شدند. یافته ها : نتایج حاصل حاکی از آن است که ، غلظت BOD، NO3-وPO-4در ایستگاه های 7 و 10 بسیار زیاد می باشد. دلیل این امر را می توان در قرار گرفتن چندین مزرعه پرورش ماهی کنار هم جستجو کرد. مضافا به اینکه، غلظت DO در ایستگاه های مذکور کاهش قابل ملاحظه ای داشته است که می تواند به دلیل افزایش مصرف اکسیژن آب در این ایستگاه ها به علت تعدد استخرهای پرورش ماهی باشد. بحث ونتیجه گیری : به طور کلی یافته های تحقیق تاییدی بر تاثیر قابل تامل استخرهای پرورش ماهی بر کیفیت منابع آب سطحی در محدوده مطالعاتی است. این امر لزوم اتخاذ تدابیر مدیریتی لازم جهت کنترل آلاینده های ناشی از این صنعت در قالب دستورالعمل ها و ضوابط زیست محیطی را مشخص می نماید.

چکیده انگلیسی:

Background and Objective: Development of aquaculture and the necessity to comply with environmental standards reveal the need to study the potential adverse effects of this industry. One of the most devastating effects of aquaculture would be water pollution caused by the discharge of untreated effluent from fish farms into the host aquatic ecosystems. Accordingly, the present study was performed to assess the contamination caused by trout farms on water quality of Haraz River in northern Iran. Method: For this purpose, a total number of 24 physical and chemical water quality parameters were sampled from 15 stations over a one-year period based on the standard methods. The maps of Topography, Geology, Hydrology, Soil, Land use, and access roads of the study area were prepared and studied. Furthermore, the pollutant sources, including fish farming pools, agricultural fields, residential areas, industries, and hot water mineral springs, located within the boundaries of the study area were also identified.   Findings: The results showed that concentration of BOD, NO3-, and PO4 at the stations 7 and 10 was very high. The reason for this can be proximity of several fish farms close to each other. . Moreover, the concentration of DO in the mentioned stations showed a substantial decline that may be due to increased consumption of oxygen due to proximity of multiple fish farms in these stations. Discussion and Conclusion: Overall, the results confirm the considerable impact of fish farms on the quality of surface water resources in the study area. This highlights the need to take the necessary management measues to control pollutants from the industry in the from of environmental guidelines and regulations.

منابع و مأخذ:

1. Rabassó, M., Hernández, J. M., 2015. Bioeconomic analysis of the environmental impact of a marine fish farm. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 158, Pages 24-35


2. Kalantzi, I., Shimmield, T.M., Pergantis, S.A., Papageorgiou, N., Black, K.D., Karakassis, I., 2013. Heavy metals, trace elements and sediment geochemistry at four Mediterranean fish farms. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 444, Pages 128-137


3. Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W.T., Gaafar, A.Y., 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 84, Pages 163-172


4. Martinez-Garcia, E., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Aguado-Giménez, F., Ávila, P., Guerrero, A., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Fernandez-Gonzalez, V., González, N., Ignasi Gairin, J., Carballeira, C., García-García, B., Carreras, J., Carlos Macías, J., Carballeira, A., Collado, C., 2013. A meta-analysis approach to the effects of fish farming on soft bottom polychaeta assemblages in temperate regions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 69, Issues 1–2, Pages 165-171.


5. Herath, S.S., Satoh, S., 2015.15 - Environmental impact of phosphorus and nitrogen from aquaculture. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, 2015, Pages 369-386.


6. Jiang, Zh., Liao, Y., Liu, J., Shou, L., Chen, Q., Yan, X., Zhu, G., Zeng, J., 2013. Effects of fish farming on phytoplankton community under the thermal stress caused by a power plant in a eutrophic, semi-enclosed bay: Induce toxic dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum minimum) blooms in cold seasons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 76, Issues 1–2, Pages 315-324


7. Dos Santos Rosa, R., Carolina Fornero Aguiar, A., Gonçalves Boëchat, I., Gücker, B., 2013. Impacts of fish farm pollution on ecosystem structure and function of tropical headwater streams. Environmental Pollution, Volume 174, Pages 204-213


8. Esmaili sari, A., Fundamentals of water quality management in aquaculture.Tehran. Iranian    Fisheries Research Institute.2000. (In Persian)


9. Cartier, L.E., Carpenter, K.E., 2014. The influence of pearl oyster farming on reef fish abundance and diversity in Ahe, French Polynesia.  Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 78, Issues 1–2, Pages 43-50


10. Thi Anh, P., Kroeze, C., Bush, S.R., Mol, A.P.J., 2010. Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control. Agricultural Water Management, Volume 97, Issue 6, Pages 872-882.


