تاثیر سالیسیلیک اسید بر برخی خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و تولید اسانس به‌لیمو (Lippia citrodora L.) تحت تنش شوری
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
محمد مقدم
1
,
لیلا مهدی زاده
2
,
سارا فرسرایی
3
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.
2 - گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
3 - گروه علوم باغبانی و مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد ایران
کلید واژه: آسکوربات پراکسیداز, سوپراکسید دیسموتاز, کاتالاز, گلایسین بتائین, مالوندیآلدئید,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف از این تحقیق مطالعه اثر کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید بر برخی از خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی و تولید اسانس گیاه دارویی به لیمو (Lippia citrodora L.) تحت تنش شوری بود. بدین منظور آزمایشی گلدانی بصورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 4 سطح شوری (0، 50، 100 و 150 میلی مولار کلرید سدیم) و 4 سطح سالیسیلیک اسید (0، 150، 300 و 450 میلی گرم در لیتر) در 3 تکرار انجام شد. صفات اندازه گیری شده شامل میزان پروتئین محلول کل، مالون دی آلدئید، پراکسید هیدروژن، گلایسین بتائین و فعالیت برخی آنزیم های آنتی اکسیدانی و تولید اسانس بودند. اثر متقابل تیمارهای آزمایش بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی دار شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که بیشترین میزان پروتئین محلول کل، مالون دی آلدئید، پراکسید هیدروژن، گلایسین بتائین و فعالیت آسکوربات پراکسیداز و سوپراکسید دیسموتاز در سطح 150 میلی مولار شوری بود و کاربرد سالسیلیک اسید در سطح 300 میلی گرم در لیتر سبب کاهش پروتئین محلول کل و گلایسین بتائین و سطح 150 میلی گرم در لیتر آن سبب کاهش مالون دی آلدئید شد. اما کاربرد این تنظیم‌کننده رشد گیاهی تأثیر معنی داری بر پراکسید هیدروژن نداشت. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که فعالیت آنزیم کاتالاز و تولید اسانس در بالاترین سطح تنش شوری (150 میلی مولار) به کمترین میزان خود رسیدند. نتایج این تحقیق در مجموع نشان داد که کاربرد سالیسیلیک اسید به ویژه در سطح 300 میلی گرم در لیتر سبب بهبود صفات مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق گردید و کاربرد آن در شرایط تنش توصیه می شود.
The aim of this research was to study the effect of salicylic acid (SA) usage on some physiological characteristics and essential oil production of lemon verbena (Lippia citrodora L.) under salinity stress. For this purpose, a pot factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 4 salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl), 4 SA levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 mg/L) and three replications. The measured traits included total soluble protein, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine, some antioxidant enzyme activities, and essential oil production. The interaction effect of the treatments on all of the studied traits were significant at 1% P value. The results showed that the highest amount of total soluble protein, MDA, hydrogen peroxide, glycine betaine, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were observed at 150 mM salinity level and application of SA at 300 mg/L causes to decrease total soluble protein and glycine betaine, and 150 mg/L of SA causes to decrease MDA. But application of this plant growth regulator had no significant effect on hydrogen peroxide. Also, the results showed that catalase enzyme activity and essential oil content at the highest salinity level (150 mM) reached to the lowest amounts. In total, the results of this study indicated that the SA application especially at 300 mg/L causes to improve the studied traits in this experiment and its usage under stress conditions is recommended.
Abdolmohammadi, S., Omidi, J., Hatamzadeh, A. and Hassanpour asil, M. (2018). Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance in (Matthiola incana L.) under salicylic acid treatment. Scientific Research Applied Biology. 8(31): 121-131.
Abedi, T. and Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivar of oilsed rap (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 46(4): 27-34.
Abedini, M. and Daie-Hassani, B. (2015). Salicylic acid affects wheat cultivars antioxidant system under saline and nonsaline condition. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 62: 604–610.
Afzali, SFAD., Shariatmadari, H., Hajiabbasi, M.A. and Moatar, F. (2009). Salinity and drought stresses effects on flower yield and flavonol-o-glycosides in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medecinal and Aromatic Plants. 3(37): 382-390.
Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S. (2004). Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.). Photosynthetica. 42(2): 543-550.
Azad, M., Rostami, M., Ghabooli, M. and Movahhedi, Z. (2018). Interaction of salinity and salicylic acid on physiological characteristics of Lallemantia royleana. Iranian Journal of Plant Resarch. 31(2): 295-307.
Banu, N.A., Hoque, A., Watanabe-Sugimoto, M. and Matsuoka, K. (2009). Proline and glycinebetaine induce antioxidant defens gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiologhy. 166: 146-156.
Borsani, O., Valpuestan,V. and Botella, M.A. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiology. 126: 1024-1030.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72(1-2): 248-254.
Chen, J., Cheng, Z. and Zhong, S. (2007). Effect of exogegenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2 metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings lead stress. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19: 44-49.
Chawla, S., Jain, S. and Jain, V. (2013). Salinity induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 1: 27-34.
Davey, M.W., Stals, E., Panis, B. and Keulemans, J. (2005). High-throughput determination of malondialdehyde in plant tissues. Analytical Biochemistry. 347(2): 201-207.
Delavari Parizi, M., Baghizadeh, A., Enteshari, Sh. and Manouchehri Kalantari, Kh. (2012). The study of the interactive effects of salicylic acid and salinity stress on induction of oxidative stress and mechanisms of tolerance in Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Plant Resarch. 4(12): 25-35.
Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany. 32(1): 93-101.
Dianat, M., Saharkhiz, M.J. and Tavassolian, I. (2016). Salicylic acid mitigates drought stress in Lippia citriodora L., Effects on biochemical traits and essential oil yield. Biocatalisis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 8: 286.293.
El-Tayeb, MA. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 45(1): 215-225.
Eskandari Zanjani, K., Shirani Rad, A.H., Moradi Agdam, A. and Taherkhani, T. (2013). Effect of salicylicacid application under salinity conditions on physiologic and morphologic characteristics of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. (Agriculture Science). 6(4): 415.428.
Farsaraei, S. and Moghaddam, M. (2018). The interaction effect of salinity stress and superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities of basil. Cell and Tissue Journal. 9(3): 222-237.
Ghorbanli, M., Ahmadi, F., Monfared, A. and Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2012). Effect of salt stress and its interaction with ascorbate on catalase, ascorbate peroxidase activity, proline and malondialdehyde in Cuminum cyminum L. four weeks after germination. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(1): 14-27.
Grieve, C.M. and Grattan, S.R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil. 70: 303.307.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M. and Eraslan, F. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
Hanson, A.D., May, A., Grumet, M.R. and Bode, J. (2007). Betaine synthesis in chenopods: Localization in chloroplasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82: 3678-3682.
Harati, E., Kashefi, B. and Matinizadeh, M. (2015). Investigation of reducing detrimantal effects of salt stress on morphological and physiological traits of (Thymus daenensis Celak.) through salicylic acid application. Plant Production Technology. 16(2): 111-125.
Jahantigh, O., Najafi, F. and Naghdi Badi, H.A. (2016). Study of some physiological parameters hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) in the vegetative stage under the influence of salinity. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 27(1): 81-94.
Jalalvand, A., Andalibi, B. and Tavakoli, A. (2017). Evaluation the effects of cycocel and salicylic acid on some physiological characteristic and essential oil under normal and drought conditions in medical plant Dragonhed (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). J Plant Prod Res. 24(4): 111-128.
Javadipour, Z., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Balouchi, H.R. (2013). Changs in the rate of proline, soluble sugars, glycinebetaine and protein content in leaves of six spring safflower (Carthamus tinctirius L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 1(2): 13-24.
Khalvandi, M., Amerian, M.R., Pirdashti, H. and Baradaran, M. (2017). Effects of Piriformospora indica fungi symbiotic on the quantity of essential oil and some physiological parameters of peppermint in saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 9(32): 1-19.
Khorasani Nejad, S., Soltanlu, H., Hadian, J. and Atashi, S. (2016). Effect of salinity stress on some apparent, quantitative and qualitative properties of essential oil in lavender. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 30(2): 209-216.
