تدوین برنامه آموزشی مدیریت رفتار والدین مبتنی بر رابطه والد و ورزشکار فوتبالیست¬های نوجوان: یک مطالعه اقدام پژوهانه
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات جامعه شناسی ورزشی
شیوا مولوی نیا
1
,
رخساره بادامی
2
*
,
زهره مشکاتی
3
1 - دانشکدة تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان
2 - دانشیار رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده تریست بدنی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران
3 - دانشیار رفتار حرکتی، دانشکده‌ی تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران
کلید واژه: مهارت¬های روانی- اجتماعی, رابطه والد – ورزشکار, فوتبالیست, نوجوان,
چکیده مقاله :
هدف: هدف از مطالعه حاضر تدوین تدوین برنامه آموزشی مهارت روانی- اجتماعی والدین مبتنی بر رابطه والد و ورزشکار در فوتبالیست¬های نوجوان: یک مطالعه اقدام پژوهی بود. روش‌شناسی: بدین منظور 30 والد (پدر یا مادر) و 2 مربی از یک آکادمی اختصاصی فوتبال به عنوان شرکت کننده در این مطالعه انتخاب شدند. روش این مطالعه، اقدام پژوهی و شیوه جمع¬آوری داده¬های آن کیفی بود. برای این منظور داده¬ها با نظارت بر رفتارهای کلامی و غیرکلامی، همچنین برای شناخت افکار، احساسات و نگرش مشارکت¬کنندگان از دفتر بازتابی خاطرات، همچنین خاطرات بازتابی محقق و مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته با مربی و والدین ورزشکاران جمع¬آوری شد. داده¬های جمع¬آوری شده با دقت پیاده¬سازی و با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته‌ها:یافته¬ها در پنچ مقوله فراگیر توانمندسازی والدین در حل مسئله، ارتقاء خودکارآمدی والدین، خودکنترلی، شایستگی اجتماعی، عزت¬نفس را از دیدگاه والدین در زمینه مهارت¬های روانی- اجتماعی قرار داده شد. نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به اهمیت نقش والدین در پرورش فرزندان، آموزش والدین براساس نیازهای شناسایی شده و مدت زمان مداخله اهمیت بسزایی در بهبود مهارت¬های روانی- اجتماعی و توسعه مهارت¬های فردی دارد.
Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a training program for parents' psycho-social skills based on the relationship between parents and athletes in teenage soccer players: an action research study. Methodology: For this purpose, 30 parents (father or mother) and 2 coaches from a dedicated football academy were selected as participants in this study. The method of this study was action research and the data collection method was qualitative. For this purpose, data were collected by monitoring verbal and non-verbal behaviors, as well as to know the thoughts, feelings and attitudes of the participants from the reflective diaries, as well as the researcher's reflective diaries and semi-structured interviews with the coaches and parents of the athletes. The collected data were carefully implemented and analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method. Results: The findings were placed in the five comprehensive categories of empowering parents in problem solving, improving parental self-efficacy, self-control, social competence, and self-esteem from the perspective of parents in the field of psycho-social skills. Conclusion: Considering the importance of the role of parents in raising children, training parents based on identified needs and the duration of the intervention is very important in improving psycho-social skills and developing individual skills.
Aneesh, A., Sia, S. K., & Kumar, P. (2024). Parent-child relationship and psychological well-being of adolescents: Role of emotion regulation and social competence. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 34(2), 153-171.
Bandura, A. (2010). Self‐efficacy. The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology, 1-3. Bean, C., & Forneris, T. (2016). Examining the importance of intentionally structuring the youth sport context to facilitate positive youth development. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(4), 410–425.
Boelens, M., Smit, M. S., Raat, H., Bramer, W. M., & Jansen, W. (2022). Impact of organized activities on mental health in children and adolescents: An umbrella review. Preventive medicine reports, 25, 101687.
Boyatzis, R., Boyatzis, R. E., & Ratti, F. (2009). Emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies distinguishing effective Italian managers and leaders in a private company and cooperatives. Journal of Management Development.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. London, UK: Sage.
