Review of the City of Khiva: Manifestation of Iranian Culture and Civilization in the Region of Khwarezm

Subject Areas : Space Ontology International Journal

Javad Shekari Niri ¹

1 - Assistant Professor of Conservation of Historical Buildings, Faculty of Architecture, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

Received: 2017-06-26 Accepted : 2017-09-15 Published : 2017-06-01

Keywords: Khiva, Ichan-Qala, The Pahlavan Mahmud Mausoleum, Chilpik Dakhma, Kosh Method (Pair and Symmetrical),

Abstract :

Khiva has such a resemblance with Iranian art, culture, and civilization and it will not be irrelevant to consider it as a gemstone in the field of culture and civilization of Iran in Transoxiana. This city is located in the Khwarezm. Reviews tell of earlier historical and cultural links of Khwarezm with Iran. Khwarezm name has come in the Achaemenid inscriptions.Khiva is a city with a plethora of historic buildings with curved and flat common Persian coverings, surrounded in a mud and brick enclosure and the urban structure of which includes Old castle, "Sharestan" which is known as Ichan-Qala (inner fortress) and Rabaz that is called Dishan-Qala. Ichan-Qala urban structure is comparable with Bam castle. Similarities in art and, architecture and urbanism of this magnitude cannot occur at once. As referring to the history reveals that, until, recent centuries, even Qajar era, this area was part of Iranian territory. Schools of this city are built with chamfered corner plans and with the Iranian architectural style and their geometry, decorations and inscriptions are Iranian. Recent sources have proposed other interpretations based on their own ideas of its architecture and art spaces and do not much refer to their Iranian artistic spirit. There are a variety of manifestations of the Zoroastrian religion in Khwarezm. This study investigates different architectural and urban aspects of Khiva and their roots,and the identification of the cause of physical similarity, the works of art of Khwarezm, and Iran, based on acomparative style methodology.

References:

1. Abdulhakim, M. Nikolai I. (2017) Pakhlavan Mahmud Rubai. Tashkent, Uzbekistan.  


2. Alexander, C.  A. (2010) A Carpet Ride to Khiva: Seven Years on the Silk Road, Englsnd. Icon Books Ltd.


3. Amin Ollah,  G. (1987), political and social history of Turkmen, [Tehran] the art Moser, Turkestan and Iranitinerary: A Trip in Central Asia, translated by Ali Motarjem, published by Mohammad Golban, Tehran (In Persian


4. Blair, Sh, ..., (2002),  Islamic art and architecture, translated by Ardeshir Eshraghi, Soroush Publications, Tehran.(In Persian) 


5. Blount, W. (1984) golden road of Samarkand, translator Reza Rezaei, Publisher: Tehran, Janzadeh. (In Persian)


6. Bozorgmehri, Z. (2006), the geometry of the architecture of Iran, Tehran, Sobhan Noor, published by the cultural Heritage(In  Persian) 


7. Bradley M.  Bloom, G. l, Clammer, P. m.  Kohn, M.(2010)  Central Asia Lonely Planet


8. Ewans, M. (2004) The Great Game: A narrative of the Russian military expedition to Khiva in 1839, Taylor &


9. Fakhaar-e Tehrani, Farhaad.,  Archives. Shahid Beheshti University Professor


10. Francis.  D.  P. (1999) Islamic architecture, translation H. Jazani, R. culture publications center, Tehran. (In  Persian)


11. Haneda,M. (1994) Islamic Urban Studies, kegan Paul International, USA


12. Herdeg, K.(1990)Khiva, Turkistan and Three Houses in Khiva.In Formal Structure in Islamic Architecture of Iran and Turkistan. New York: Rizzoli International Publications,Günay, R.(1995).