Mehdizadeh, M., Moghaddam, M and Lakzian, A. (2019). Response of summer savory at two different growth stages to biochar amendment under NaCl stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 29: 1120-1133.
Merati, M.J., Niknam, V., Hassanpour, H. and Mirmasoumi, M. (2015). Comparative effects of salt stress on growth andantioxidative responses in different organs of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). Journal of Plant Research. (Iran Plant Biology.). 28(5): 1097-1107.
Metwally, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M. and Dietz, K.J. (2003). Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in Hordeum vulgare. Biological Research. 1: 40- 48.
Michalak, A. (2006). Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in plants growing under heavy metal stress. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 15: 523-530.
Mozaffarian, V.A. (2001). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Tehran: Farhange Moaser press. 1996; p. 325.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22(5):867-880.
Niakan, M., Khavarinejad, R. and Rezaei, M.B. (2005). Effect of three ratios of fertilizer N, P, K on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Reserch. 21(2): 148-131.
Parvaiz, A. and Satyawati, S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants, a review. Plant, Soil and Environment. 54(3): 89-99.
Plewa, M.J., Smith, S.R. and Wagner, E.D. (1991). Diethyldithiocarbamate suppresses the plant activation of aromatic amines into mutagens by inhibiting tobacco cell peroxidase. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M. 247(1): 57-64.
Sairam, R.k. and Srivastava, G.C. (2004). Changes in antioxidant activity in sub-cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Journal of Plant Sciences. 162: 897-904.
Samsam Sharyat, H. (1996). Cultivation and Propagation of Medicinal Plants. Manny Publishing: Isfahan. p. 422.
Sarami, R., Omidi, H. and Bostani, A.A. (2017). The effect of auxin and cytokinin on the biochemical parameters and peroxidase activity (H2O2) of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under salinity stress. Journal of Science and Technology Greenhouse Culture. 8(3): 91-105.
Sergive, I., Alexieva, V. and Karanov, E. (1997). Effect of spermine, atrazine and comination between them on some endogenous protective systems and stress markersin plants. Compost Rendus de first Academic Bulgare des Scienci. 51: 121.124.
Shahbazi, M., Amini, F., Asghari, Gh.R. (2013). Effect of salinity stress on lipid peroxidation, ion leakage and proline in lemon verbena (Lipppia citrodora L.) medicinal plant treated with 24-epipresinolide. First National Conference on Salinity Stress in Plants and Strategies for Agricultural Development in Saline Conditions. 869-873.
Singh, P.K. and Gautam, S. (2013). Role of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical mechanism of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35: 2345–2353.
Wakeela, A., Asif, A.R, Pitann, B. and Schubert, S. (2010). Proteome analysis of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) elucidates constitutive adaptation during the first phase of salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168(6): 519-526.
Wang, L.G. and Li, S.H. (2006). Salicylic acidinduced heat or cold tolerance in relation to Ca2- homeostasis and antioxidant systems in young grape plants. Plant Science. 170: 685-695.
Wang, H.M., Xiao, X.R., Yang, M.Y. and Gao, Z.L. (2014). Effects of salt stress on antioxidant defense system in the root of Kandelia candel. Journal of Botanical Studies. 55: 57-63.
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Abdolmohammadi, S., Omidi, J., Hatamzadeh, A. and Hassanpour asil, M. (2018). Evaluation of salinity stress tolerance in (Matthiola incana L.) under salicylic acid treatment. Scientific Research Applied Biology. 8(31): 121-131.
Abedi, T. and Pakniyat, H. (2010). Antioxidant enzyme changes in response to drought stress in ten cultivar of oilsed rap (Brassica napus L.). Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding. 46(4): 27-34.
Abedini, M. and Daie-Hassani, B. (2015). Salicylic acid affects wheat cultivars antioxidant system under saline and nonsaline condition. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 62: 604–610.
Afzali, SFAD., Shariatmadari, H., Hajiabbasi, M.A. and Moatar, F. (2009). Salinity and drought stresses effects on flower yield and flavonol-o-glycosides in Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Iranian Journal of Medecinal and Aromatic Plants. 3(37): 382-390.