Brewer BW, Shillinglaw R. Evaluation of a psychological skills training workshop for male intercollegiate lacrosse players. The Sport Psychologist. 1992 Jun 1;6(2):139-47. Burke, S., Sharp, L. A., Woods, D., & Paradis, K. F. (2023). Athletes’ perceptions of unsupportive parental behaviours in competitive female youth golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 35(6), 960-982.
Dohme LC, Bloom GA, Piggott D, Backhouse S. Development, implementation, and evaluation of anathlete-informed mental skills training program for eliteyouth tennis players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. 2020 Sep 2;32(5):429-49.
Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., Dunn, C. R., Osai, K. V., & Tulane, S. (2017). The impact of evidence-based parent education in organized youth sport: A pilot study. Journal of applied sport psychology, 29(2), 199-214.
Dunn, C. R., Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., & Rothlisberger, K. J. (2016). The impact of family financial investment on perceived parent pressure and child enjoyment and commitment in organized youth sport. Family Relations, 65(2), 287–299.
Evans, L., Fleming, S., and Hardy, L., 2000. Situating action research: A response to Gilbourne. 4 The Sport Psychologist, 14, 296-303. Farmakopoulou, I., Lekka, M., & Gkintoni, E. (2024). Clinical Symptomatology of Anxiety and Family Function in Adolescents—The Self-Esteem Mediator. Children, 11(3), 338
. Fasihi, Ghazal, Jadidi, Aghajani, Tahmworth. (2020). The role of social self-efficacy and parenting methods in children's social competence. New Ideas of Psychology Quarterly,
4(8), 1-9. [Persian]. Gaspar, T., Gomez-Baya, D., Trindade, J. S., Botelho Guedes, F., Cerqueira, A., & de Matos, M. G. (2022). Relationship between family functioning, parents’ psychosocial factors,
and children’s well-being. Journal of Family Issues, 43(9), 2380-2397. Glasser W. Choice theory: an introduction to the psychology of hope. (Translated by Ali Sahibi). 2017, Tehran: Sayeh Sokhon (publishing date of the work in original language,
2013). Glatz, T., Lippold, M., Chung, G., & Jensen, T. M. (2024). A systematic review of parental self-efficacy among parents of school-age children and adolescents. Adolescent Research Review, 9(1), 75-91.
Harwood, C. G., Knight, C. J., Thrower, S. N., & Berrow, S. R. (2019). Advancing the study of parental involvement to optimise the psychosocial development and experiences of young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42(1), 66–73.
Harwood, C. G., Knight, C. J., Thrower, S. N., & Berrow, S. R. (2019). Advancing the study of parental involvement to optimise the psychosocial development and experiences of young athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42(1), 66–73.
Herr, K. & Anderson, G.L.2014. The Action research dissertation: A guide for students and factulty, Sage Publications.
Hodgkinson GP, Herriot P. The role of psychologists in enhancing organizational effectiveness. Organizational effectiveness: The role of psychology. 2002 Jan 1:45-60. Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (2002). Qualitative research in nursing. (No Title).
Holt, N. L., Neely, K. C., Slater, L. G., Camiré, M., Côté, J., Fraser-Thomas, J., … Tamminen, K. A. (2017). A grounded theory of positive youth development through sport based on results from a qualitative meta-study. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 1–49.
Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Sehn, Z. L., & Wall, M. P. (2008). Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 663–685.
Karaca, A., Yildirim, N., Cangur, S., Acikgoz, F., & Akkus, D. (2019). Relationship between mental health of nursing students and coping, self-esteem and social support. Nurse Education Today, 76, 44-50.
Kazemi Jujili, M., & Khanzadeh, M. (2022). Structural model of the relationship between resiliency and academic achievement with the mediating role of self-regulation strategies and self-esteem in high school students with cerebral palsy. Journal of Exceptional Children, 22(2), 61-76. [In Persian]
Kemmis S, McTaggart R, Nixon R, Kemmis S, McTaggart R, Nixon R. Introducing critical participatory action research. The action research planner: Doing critical participatory action research. 2014:1-31
.