13. Hunke, S. (2001), Allahs Sonneüberdem Abendland – Unser arabisches Erbe, , Deutschland, Frankfurt, Fischer


14. John H.  Thomson, R.  G. (2017) Architectural Conservation in Asia: National Experiences and Practice.


15. Joodaki Azizi, A., Mousavi Haji , S.  Ebraham, A.,(2015), at the location of the second gate or entrance in the capital of the historical collection Citadel of Bam, Plates, Volume 25, Number 71, Tehran, martyr Beheshti University, pp. 133- 148(In Persian)


16. Karami, M. ( 2002), jeweled Khiva. In: Journal "Association epistle (nameh-ye anjoman)"Spring, 2002-No 5. Pp. 124: 137. (In  Persian


17. Karami, M. (2015) inscription of Khiva, Tehran, Publisher: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (In  Persian )  


18. Khairy, S. (2006) architecture and decoration of  Safavid dynasty wooden Hall  in Azerbaijan (Volume 1) Publisher: Cradle of Liberty, Tabriz. (In  Persian)


19. Khairy, S. (2007) architecture and decoration of  Safavid dynasty wooden Hall  in Azerbaijan (Volume 2) Tabriz, Publisher: cradle of liberty(In  Persian)


20. Khamehyar, A., (2016) shrine Khan of Khiva at the gates of Tehran ,Ketabgozar Quarterly, No. 1, Institute of Higher Education, Isfahan,Hozzeh,pp.63-66 (In  Persian


21. Khashimov. M.(2011) Religious and spiritual monuments of the Central Asia, Leningrad ,Publishing house "Saga"


22. Kianfar, J. (2000) Transoxiania in Iranian sources, .No. 42, Ss79-110, military and political history. In "Journal Books» No. 41. Pages 86-95 (In Persian)


23. Mahmoud,  A. Syed A. (1992), "the foundations of education on the Sassanid era", 4 and 5, Journal of literature and human Sciences, University of Isfahan, p. (181-212) (In Persian)


24. Marvi, M.K. (1996) the world of rare vote, correction, Introduction, Description: Mohammad Amin Ryahi, V.2, Tehran, Publishing science. (In Persian)


25. Mayhew, B. Calum, M. (2014) Uzbekistan: The Golden Road to Samarkand, Hong Kong, Odyssey Publications.


26. Mohammad Ali Khan, G, (1994) The Khorezm expedition  newspaper, edited by M. K. Iraq and Mohammad Nader Nsirimoqdm, Publisher: office of political studies and international Foreign Ministry, Tehran.(In Persian)


27. Pirniya, M. K.  (1990) Iranian architectural style, developed by GH. Memarian, Institute of Islamic art publishing, first volume. (In Persian)


28. Qazvini, M. Ibne- Z. (1994), traces of blood and news of Ibad, translation of Mirza Jahangir Shah, Tehran,The publications of Amir Kabir Organization. (In Persian)


29. Rahmati, M. ( 2008 ) Khiva Khanate relations with the central government of the fall of the Safavids to the death of Nadir Shah (1135-1160) study, a date, Issue XIII, Bojnoord, Islamic Azad University . (In Persian)


30. Rezaeian. F. (2007)IRAN: Seven Faces of a Civilization, Tehran, Sunrise Visual Innovation Ltd.  (In  Persian )


31. Rezazadeh Ardabili,   M. Sabetfard, M. (2013), recognition of geometric principles in traditional architecture case study sun Palace and  its  hidden geometry,Tehran University Journal of Fine arts.pp.29- 44. . (In Persian)


32. Sarli, A. (1985) Turkestan in History: Review of Turkestan second half of the nineteenth century, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.


33. Sarli, A. (1985) Turkestan in History: Review of Turkestan second half of the nineteenth century, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications. (In Persian)


34. Sepehr, M. T. (1998) Naasekh-al-Tavarikh (abrogating of history) the history of the Qajar dynasty, Jamshid kianfar efforts, Tehran, mythology pub. (In Persian)


35. Shekari  Niri, J. (2016) Khiva, city of architectural schools Bajlvh Iran, the second national conference on architecture and urbanism at the time, School of architecture Imam Khomeini international University, Qazvin (In Persian) 


36. Shekari, J. (2005), "records religious centers in Iran The old "Jundishapur Conference in History" to try Hooshang Jabbari, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, p. 261 (4) (In Persian)


37. Soltanzadeh, H. (2011), "A Brief History of urbanism in Iran, from the ancient period to 1956 BC." Chahar Tag Pub.  (Four arches pub). (In Persian)


38. Soltanzadeh, H., 1999, the continuation of Iranian gardens at the Taj Mahal, Tehran publisher: Office of Research. Cultural,  (In Persian)