11. Jan, R.-Q., Kao Sh,-J., Dai Ch,-F., Ho Ch,-T., 2014. Assessment of the effects of cage fish-farming on damselfish-associated food chains using stable-isotope analyses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 86, Issues 1–2, Pages 111-121


12. Harnisz, M., Korzeniewska, E., Gołaś, I., 2015.The impact of a freshwater fish farm on the community of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the structure of tetracycline resistance genes in river water. Chemosphere, Volume 128, Pages 134-141


13. Iranian Fisheries Company. Haraz River Hydrology Report, Faculty of Natural Resources     and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 2005, page 75. (In Persian)


14. Pine, H.J., Boyd, C.E., 2011. Stream Salinization by Inland Brackish-Water Aquaculture.   Journal: North American Journal of AquacultureVolume 73, Issue 2, April 2011, pages 107-113.


15. Saremi, A., Saremi, K., Saremi, A., Sadeghi, M., Sedghi, H., 2013. The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(2), 445-453.


16. Mohseni-Bandpei, A., Yousefi, Z., 2013. Status of Water Quality Parameters along Haraz River. International Journal of Environmental Research, 7 (4), 1029-1038


17. Ruiz-Zarzuela, I1., Halaihel, N., Balcázar, JL., Ortega, C., Vendrell, D., Pérez, T., Alonso, JL., de Blas, I.,2009. Effect of fish farming on the water quality of rivers in northeast Spain. Water Sci Technol. 2009; 60(3):663-71. Doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.435.


18. Varedi, S.E., Nasrollahzadeh, H.S., Farabi, S.M.V., Vahedi, F., 2009.  Characterization and Impact of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality of Haraz River. 8th International River Engineering Conference, Ahwaz, Iran. 


19. Mahboobi Soofiani, N., Hatami, R., Hemami, M. R., Ebrahimi, E., 2012. Effects of Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality and the Macrobenthic Invertebrate Community of the Zayandeh-Roud River, Iran. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 74:2, 132-141.

1. Statistical Center of Iran. General Population and Housing Census, Detailed results of Amol city. Iran Statistics Center Publications,2007. (In Persian)

21. Afshin Nezhad, Y., Iranian rivers. Volume 2, Ministry of Energy Publications- Jamab Consulting Engineers Company,1994. (persian)


22. Roshan Tabari, M .,1996. Haraz River Hydrology and Hydrobiology, Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal. Volume 2, Pages 28-45. (In Persian)


23. Moghadas, D. Determination of the amount of lead and cadmium elements in water,   suspended sediments, bed sediments, fish and benthic of Haraz river. Master Thesis. Environment College. Tarbiat Modares University, 1999. (In Persian)


24. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2005). 21th edn,   American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.


25. Hoseini, S.H., Sajadi, M.M.,Kamrani, E.,Soori nezhad, I.,Ranjbar, H.2013. The effect of rainbow trout farms on the physicochemical parameters of Rijab river water, Kermanshah province. Aquatic Ecology Magazine, Volume 2(4), Pages 29-39. (In Persian)


26. Arjmandi, A., Karbasi, A .R., Mogoii, R.2007. Investigating the environmental effects of aquaculture in Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Ninth period, Number 2. , Pages 19-28. (In Persian)


27. Vatandost, S., Bozorgnia, A. Assessing the environmental effects of the Development of aquaculture workshops on the country's water resources. 4th Geological and Environmental Conference. Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch. 2008. Islamshahr.Iran. (In Persian)


28. Babaii, H., 2011. Investigating the effluents of individual water farms. Fisheries Research Institute. Approved project code number: 88050-12-73-4. Running unit: Indoor Aquaculture Research Institute, Bandar Anzali. Operation place: Hamedan province. The year begins: 2009. Hamedan. Iran. (In Persian)


29. Ray, N.E., J. Li, Kangas, P.C., Terlizzi D.E., 2015. Water quality upstream and downstream of a commercial oyster aquaculture facility in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Aquacultural Engineering, Volume 68, Pages 35-42


30. Raczyńska, M., Machula, S., Choiński, A., Sobkowiak, L., 2012. Influence of the fish pond aquaculture effluent discharge on abiotic environmental factors of selected rivers in Northwest Poland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, Volume 32, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 160-164


31. Farmaki, E.G., Thomaidis, N.S., Pasias, I.N., Baulard, C., Papaharisis, L., Efstathiou, C.E., 2015. Environmental impact of intensive aquaculture: Investigation on the accumulation of metals and nutrients in marine sediments of Greece. Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 485–486, Pages 554-562.


