تغییرات عملکرد علوفه و برخی خصوصیات زراعی و فیزیولوژیک کوشیا، ارزن، سورگوم و ذرت علوفه‌ای تحت تنش خشکی

محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی

حمید نجفی‌نژاد ¹ , سید ذبیح الله راوری ² , محمدعلی جواهری ³

1 - بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران
2 - بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران
3 - بخش تحقیقات زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمان، ایران

تاریخ دریافت : 1398/03/10 تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/08/12 تاریخ انتشار : 1398/11/01

کلید واژه: تنش خشکی, کلروفیل, عملکرد علوفه, مالون‌دی‌آلدهید, گیاهان علوفه‌ای,

چکیده مقاله :

تعیین مناسب ترین گیاه علوفه‌ای متحمل به خشکی در شرایط کم آبی استان کرمان با انجام آزمایشی به‌صورت‌ اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با 4 تکرار طی دو سال (96-95) در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی جوپار کرمان بررسی شد. تنش خشکی، به عنوان عامل اصلی، در سه سطح مشتمل بر آبیاری نرمال (آبیاری بر اساس80 میلی متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A)، تنش متوسط (آبیاری بر اساس 130 میلی متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) و تنش شدید (آبیاری بر اساس 180 میلی‌متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) و نوع گیاه نظیر کوشیا، ارزن مرواریدی، سورگوم و ذرت علوفه‌ای، به عنوان عامل فرعی، در نظر گرفته شدند. سورگوم در تمام سطوح تنش، بیشترین عملکرد را در مقایسه با سه گیاه دیگر تولید نمود. این گیاه در شرایط آبیاری نرمال به ترتیب با تولید 101241 کیلوگرم علوفه تر و 30181 کیلوگرم علوفه خشک در هکتار بیشترین عملکرد را به خود اختصاص داد. در تمام انواع گیاهان مورد مطالعه با افزایش تنش خشکی عملکرد کاهش یافت ولی درصد کاهش عملکرد در کوشیا نسبت به سایر گیاهان کمتر بود. ارزن با 89/11 و کوشیا با 82/9 درصد پروتئین خام به ترتیب بیشترین، و ذرت و سورگوم به ترتیب با 97/8 و 19/8 درصد کمترین پروتئین خام را داشتند. با افزایش تنش خشکی محتوی نسبی آب برگ کاهش ولی مقدار مالون‌دی‌آلدهید در هر چهار گیاه مورد بررسی افزایش یافتند. کوشیا، در میان چهار گونه ی گیاهی مورد آزمایش، کمترین مقدار مالون‌دی‌آلدهید را داشت. مقدار کلروفیلa ، تحت تنش ملایم و شدید نسبت به شرایط نرمال، به ترتیب 3/16 و 7/20 درصد کاهش یافت. کوشیا در هر دو سال و در تمام سطوح تنش، پس از آن سورگوم، از بیشترین محتوی سدیم برخوردار بودند. محتوای پتاسیم سورگوم در شرایط تنش شدید و متوسط در مقایسه با سایر گیاهان بیشتر بود. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق سورگوم با بیشترین عملکرد علوفه، ارزن با تولید علوفه با کیفیت بالا و کوشیا به عنوان متحمل‌ترین گیاه به تنش خشکی شناخته شدند.

چکیده انگلیسی:

To determine resistance of four species forage crops to drought stress an experiment was conducted for two years (2016-2017) in Kerman – Iran. In this study a randomized complete block design arranged in a split plot experiment with four replications was used. Drought stress treatments consisted of normal, moderate and severes drought levels (80, 130 and 180 mm cumulative pan evaporation respectively) were assigned to main plots and four forage plant types (maize, kochia, millet and sorghum) to subplots. Results indicated that with increasing of drought stress, leaf relative water content decreased but MDA (malondialdehyde) content increased. Among the four forage plants under study, kochia had the lowest MDA content. Chlorophyll a under moderate and severe drought stresses decreased by 16.3% and 20.7% respectively, as compared to normal drought. Kochia, in both years and under all levels of drought stresses, had the highest sodium percent in shoots. Sorghum had the highest amount of potassium content in shoot, as compared to other plants under severe and moderate levels of drought stresses. Sorghum produced the highest the forage yield at all levels of drought stresses and it produced highest fresh and dry (101241 kg.ha-1 and 30181 kg.ha-1) respectively under normal irrigation. Increasing drought stress resulted in the reduction of forage yield of all plant under study but yield reduction in kochia was lower than the yield of other plants. Millet and kochia with %11.9 and %9.82 crude protein contents respectively produced higher crude protein contents in this respect. Based on the results of this study, sorghum produced highest forage yield, millet good quality forage and kochia was the most tolerant plant to drought stress condition.

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