پیامدهای کالبدی – فضایی تبدیل مجموعه های روستایی به شهر مطالعه مجموعه چاف و چمخاله
محورهای موضوعی : ساماندهی اقتصاد فضا
1 - عضو علمی گروه جغرافیای دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران. ایران
کلید واژه: تبدیل روستا به شهر, مجموعه روستایی, شهر چاف و چمخاله, تغییر کاربری اراضی, ساختار کالبدی- فضایی,
چکیده مقاله :
بیان مسئله: طی نیم‌قرن اخیر، شاهد روند شتابان تبدیل روستا به شهر هستیم. این فرایند در چارچوب تحول نظام تقسیمات سرزمینی انجام‌گرفته است و هدف آن، پر کردن خلاء مراکز شهری در نواحی روستایی دور افتاده‌تر است. اما بسیاری از روستاییان نیز این تبدیل را یک نوع ارتقاء سیاسی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی بشمار می‌آوردند. در پاسخ به این خواسته، مراکز روستایی بسیاری بر اساس تصمیم دولت به شهر تبدیل‌شده‌اند. هرچند که بسیاری از این مکان‌ها فاقد آستانه جمعیتی شهر شدن بودند و به لحاظ ویژگی‌های کالبدی- فضایی و اجتماعی- اقتصادی نیز یک شهر واقعی بشمار نمی‌آمدند و هنوز فاقد عملکردهای شهری هستند هدف: ارزیابی تبدیل بی‌ضابطه روستاها به شهر، در استان گیلان است که می‌تواند پیامدهای اکولوژیکی و اقتصادی ناگواری مانند تغییر کاربری اراضی حاصلخیز کشاورزی و عرصه‌های منابع طبیعی را به دنبال داشته باشد به‌ویژه در مواردی که ترکیبی از چندین روستای پراکنده به شهر تبدیل می‌شوند. شهر چاف و چمخاله در شهرستان لنگرود از مهم‌ترین نمونه‌ها در این زمینه بشمار می‌رود. این نوشهر در محدوده‌ای با وسعت 37 کیلومترمربع، متشکل از 14 روستا شکل‌گرفته است. روش: این تحقیق با روش توصیفی و پیمایشی انجام‌شده است. از داده‌ها و یافته‌های اسنادی و کتابخانه‌ای به‌ویژه آمارنامه‌های جمعیتی و تصاویر ماهواره‌ای استفاده‌شده است و برای مطالعه کالبدی محدوده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و لایه‌های GIS در محیط نرم‌افزار ArcGis بهره برده‌ایم. یافته‌ها و بحث: مطالعه میدانی و بررسی و مطالعه نقشه‌ها و تصاویر ماهواره‌ای شهر نشان می‌دهد که بافت کالبدی آن بشدت متخلخل، کم تراکم و پراکنده است و به لحاظ کارکردهای شهری، هنوز انسجام کامل نیافته است. چرا که بخش وسیعی از عرصه شهر را اراضی کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی تشکیل می‌دهند و این محدوده به لحاظ معیارهای جمعیتی، کالبدی و اقتصادی، تناسبی با مشخصات یک شهر کوچک محلی نیز ندارد. نتیجه‌گیری: تبدیل روستاها به شهر، در منطقه جلگه‌ای خزری، موجب گسترش فضاهای شهری و ساخته‌شده به سمت اراضی کشاورزی و جنگلی و منابع طبیعی موجب تخریب و تغییر کاربری بخش مهمی از اراضی حاصلخیز به‌عنوان ثروت‌ها و منابع ملی کشور شده است. این روند بخصوص در مواردی نگران‌کننده‌تر می‌شود که مجموعه‌ای از چندین روستای پراکنده و منفصل، به‌عنوان شهر جدیدی تعریف می‌شوند. بدون آنکه هیچ‌یک از توجیهات اولیه و ضروری تبدیل روستا به شهر را داشته باشند و به‌ویژه بتوانند خلاء مراکز شهری را پر نموده و نقش و عملکرد مؤثر شهری را برای روستاهای ناحیه ایفا نمایند
Introduction And Objectives: During the last century, the number of cities and the urban population of Iran has been increasing. According to some statistical reconstructions, at the beginning of the 20th century, out of the country's 9.86 million population, a little more than 2 million people (20.6 percent) lived in 99 urban areas (Bariyer, Julian 1363: 36). After half a century, in the 1956 census, 31.4% of the country's population lived in 202 urban areas. The results of subsequent censuses until 2016 also indicate an increase in the number of cities and the urban population of the country, therefore, despite the substantial differences in the form and method of urbanization in different regions of Iran, every year through the conversion of a number of villages to cities, the ratio of the population Urban population is increasing. This process is one of the goals and programs of the governments, therefore, the places that are known as cities get special legal rights, according to the urban hierarchy and political and administrative institutions. At the same time, the mutual and close relationship between the government and the cities gradually increases the political importance of the city and somehow turns it into a political window of the government's functions. Therefore, urban and rural settlements are distinguished from each other according to their population, physical structure and functions. In this way, cities have more and denser population, physically they have more diverse and complex land use, and functionally they have service, administrative and political roles, while villages have smaller and more homogeneous population and physically and They are functional, simpler and mainly known for agricultural land use. However, large rural centers can become cities by increasing population and strengthening urban roles and functions. But in the provinces on the shores of the Caspian Sea, due to the proximity of the villages to each other, sometimes we see a collection of several villages in a relatively wide and scattered space to the city. These groups of villages are usually spread over a wide area and in the context of agricultural lands. The physical structure of these new cities does not fit well with the physical structures of the cities. A clear example of this phenomenon is the city of Chaf-Chamkhale in Langrod city of Gilan province. The area of more than 37 square kilometers of this new city consists of a scattered and discontinuous combination of 14 villages, which are located in the spaces between its residential and built structures, vast paddy fields, gardens and natural resources. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate these new cities with the physical and economic-social criteria of the cities. Also, the consequences of this process in the geographical space of the region are discussed. Methodology: This research is descriptive and has been conducted along with survey studies, and its data and information have been obtained from official statistical and administrative reports, GIS electronic maps and files, and satellite images. As a result, an important part of research findings and analysis has been done using GIS software and statistical data. Results and Discussion: In order to evaluate the justification of the "urbanization" of Chaf-Chamkhale rural complex, we have investigated its physical-spatial and socio-economic aspects with 6 official and scientific criteria of urbanization. 