اثر کودهای نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم بر ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه کینوا (.Chenopodium quinoa Willd)
محورهای موضوعی : اکوفیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعیحسین عبداله‌پور 1 , عنایت‌اله توحیدی‌نژاد 2 , امین پسندی‌پور 3
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
کلید واژه: پروتئین, عملکرد دانه, کلروفیل, سرعت رشد محصول, کینوا,
چکیده مقاله :
اثر مقادیر مختلف کودهای نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه رقم Titicaca کینوا، طی اجرای آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان در سال 1398 بررسی شد. هفت ترکیب کودی شامل عناصر نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم (180:150:120، 150:125:100، 120:100:80، 90:75:60، 60:50:40، 30:25:20 N,P,K بر مبنای کیلوگرم در هکتار به همراه عدم کاربرد کود) و صفات مورد بررسی شامل از لحاظ ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی، طول پانیکول، عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار دانه، محتوای رنگیزه های فتوسنتزی، شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول، پروتئین دانه و عناصر غذایی دانه بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر تیمار کود شیمیایی بر همه صفات اندازه گیری شده معنی دار گردید. بیشترین میانگین کلروفیل a، b، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید، شاخص سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول و محتوای پروتئین دانه از کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم با ترکیب 120:100:80 کیلوگرم در هکتار حاصل شد، اما در مورد صفات کلروفیل a و شاخص سطح برگ اختلاف معنی داری با ترکیب 90:75:60 کیلوگرم در هکتار نداشت. در این مطالعه همچنین بیشترین تعداد شاخه جانبی، طول پانیکول، وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد دانه از ترکیب کودی 120:100:80 کیلوگرم در هکتار به دست آمد که در مورد صفات طول پانیکول و عملکرد دانه اختلاف معنی داری با ترکیب 90:75:60 کیلوگرم در هکتار نداشت. بنابراین، می توان نتیجه گرفت که ترکیب کودهای نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم با نسبت 90:75:60 کیلوگرم در هکتار منجر به حصول بیشترین عملکرد دانه کینوا و همچنین پرهیز از مصرف بی رویه کودهای شیمیایی در شرایط آب و هوایی مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان می شود.
To evaluate the effect of different levels of NPK nutrition on some morpho-physiological characteristics and seed yield of quinoa, a randomized complete block design experiment was carried out in Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in 2019. In this study, response of quinoa (Titicaca variety) to seven fertilizer combinations, consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N: K: P, 30:25:20, 60:50:40, 90:75:60, 120:100:80, 150:125:100, 180:150:120 kg.ha-1) were investigated for plant height, number of branch, panicle length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, content of photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, crop growth rate, seed protein content and seed nutrients. The results indicated that the effect of NPK nutrition treatments on all measured traits were significant. The highest mean of Chl a, Chl b, Chl a+b, carotenoid, LAI, CGR and seed protein content belonged to combination of 120: 100: 80 which was not significantly different from combination of 90: 75: 60, in terms of Chl a and LAI. In this study, the highest mean of panicle lengths, number of branches, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were recorded for combination of 120: 100: 80 which were not significantly different from combination of 90: 75: 60, in terms of panicle length and seed yield. According to the results, thus, it can be concluded that combination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers with a ratio of 90: 75: 60 are appropriate to achieve maximum seed yield for research location under Kerman climatic conditions and avoid overuse of chemical fertilizers.
· Aguilar, P.C., and S.E. Jacobsen. 2003. Cultivation of quinoa on the Peruvian Altiplano. Food Reviews International. 19(1-2): 31-41.
· Aminian, R., H. Sadat Tabasi, F. Habibzadeh, and S. Parsamehr. 2018. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and some agronomic traits relationships of two grain corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 37(10): 5-20. (In Persian).
· Bazile, D., H.D. Bertero, and C. Nieto. 2015. State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. FAO/CIRAD. Pp, 1-2.
· Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid, sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry. 72: 248–254.
· Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute. 982: 128-128. (In Persian)
· Gan, Y., S.S. Malhi, S. Brandt, F. Katepa-Mupondwa, and C. Stevenson. 2011. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of Jancea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal. 100: 285-295.
· Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. 327 pp.
· Garofalo, P., and M. Rinaldi. 2015. Leaf gas exchange and radiation use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to different deficit irrigation strategies: From solar radiation to plant growth analysis. European Journal of Agronomy. 64: 88-97.
· Gomaa, E.F. 2013. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizers on quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 9: 5210-5222.
· Graciano, C., J.F. Goya, J.L. Frangi, and J.J. Guiamet. 2006. Fertilization with phosphorus increases soil nitrogen absorption in young plants of Eucalyptus grandis. Forest Ecology and Management. 236: 202-210.
· Haghjoo, M., and A. Bahrani. 2014. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of maize cv. SC 260. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 16(4): 278-292. (In Persian).
· Hagin, J., and B. Tucker. 2012. Fertilization of dryland and irrigated soils. Springer Science and Business Media. 190 pp.
· Hakan, O. 2002. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapseed cultivars. Agronomy Journal. 19: 453-463.
· Hasanzadeh, H., Gh. Shakerdargah, and F. Darjani. 2013. Determination of the best planting date of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in South coast of Iran. The First National Electronic Conference on Advanced Topics in Horticultural Science. 19 and 20 November, Jahrom University. (In Persian).
· Hatami, H., A. Aynehband, M. Azizi, A. Soltani, and A.R. Dadkhah. 2010. Effect of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of soybean cultivars in North Khorasan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 2(2): 75-90. (In Persian).
· Hayati, A., M. Ramroudi, and M. Galavi. 2012. Effect of timing of potassium application on millet (Setaria italica) yield and grain protein content in different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 35-44.
· Hoeft, R.G., E.D. Nafziger, R.R. Johnson, and R. Aldrich. 2000. Modern corn and soybean production, MCSP Publications, USA. 353 pp.
· Hokmalipour, S., and R. Seyedsharifi. 2014. Effect of seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) affected by different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the yield and some physiological parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 822-833. (In Persian).
· Kakabouki, I.P., I.E. Roussis, P. Papastylianou, P. Kanatas, D. Hela, N. Katsenios, and F. Fuentes. 2019. Growth analysis of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to fertilization and soil tillage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 47(4): 1025-1036.
· Khalili, S., A. Bastani, and M. Bagheri. 2019. Effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity and phosphorus on some properties of soil and quinoa plant. Journal of Soil Research. 33(2): 155-167. (In Persian).
· Khaninejad, S., M. Kafi, H. Khazaee, J. Shabahang, and J. Nabati, 2013. Evaluation of nitrogen and phosphorous levels on forage yield and characteristics of Kochia scoparia in irrigating with two saline waters. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(2): 275-284. (In Persian).
· Koutroubas, S.D., D.K. Papkosta, and A. Doitsinis. 2008. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of safflower hybrids and open-pollinated varieties under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 107: 56-61.
· Larki, S., A. Rahnama, and A. Aynehband. 2015. Effect of application of potassium fertilizers on physiological traits and cadmium accumulation in grain of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 17(3): 223 -235. (In Persian).
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic bio membranes. Methods in Enzymolgy. 148: 350-382.
· Liu, H., C. Hu, X. Sun, Q. Tan, Zh. Nie, J. Su, J. Liu, and H. Huang. 2009. Interactive effects of molybdenum and phosphorus fertilizers on grain yield and quality of Brassica napus. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3-4): 266-269.
· Malakooti, M.J. 2000. Sustainable agriculture and yield increment by optimum fertilizer utilization in Iran. Agricultural Extension Publications. (In Persian).
· Mehraban, A., and B. Fazeli-Nasab. 2017. The effect of potassium chloride on vegetative parameters of sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) under water stress condition. Journal of Microbial World. 10(3): 275-288.
· Mengel, K., and H. Forester. 2002. The effect of potassium on translocation of photosynthesis and yield pattern of Zea mays. Journal of Science, Food and Agronomy. 24: 1479-1487.
· Mousavi, S.Gh., A.L. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.G. Seghatol eslami, and A. Amiri. 2015. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three cultivar of rice. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 13(1): 146-152.
