دگرآسیبی: روش علمی سازگار برای مدیریت پایدار علف های هرز
محورهای موضوعی : گیاه پزشکی
1 - مربی، گروه مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: پیام رسان شیمیایی, علف کش, فرونشانی, محصولات پوششی, مدیریت تلفیقی,
چکیده مقاله :
امروزه وابستگی به علفکشهای شیمیایی به شدت بر محیط و اکوسیستم تأثیر گذاشته است. راهبردهای جایگزین مدیریت پایدار علفهای هرز مانند دگرآسیبی میتوانند در برنامههای مدیریت تلفیقی علفهای هرز به منظور کاهش استفاده از علفکشهای شیمیایی گنجانده شوند. دگـرآسیبی، پاسخ گیـاه به محرکهای خارجی با آزادسازی متابولیتهای ثانویه است. این پدیده بهطور بالقوه میتواند مدیریت سالمتر علفهای هرز را از نظر محیطی تسهیل کند و از نگرانی‌های مرتبط با استفاده نادرست از مواد شیمیایی کشاورزی برای مدیریت آفات و علفهای هرز جلوگیری کند. این مقاله مروری کاربرد عملی دگرآسیبی برای کنترل علفهای هرز را در سیستمهای کشاورزی ارائه میدهد. در منابع متعدد، چاودار، سورگوم، برنج، آفتابگردان، کلزا و گندم بهعنوان محصولات دگرآسیب مهم ثبت شدهاند. این محصولات توانایی دگرآسیبی خود را با انتشار پیام رسانهایی نشان میدهند که نه تنها علفهای هرز را سرکوب می‌کنند، بلکه فعالیت‌های میکروبی زیرزمینی را تقویت می‌سازند. ارقام زراعی دارای توانایی دگرآسیب را میتوان برای فرونشانی علفهای هرز تحت شرایط مزرعه کشت کرد. علاوه بر این، انواع مختلفی از گیاهان دگرآسیب را میتوان با محصولات دیگر برای مدیریت علفهای هرز بهصورت مخلوط کشت کرد. استفاده از محصولات پوششی دگرآسیب و مالچها میتوانند فشار علفهای هرز را در محصولات زراعی کاهش دهند. تناوب یک محصول رایج با یک محصول دگرآسیب برای یک فصل، یکی دیگر از روشهای کنترل دگرآسیب علفهای هرز است. نکته مهم آنکه، بهنژادی گیاهی را میتوان برای بهبود توانایی دگرآسیبی ارقام زراعی مورد بررسی قرار داد. در نتیجه از پتانسیل دگرآسیبی میتوان برای فرونشانی علفهای هرز در محصولات زراعی بهرهمند شد. دگرآسیبی برای سیستمهای مدیریت بومشناختی، پایدار و تلفیقی علفهای هرز از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار است.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Today, dependence on chemical herbicides strongly affects the environment and ecosystem. Alternate sustainable weed management strategies like allelopathy could be included in integrated weed management programs to reduce the usage of chemical herbicides. Plant allelopathy is a response to external stimuli by releasing secondary metabolites. This phenomenon has the potential to facilitate environmentally sounder weed control and avoid the concerns associated with the misuse of agro-chemicals for pest and weed management. This review article provides the practical application of allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. In many sources, rye, sorghum, rice, sunflower, rape seed, and wheat have been documented as important allelopathic crops. These crops express their allelopathic potential by releasing allelochemicals which not only suppress weeds, but also promote underground microbial activities. Crop cultivars with allelopathic potentials can be grown to suppress weeds under field conditions. Further, several types of allelopathic plants can be intercropped with other crops to weed management. The use of allelopathic cover crops and mulches can reduce weed pressure in field crops. Rotating a routine crop with an allelopathic crop for one season is another method of allelopathic weed control. Importantly, plant breeding can be explored to improve the allelopathic potential of crop cultivars. In conclusion, it is possible to benefit from the potential of allelopathy to suppress weeds in field crops. Allelopathy is of special importance for ecological, sustainable and integrated weed management systems.
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