1)- Based on population threshold: In Iran, until the early 1990s, a city must have a population of at least 5,000 people, which later increased to 10,000 people. But a large number of cities even have a population of less than 1000 people. Of course, many of them are known only because of the centrality of the city. But the city of Chaf and Chamkhale. Despite the consolidation of 14 villages, the population threshold of 10,000 people has not yet been reached. 2)- Urban density: an urban settlement must have a high population density per unit area. The population density of Chaf and Chamkhale in 2016 is 8,840 people in 3,732 hectares (equivalent to 37 square kilometers), which is 2.37 people per hectare, which is a very low and non-standard density for cities. While the city of Langrod is the center of this city, which is located in the vicinity of this complex. It has only an area of 1125 hectares (11.25 square kilometers), which has a population density of 70.6 people per hectare, and even the cities of Shalman, Atakor and Komleh, as other small towns in Langrod, which became cities three decades ago, have the same density. There are 13.39, 14.9 and 11 people per hectare. Even with a more accurate index, that is, the total residential density, which is the result of dividing the total population of the city by the built area. Also, the residential density of Chaf-Chamkhale city is estimated at 7.53 people per hectare. Thus, it is very far from the residential density standards even in the comparison of a small city. In other words, according to urban planning standards, the per capita residential use in small and low-density cities is 50 square meters, and other urban uses (commercial, administrative, educational, roads, etc.) are also the same amount (50 square meters in total), which if it is included in the population of the city That is, if we multiply by 8840 people, a residential area equal to 89 hectares is required for the population of the city. While this area is 1173 hectares, which is very far from the per capita of small towns, and therefore this per capita indicates the nature of the rural environment, and that is villages with a scattered physical type and pattern that were formed in the natural environment of the coastal plains south of the Caspian Sea. are 3)- Population growth: the study of the population changes of Chaf-Chamkhale complex during the years 1996 to 2016 shows that this complex has suffered a negative population growth even after urbanization. In such a way that during the decade of 1996-2006, its annual negative growth was -1.4% and in the five-year period of 2006-2011 it was -1.2%. Even in the five-year period of 2011-2016 and after becoming a city, it faces negative growth of -0.42%. In other words, during the two decades of 1996-2016, this city lost 2212 people. 4)- Administrative and political position: The administrative and political position of a place in the country's administrative hierarchy can give it relative importance and place superiority and lead to the formation of all kinds of services and business activities in it. For this reason, district centers are converted into cities without considering the population threshold, but the city of Chaf-Chamkhale does not fit into this law and it is a part of the central part of Langrud city. 5)- Physical-spatial criteria: one of the most important differences between urban and rural settlements is their difference in the composition and appropriateness of land use types. In an urban settlement, built-up lands, including residential and construction units, administrative and commercial facilities, services, and culture are superior to open lands. While, open lands including agricultural lands, forests and pastures, natural parks, marshes and barren lands are the main characteristics of rural landscapes. With this important criterion, the highly scattered texture of Chaf-Chamkhale complex, with the predominance of open uses, is not an urban landscape and body. So, according to the land use map of Chaf-Chamkhale, out of the total 3732 hectares of land within this city, only 1173 hectares are located in the area of built urban uses, and these uses are also very low-density, and the rest of the area of this city (equivalent to 56 68%) agricultural lands include rice paddies, summer fields, gardens, beaches and barren lands. 6)- Economic criteria: In terms of economic activities, the villagers are mainly employed in the agricultural sector, and the majority of the population of the cities are employed in the service-trade and industry sectors. According to the census data of 1390 and 1395, the workers in the economic sectors of Chaf and Chamkhale are mostly active in the agricultural sector, and the jobs in the industry and service sectors have not yet found a suitable place. Activities related to tourism have been formed only in the area of the beach of Chamkhale village. Conclusion: In Iran, during the last three decades, the process of transforming the village into a city has been done. The implementation of this policy, in addition to the administrative-political and socio-economic requirements, has also been one of the demands of the local people. In the same framework, in fertile and agricultural areas, many villages have turned into cities, as a result of which, urban and built spaces have expanded towards agricultural and forest lands and natural resources. This trend becomes more worrying when the complex A number of scattered villages are defined in the form of a new city. Without having any of the primary and necessary justifications for the transformation of the village into a city. The conversion of 14 villages of Chaf village of Langrod city into Chaf-Chamkhale city is a clear example of this action, which was not appropriate in an area with an area of 37 square kilometers and a population of about 8 thousand people, and it could even lead to environmental crises and become natural and economic in the region. For this reason, it is suggested that the responsible institutions and macro and local decision-makers regarding the conversion of rural settlements into cities with more accuracy and study and research decide to implement this process in some villages of the country and in this way they can understand all the physical-spatial consequences and Socio-economic to predict this action. At the same time, this strategy should be followed with more caution in areas with special natural, ecological, and economic characteristics, such as Gilan plain.drivers.