32. León-Muñoz, J., Echeverría, C., Marcé, R., Riss, W., Sherman, B., Luis Iriarte, J., 2013. The combined impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water quality in oligotrophic Lake Rupanco (North Patagonia, Chile, 40.8°S). Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 128, Pages 283-291.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Rabassó, M., Hernández, J. M., 2015. Bioeconomic analysis of the environmental impact of a marine fish farm. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 158, Pages 24-35


2. Kalantzi, I., Shimmield, T.M., Pergantis, S.A., Papageorgiou, N., Black, K.D., Karakassis, I., 2013. Heavy metals, trace elements and sediment geochemistry at four Mediterranean fish farms. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 444, Pages 128-137


3. Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W.T., Gaafar, A.Y., 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 84, Pages 163-172


4. Martinez-Garcia, E., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Aguado-Giménez, F., Ávila, P., Guerrero, A., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Fernandez-Gonzalez, V., González, N., Ignasi Gairin, J., Carballeira, C., García-García, B., Carreras, J., Carlos Macías, J., Carballeira, A., Collado, C., 2013. A meta-analysis approach to the effects of fish farming on soft bottom polychaeta assemblages in temperate regions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 69, Issues 1–2, Pages 165-171.


5. Herath, S.S., Satoh, S., 2015.15 - Environmental impact of phosphorus and nitrogen from aquaculture. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, 2015, Pages 369-386.


6. Jiang, Zh., Liao, Y., Liu, J., Shou, L., Chen, Q., Yan, X., Zhu, G., Zeng, J., 2013. Effects of fish farming on phytoplankton community under the thermal stress caused by a power plant in a eutrophic, semi-enclosed bay: Induce toxic dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum minimum) blooms in cold seasons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 76, Issues 1–2, Pages 315-324


7. Dos Santos Rosa, R., Carolina Fornero Aguiar, A., Gonçalves Boëchat, I., Gücker, B., 2013. Impacts of fish farm pollution on ecosystem structure and function of tropical headwater streams. Environmental Pollution, Volume 174, Pages 204-213


8. Esmaili sari, A., Fundamentals of water quality management in aquaculture.Tehran. Iranian    Fisheries Research Institute.2000. (In Persian)


9. Cartier, L.E., Carpenter, K.E., 2014. The influence of pearl oyster farming on reef fish abundance and diversity in Ahe, French Polynesia.  Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 78, Issues 1–2, Pages 43-50


10. Thi Anh, P., Kroeze, C., Bush, S.R., Mol, A.P.J., 2010. Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control. Agricultural Water Management, Volume 97, Issue 6, Pages 872-882.


11. Jan, R.-Q., Kao Sh,-J., Dai Ch,-F., Ho Ch,-T., 2014. Assessment of the effects of cage fish-farming on damselfish-associated food chains using stable-isotope analyses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 86, Issues 1–2, Pages 111-121


12. Harnisz, M., Korzeniewska, E., Gołaś, I., 2015.The impact of a freshwater fish farm on the community of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the structure of tetracycline resistance genes in river water. Chemosphere, Volume 128, Pages 134-141


13. Iranian Fisheries Company. Haraz River Hydrology Report, Faculty of Natural Resources     and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 2005, page 75. (In Persian)


14. Pine, H.J., Boyd, C.E., 2011. Stream Salinization by Inland Brackish-Water Aquaculture.   Journal: North American Journal of AquacultureVolume 73, Issue 2, April 2011, pages 107-113.


15. Saremi, A., Saremi, K., Saremi, A., Sadeghi, M., Sedghi, H., 2013. The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(2), 445-453.


16. Mohseni-Bandpei, A., Yousefi, Z., 2013. Status of Water Quality Parameters along Haraz River. International Journal of Environmental Research, 7 (4), 1029-1038


17. Ruiz-Zarzuela, I1., Halaihel, N., Balcázar, JL., Ortega, C., Vendrell, D., Pérez, T., Alonso, JL., de Blas, I.,2009. Effect of fish farming on the water quality of rivers in northeast Spain. Water Sci Technol. 2009; 60(3):663-71. Doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.435.