Ashraf, M., Mukhtar, N., Rehman, S. and Rha, E.S. (2004). Salt-induced changes in photosynthetic activity and growth in a potential medicinal plant Bishop’s weed (Ammi majus L.). Photosynthetica. 42(2): 543-550.
Azad, M., Rostami, M., Ghabooli, M. and Movahhedi, Z. (2018). Interaction of salinity and salicylic acid on physiological characteristics of Lallemantia royleana. Iranian Journal of Plant Resarch. 31(2): 295-307.
Banu, N.A., Hoque, A., Watanabe-Sugimoto, M. and Matsuoka, K. (2009). Proline and glycinebetaine induce antioxidant defens gene expression and suppress cell death in cultured tobacco cells under salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiologhy. 166: 146-156.
Borsani, O., Valpuestan,V. and Botella, M.A. (2001). Evidence for a role of salicylic acid in the oxidative damage generated by NaCl and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. Plant Physiology. 126: 1024-1030.
Bradford, M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72(1-2): 248-254.
Chen, J., Cheng, Z. and Zhong, S. (2007). Effect of exogegenous salicylic acid on growth and H2O2 metabolizing enzymes in rice seedlings lead stress. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19: 44-49.
Chawla, S., Jain, S. and Jain, V. (2013). Salinity induced oxidative stress and antioxidant system in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 1: 27-34.
Davey, M.W., Stals, E., Panis, B. and Keulemans, J. (2005). High-throughput determination of malondialdehyde in plant tissues. Analytical Biochemistry. 347(2): 201-207.
Delavari Parizi, M., Baghizadeh, A., Enteshari, Sh. and Manouchehri Kalantari, Kh. (2012). The study of the interactive effects of salicylic acid and salinity stress on induction of oxidative stress and mechanisms of tolerance in Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Plant Resarch. 4(12): 25-35.
Dhindsa, R.S., Plumb-Dhindsa, P. and Thorpe, T.A. (1981). Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Journal of Experimental Botany. 32(1): 93-101.
Dianat, M., Saharkhiz, M.J. and Tavassolian, I. (2016). Salicylic acid mitigates drought stress in Lippia citriodora L., Effects on biochemical traits and essential oil yield. Biocatalisis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 8: 286.293.
El-Tayeb, MA. (2005). Response of barley grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 45(1): 215-225.
Eskandari Zanjani, K., Shirani Rad, A.H., Moradi Agdam, A. and Taherkhani, T. (2013). Effect of salicylicacid application under salinity conditions on physiologic and morphologic characteristics of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. (Agriculture Science). 6(4): 415.428.
Farsaraei, S. and Moghaddam, M. (2018). The interaction effect of salinity stress and superabsorbent polymer on antioxidant enzyme activities of basil. Cell and Tissue Journal. 9(3): 222-237.
Ghorbanli, M., Ahmadi, F., Monfared, A. and Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh. (2012). Effect of salt stress and its interaction with ascorbate on catalase, ascorbate peroxidase activity, proline and malondialdehyde in Cuminum cyminum L. four weeks after germination. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(1): 14-27.
Grieve, C.M. and Grattan, S.R. (1983). Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds. Plant Soil. 70: 303.307.
Gunes, A., Inal, A., Alpaslan, M. and Eraslan, F. (2007). Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) grown under salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology. 164: 728-736.
Hanson, A.D., May, A., Grumet, M.R. and Bode, J. (2007). Betaine synthesis in chenopods: Localization in chloroplasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82: 3678-3682.
Harati, E., Kashefi, B. and Matinizadeh, M. (2015). Investigation of reducing detrimantal effects of salt stress on morphological and physiological traits of (Thymus daenensis Celak.) through salicylic acid application. Plant Production Technology. 16(2): 111-125.
Jahantigh, O., Najafi, F. and Naghdi Badi, H.A. (2016). Study of some physiological parameters hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) in the vegetative stage under the influence of salinity. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 27(1): 81-94.
Jalalvand, A., Andalibi, B. and Tavakoli, A. (2017). Evaluation the effects of cycocel and salicylic acid on some physiological characteristic and essential oil under normal and drought conditions in medical plant Dragonhed (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). J Plant Prod Res. 24(4): 111-128.