39. Tavoosi, M. (2015) Shekari Niri, J.  Bahlouli, B." cemetery monuments with half eight plans in the Iranian cultural extent" architectural thought, Imam Khomeini international University, Volume 1, Number 1,  autumn and winter 2015, pages 24-38. (In Persian)


40. Taylor J. & FrancisT. (2015) The Silk Road - Central Asia: A Travel Companion, London, I. B .Tauris,


41. Tentieva, A.(2008), Itchan Kala (Uzbekistan) OUR PLACE the World Heritage Collection, UNESCO, United Nations Stubbs.


42. Usmanov, B. (1999). Revitalization of the Heritage of Uzbekistan, In Bukhara: The Myth and the Architecture. Attilio, Petruccioli (ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture.


43. Whitfield, S. (2004), the Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith, Chicago: Serindia.


44. Yagodin. V.N and A.V.G. Betts, (2006) The Golden Ring of Khorezm , UNESCO publication available. It includes excellent information on the desert fortresses in Russian and English.


45. Yusupova, M. ( 2012) Islamic Architecture of Uzbekistan(Development and features , Journal   of Thought and civilization V.2 Issue 2,pp.63-51 


46. Zarshenas, Z. (1996) Khwarizm Language, Naameh-ye Farhangestan, No. 5, Tehran, pp.53-65. (In Persian)

Online References

1.  Advantour  U.  (2001). Itchan-Kala: Open-air Museum, http://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/khiva/kunya-ark.htm, (Access, 2017


2. Alexander, C. A. (2010), A carpet Ride  to Khiva, http://eurasia.travel/uzbakisstan/cities /khoresm/khiva, (Access 2017) 


3. Alexander, C. A. Macdonald, C. & (1998) … The Khiva Interactive  Guide book, Tiles. http://www.khiva.info/archit /til.htm / (Access, 2017 ).


4. Baies, J. (2017). The  Golden Road to Samarkand Uzbekistan and Tajikestan, www.jonbainestours.co.uk/assets/brochures/ Uzbekistan_2017. UK. pdf. (Access, 2017)


5. CAPONE,( 2004-2015) Туристический Путеводительпо Хиве, http://www.capone-nline.ru/uzbekistan_guide_khiva.html, (Access  2017


6. Djuma Mosque, https://archnet.org/sites/2721/media_contents/11619 Access, 2017


7. Eduljee, K. E. (2005-14)  Zoroastrian Heritage, (researched from 1979 onwards) http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/khvarizem(Acssece 2017)


8. Ibbotson, Sophie, (2016) Discovering Uzbekistan: At the Centre of the Silk Road. http://www.thetravelmagazine.net/discovering-uzbekistan.html, ( Access  2017)


9. Masterok S. (2012), Хива - древняя столица Хорезма,http://masterok.livejournal.com/251770.html(Access,   2017) 


10. Petrof, A. (1989) "Silk Road Adventures" Pahlavan Makhmud Mausoleum,-http://silkadv.com/en/monuments_uz(Access  2017)


11. Piperno, R.  (1997).Khiva-page one-History and Fortifications, http://romeartlover.tripod.com/Khiva .html, (Access, 2017). 


12. Rudnev, S. (2014).pahlavan-mahmud-rubai,  http://sofiatravel.uz/en/photogallery-the-khwarazm-oasis/pahlavan-mahmud-rubai/(Access, 2017)


13. Sumner, C.  with Heleanor F (2015). Beyond the Silk Road: Arts of Central Asia http://www.flickriver.com/photos  /dsch1978/4623310410, (Access 2016) .    


14. Tolstov, S.P.( 2017 )History of Khorezm, http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/khiva/en/02history.html(Access  2017)


15. Vambéry, Á. (2012), ÁrminiusVambéry, his life and adventures, London.- http://www.gutenberg.org/files/40163/40163-h/40163-h.htm , 213-233( Access  2017 )


16. Visit uzbekistan. t.  (2010) http://www.visituzbekistan.travel/sightseeing/khiva/kunya-ark-citadel.(Access  2017)


17. (WHEAP) (1990 ) World Heritage Earthen Architecture Programme,  http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/543(Accssece 2017)