18. Varedi, S.E., Nasrollahzadeh, H.S., Farabi, S.M.V., Vahedi, F., 2009.  Characterization and Impact of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality of Haraz River. 8th International River Engineering Conference, Ahwaz, Iran. 


19. Mahboobi Soofiani, N., Hatami, R., Hemami, M. R., Ebrahimi, E., 2012. Effects of Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality and the Macrobenthic Invertebrate Community of the Zayandeh-Roud River, Iran. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 74:2, 132-141.

1. Statistical Center of Iran. General Population and Housing Census, Detailed results of Amol city. Iran Statistics Center Publications,2007. (In Persian)

21. Afshin Nezhad, Y., Iranian rivers. Volume 2, Ministry of Energy Publications- Jamab Consulting Engineers Company,1994. (persian)


22. Roshan Tabari, M .,1996. Haraz River Hydrology and Hydrobiology, Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal. Volume 2, Pages 28-45. (In Persian)


23. Moghadas, D. Determination of the amount of lead and cadmium elements in water,   suspended sediments, bed sediments, fish and benthic of Haraz river. Master Thesis. Environment College. Tarbiat Modares University, 1999. (In Persian)


24. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2005). 21th edn,   American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.


25. Hoseini, S.H., Sajadi, M.M.,Kamrani, E.,Soori nezhad, I.,Ranjbar, H.2013. The effect of rainbow trout farms on the physicochemical parameters of Rijab river water, Kermanshah province. Aquatic Ecology Magazine, Volume 2(4), Pages 29-39. (In Persian)


26. Arjmandi, A., Karbasi, A .R., Mogoii, R.2007. Investigating the environmental effects of aquaculture in Iran. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Ninth period, Number 2. , Pages 19-28. (In Persian)


27. Vatandost, S., Bozorgnia, A. Assessing the environmental effects of the Development of aquaculture workshops on the country's water resources. 4th Geological and Environmental Conference. Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch. 2008. Islamshahr.Iran. (In Persian)


28. Babaii, H., 2011. Investigating the effluents of individual water farms. Fisheries Research Institute. Approved project code number: 88050-12-73-4. Running unit: Indoor Aquaculture Research Institute, Bandar Anzali. Operation place: Hamedan province. The year begins: 2009. Hamedan. Iran. (In Persian)


29. Ray, N.E., J. Li, Kangas, P.C., Terlizzi D.E., 2015. Water quality upstream and downstream of a commercial oyster aquaculture facility in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Aquacultural Engineering, Volume 68, Pages 35-42


30. Raczyńska, M., Machula, S., Choiński, A., Sobkowiak, L., 2012. Influence of the fish pond aquaculture effluent discharge on abiotic environmental factors of selected rivers in Northwest Poland. Acta Ecologica Sinica, Volume 32, Issue 3, June 2012, Pages 160-164


31. Farmaki, E.G., Thomaidis, N.S., Pasias, I.N., Baulard, C., Papaharisis, L., Efstathiou, C.E., 2015. Environmental impact of intensive aquaculture: Investigation on the accumulation of metals and nutrients in marine sediments of Greece. Science of The Total Environment, Volumes 485–486, Pages 554-562.


32. León-Muñoz, J., Echeverría, C., Marcé, R., Riss, W., Sherman, B., Luis Iriarte, J., 2013. The combined impact of land use change and aquaculture on sediment and water quality in oligotrophic Lake Rupanco (North Patagonia, Chile, 40.8°S). Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 128, Pages 283-291.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Rabassó, M., Hernández, J. M., 2015. Bioeconomic analysis of the environmental impact of a marine fish farm. Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 158, Pages 24-35


2. Kalantzi, I., Shimmield, T.M., Pergantis, S.A., Papageorgiou, N., Black, K.D., Karakassis, I., 2013. Heavy metals, trace elements and sediment geochemistry at four Mediterranean fish farms. Science of The Total Environment, Volume 444, Pages 128-137


3. Authman, M.M.N., Abbas, W.T., Gaafar, A.Y., 2012. Metals concentrations in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from illegal fish farm in Al-Minufiya Province, Egypt, and their effects on some tissues structures. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Volume 84, Pages 163-172


4. Martinez-Garcia, E., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Aguado-Giménez, F., Ávila, P., Guerrero, A., Sánchez-Lizaso, J. L., Fernandez-Gonzalez, V., González, N., Ignasi Gairin, J., Carballeira, C., García-García, B., Carreras, J., Carlos Macías, J., Carballeira, A., Collado, C., 2013. A meta-analysis approach to the effects of fish farming on soft bottom polychaeta assemblages in temperate regions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 69, Issues 1–2, Pages 165-171.