Knight, C. J., Berrow, S. R., & Harwood, C. G. (2017). Parenting in sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 93–97. Knight, C. J., Neely, K. C., & Holt, N. L. (2011). Parental behaviours in team sports: How do female athletes want parents to behave? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 76–92.
Koop CE, Lundberg GD. Violence in America: A public health emergency. Journal of the American Medical Association 1992; 267:3075-6. Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self‐efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564-575.
Lee, M., & MacLean, S. (1997). Sources of parental pressure among age group swimmers.European Journal of Physical Education, 2(2), 167–177. Li, D., Li, D., Wu, N., & Wang Z. (2019). Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation through parents' reactions to children's negative emotions: Tests of unique, actor,
partner, and mediating effects. Children and Youth Services Review. 101, 113-122. Lisinskiene, A. )2016(. Educational Interaction between Adolescents and Parents in Sporting Activities. Ph.D. Thesis,Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania. McNiff J. Action research: Principles and practice. Routledge; 2013:1-195.
Needleman, C., & Needleman, M. L. (1996). Qualitative methods for intervention research. American journal of industrial medicine, 29(4), 329-337. O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: Is parental pressure always harmful? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(4), 398–412.
Santos, A. J., Peceguina, I., Daniel, J. R., Shin, N., & Vaughn, B. E. (2013). Social competence in preschool children: Replication of results and clarification of a hierarchical measurement model. Social Development, 22(1), 163-179.
Schultz DP, Schultz SE. Theories of personality. Cengage Learning; )2016(. Shibukura, T.; Nishida, T.; Sasaki, B.; Kitamura, K.; Isogai, H. Analysis of Psychosocial Skills in High School Extracurricular Sports Activities and Their Generalization to Student Daily Life using a Three-point Cross-lagged Panel. Jpn. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sport Sci. 2018, 63, 563–581.
Siekańska, M. (2023). The Factors Influencing Sports Talent Development in the Opinion of Rhythmic Gymnastics Coaches. Nauki o Wychowaniu. Studia Interdyscyplinarne, 16(1), 108-125.
Smith, B., & McGannon, K. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121.
Smith, B., Sparkes, A. C., & Caddick, N. (2014). Judging qualitative research. In Research methods in sports coaching (pp. 192-201). Routledge.
Smith, S.E. 1997. Deepening participatory action-research. In Nurtured by knowledge: Learning to do participatory action-research, 173–264. New York Apex Press. Snell, P., Miguel, N., & East, J. (2009). Changing directions: Participatory action research as a parent involvement strategy. Educational Action Research, 17(2), 239-258.Sports Sciences, 23(6), 651 – 658.
Tabrizi Shahravi Zahra. (2023). The effect of weak and strong self-esteem on self-efficacy. [In Persian] Tamminen, K. A., Poucher, Z. A., & Povilaitis, V. (2017). The car ride home: An interpretive examination of parent-athlete sport conversations. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6(4), 325–339.
Tan, S. H., & Pang, J. S. (2023). Test anxiety: An integration of the test anxiety and achievement motivation research traditions. Educational Psychology Review, 35(1), 13. Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2017). Educating and Supporting Tennis 4 Parents: An Action Research Study. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and 5 Health, 9(5), 600-618.
Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2018). Educating and supporting tennis parents using web-based delivery methods: A novel online education program. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 303–323.
Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2019). Educating and supporting tennis parents using web-based delivery methods: A novel online education program. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 303-323
. Wagstaff, C.R.D., Hanton, S., and Fletcher, D., 2013. Developing emotion abilities and regulation strategies in a sport organization: An action research intervention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 476-487
. Wang, J., Chen, Y., Tan, C., & Zhao, X. (2016). Family functioning, social support, and quality of life for patients with anxiety disorder. International Journal of Social Psychiatry,
62(1), 5-11.
Wuerth, S., Lee, M., & Alfermann, D. (2004). Parental involvement and athletes’ career in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5(1), 21–33.
Yabunaka, Y., Kametani, R., & Tsuchiya, H. (2023). Generalization of Psychosocial Skills to Life Skills in Collegiate Athletes. Sports, 11(2), 20.