Javadipour, Z., Movahhedi Dehnavi, M. and Balouchi, H.R. (2013). Changs in the rate of proline, soluble sugars, glycinebetaine and protein content in leaves of six spring safflower (Carthamus tinctirius L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Process and Function. 1(2): 13-24.
Khalvandi, M., Amerian, M.R., Pirdashti, H. and Baradaran, M. (2017). Effects of Piriformospora indica fungi symbiotic on the quantity of essential oil and some physiological parameters of peppermint in saline conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology. 9(32): 1-19.
Khorasani Nejad, S., Soltanlu, H., Hadian, J. and Atashi, S. (2016). Effect of salinity stress on some apparent, quantitative and qualitative properties of essential oil in lavender. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 30(2): 209-216.
Mehdizadeh, M., Moghaddam, M and Lakzian, A. (2019). Response of summer savory at two different growth stages to biochar amendment under NaCl stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 29: 1120-1133.
Merati, M.J., Niknam, V., Hassanpour, H. and Mirmasoumi, M. (2015). Comparative effects of salt stress on growth andantioxidative responses in different organs of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). Journal of Plant Research. (Iran Plant Biology.). 28(5): 1097-1107.
Metwally, A., Finkemeier, I., Georgi, M. and Dietz, K.J. (2003). Salicylic acid alleviates the cadmium toxicity in Hordeum vulgare. Biological Research. 1: 40- 48.
Michalak, A. (2006). Phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in plants growing under heavy metal stress. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 15: 523-530.
Mozaffarian, V.A. (2001). Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Tehran: Farhange Moaser press. 1996; p. 325.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22(5):867-880.
Niakan, M., Khavarinejad, R. and Rezaei, M.B. (2005). Effect of three ratios of fertilizer N, P, K on fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area and the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Reserch. 21(2): 148-131.
Parvaiz, A. and Satyawati, S. (2008). Salt stress and phyto-biochemical responses of plants, a review. Plant, Soil and Environment. 54(3): 89-99.
Plewa, M.J., Smith, S.R. and Wagner, E.D. (1991). Diethyldithiocarbamate suppresses the plant activation of aromatic amines into mutagens by inhibiting tobacco cell peroxidase. Mutat Res-Fund Mol M. 247(1): 57-64.
Sairam, R.k. and Srivastava, G.C. (2004). Changes in antioxidant activity in sub-cellular fractions of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in response to long term salt stress. Journal of Plant Sciences. 162: 897-904.
Samsam Sharyat, H. (1996). Cultivation and Propagation of Medicinal Plants. Manny Publishing: Isfahan. p. 422.
Sarami, R., Omidi, H. and Bostani, A.A. (2017). The effect of auxin and cytokinin on the biochemical parameters and peroxidase activity (H2O2) of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) under salinity stress. Journal of Science and Technology Greenhouse Culture. 8(3): 91-105.
Sergive, I., Alexieva, V. and Karanov, E. (1997). Effect of spermine, atrazine and comination between them on some endogenous protective systems and stress markersin plants. Compost Rendus de first Academic Bulgare des Scienci. 51: 121.124.
Shahbazi, M., Amini, F., Asghari, Gh.R. (2013). Effect of salinity stress on lipid peroxidation, ion leakage and proline in lemon verbena (Lipppia citrodora L.) medicinal plant treated with 24-epipresinolide. First National Conference on Salinity Stress in Plants and Strategies for Agricultural Development in Saline Conditions. 869-873.
Singh, P.K. and Gautam, S. (2013). Role of salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical mechanism of salinity stress tolerance in plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35: 2345–2353.
Wakeela, A., Asif, A.R, Pitann, B. and Schubert, S. (2010). Proteome analysis of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) elucidates constitutive adaptation during the first phase of salt stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168(6): 519-526.
Wang, L.G. and Li, S.H. (2006). Salicylic acidinduced heat or cold tolerance in relation to Ca2- homeostasis and antioxidant systems in young grape plants. Plant Science. 170: 685-695.
Wang, H.M., Xiao, X.R., Yang, M.Y. and Gao, Z.L. (2014). Effects of salt stress on antioxidant defense system in the root of Kandelia candel. Journal of Botanical Studies. 55: 57-63.