5. Herath, S.S., Satoh, S., 2015.15 - Environmental impact of phosphorus and nitrogen from aquaculture. Feed and Feeding Practices in Aquaculture, 2015, Pages 369-386.


6. Jiang, Zh., Liao, Y., Liu, J., Shou, L., Chen, Q., Yan, X., Zhu, G., Zeng, J., 2013. Effects of fish farming on phytoplankton community under the thermal stress caused by a power plant in a eutrophic, semi-enclosed bay: Induce toxic dinoflagellate (Prorocentrum minimum) blooms in cold seasons. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 76, Issues 1–2, Pages 315-324


7. Dos Santos Rosa, R., Carolina Fornero Aguiar, A., Gonçalves Boëchat, I., Gücker, B., 2013. Impacts of fish farm pollution on ecosystem structure and function of tropical headwater streams. Environmental Pollution, Volume 174, Pages 204-213


8. Esmaili sari, A., Fundamentals of water quality management in aquaculture.Tehran. Iranian    Fisheries Research Institute.2000. (In Persian)


9. Cartier, L.E., Carpenter, K.E., 2014. The influence of pearl oyster farming on reef fish abundance and diversity in Ahe, French Polynesia.  Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 78, Issues 1–2, Pages 43-50


10. Thi Anh, P., Kroeze, C., Bush, S.R., Mol, A.P.J., 2010. Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control. Agricultural Water Management, Volume 97, Issue 6, Pages 872-882.


11. Jan, R.-Q., Kao Sh,-J., Dai Ch,-F., Ho Ch,-T., 2014. Assessment of the effects of cage fish-farming on damselfish-associated food chains using stable-isotope analyses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 86, Issues 1–2, Pages 111-121


12. Harnisz, M., Korzeniewska, E., Gołaś, I., 2015.The impact of a freshwater fish farm on the community of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the structure of tetracycline resistance genes in river water. Chemosphere, Volume 128, Pages 134-141


13. Iranian Fisheries Company. Haraz River Hydrology Report, Faculty of Natural Resources     and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, 2005, page 75. (In Persian)


14. Pine, H.J., Boyd, C.E., 2011. Stream Salinization by Inland Brackish-Water Aquaculture.   Journal: North American Journal of AquacultureVolume 73, Issue 2, April 2011, pages 107-113.


15. Saremi, A., Saremi, K., Saremi, A., Sadeghi, M., Sedghi, H., 2013. The effect of aquaculture effluents on water quality parameters of Haraz River. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 12(2), 445-453.


16. Mohseni-Bandpei, A., Yousefi, Z., 2013. Status of Water Quality Parameters along Haraz River. International Journal of Environmental Research, 7 (4), 1029-1038


17. Ruiz-Zarzuela, I1., Halaihel, N., Balcázar, JL., Ortega, C., Vendrell, D., Pérez, T., Alonso, JL., de Blas, I.,2009. Effect of fish farming on the water quality of rivers in northeast Spain. Water Sci Technol. 2009; 60(3):663-71. Doi: 10.2166/wst.2009.435.


18. Varedi, S.E., Nasrollahzadeh, H.S., Farabi, S.M.V., Vahedi, F., 2009.  Characterization and Impact of Rainbow Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality of Haraz River. 8th International River Engineering Conference, Ahwaz, Iran. 


19. Mahboobi Soofiani, N., Hatami, R., Hemami, M. R., Ebrahimi, E., 2012. Effects of Trout Farm Effluent on Water Quality and the Macrobenthic Invertebrate Community of the Zayandeh-Roud River, Iran. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 74:2, 132-141.

1. Statistical Center of Iran. General Population and Housing Census, Detailed results of Amol city. Iran Statistics Center Publications,2007. (In Persian)

21. Afshin Nezhad, Y., Iranian rivers. Volume 2, Ministry of Energy Publications- Jamab Consulting Engineers Company,1994. (persian)


22. Roshan Tabari, M .,1996. Haraz River Hydrology and Hydrobiology, Iranian Fisheries Scientific Journal. Volume 2, Pages 28-45. (In Persian)


23. Moghadas, D. Determination of the amount of lead and cadmium elements in water,   suspended sediments, bed sediments, fish and benthic of Haraz river. Master Thesis. Environment College. Tarbiat Modares University, 1999. (In Persian)


24. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (2005). 21th edn,   American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, USA.


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