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2017. Investigation of the NPK nutrition of henna ecotypes (Lowsonia inermis L.) based on photosynthetic and growth indices in Shahdad area. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(44): 821-836. (In Persian).
· Rajiv, K., and R.L. Misra. 2011. Studies on nitrogen application in combination with phosphorus or potassium on gladiolus cv. Jester Gold. Indian Journal Horticultural. 68(4): 535-539.
· Razaq, M., P. Zhang, and H.L. Shen. 2017. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth and root morphology of Acer mono. Plos one. 12(2): e017132.
· Safikhani, S., A. Biabani, A. Faraji, A. Rahemi, and A. Gholizadeh. 2015. Response of some agronomic characteristic of canola (Brassica napus L.) to nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 35(3): 429-446. (In Persian).
· Sawan, Z.M., S.A. Hafez, A.E. Basyony, and A.E.R. Alkassas. 2006. Cotton seed, protein, oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and a plant growth retardant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2(1): 56-65.
· Shekofteh, H., and R. Dehghani Fatehabad. 2016. Effect of water stress and potassium on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Plant Production Technology. 16(2): 167-178.
· Sobhani, A., and H. Hamidi. 2013. Effect of different potassium levels on yield and growth indices of potato in Mashad climate condition. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 3(27): 341-356. (In Persian).
· Tavajjoh, M., N. Karimian, A. Ronaghi, J. Yasrebi, R. Hamidi, and V. Olama. 2016. Yield, yield components and seed quality of two rapeseed cultivars as affected by different levels of phosphorus and boron under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 6 (4): 99-113.
· Vafaie, A., A. Ebadie, and G. Parmoon. 2015. Effect of potassium and magnesium application on grain yield and oil content of safflower. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(17): 111-122.
· Vaziri Kateshori, S., M. Daneshvar, A. Sohrabi, and F. Nazarian Firouzabadi. 2013. Effects of foliar application of P, Zn and Fe on grain yield and yield components of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Crops Improvement. 15(2): 17-30.
· Yadavi, A., and Z. Yuosepur. 2015. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus sources on soil chemical properties and elements concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Water and Soil. 29(1): 210-224.
· Zarea, M.J., P. Chordia, and A. Varma. 2013. Piriformospora indica versus salt stress. In: Piriformospora indica, Soil biology. Varma, A., K. Gerhard, and O. Ralf. (eds.). pp 33-56. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Zubillaga, M.M., J.P. Aristi, and R.S. Lavado. 2006. Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) nitrogen uptake and yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 188: 267-274.
_||_· Aguilar, P.C., and S.E. Jacobsen. 2003. Cultivation of quinoa on the Peruvian Altiplano. Food Reviews International. 19(1-2): 31-41.
· Aminian, R., H. Sadat Tabasi, F. Habibzadeh, and S. Parsamehr. 2018. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer and some agronomic traits relationships of two grain corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) under drought tension conditions. Crop Physiology Journal. 37(10): 5-20. (In Persian).
· Bazile, D., H.D. Bertero, and C. Nieto. 2015. State of the art report on quinoa around the world in 2013. FAO/CIRAD. Pp, 1-2.
· Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid, sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein–dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry. 72: 248–254.
· Emami, A. 1996. Methods of plant analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute. 982: 128-128. (In Persian)
· Gan, Y., S.S. Malhi, S. Brandt, F. Katepa-Mupondwa, and C. Stevenson. 2011. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of Jancea canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal. 100: 285-295.
· Gardner, F.P., R.B. Pearce, and R.L. Mitchell. 1985. Physiology of crop plants. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA. 327 pp.
· Garofalo, P., and M. Rinaldi. 2015. Leaf gas exchange and radiation use efficiency of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to different deficit irrigation strategies: From solar radiation to plant growth analysis. European Journal of Agronomy. 64: 88-97.
· Gomaa, E.F. 2013. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizers on quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa). Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 9: 5210-5222.
· Graciano, C., J.F. Goya, J.L. Frangi, and J.J. Guiamet. 2006. Fertilization with phosphorus increases soil nitrogen absorption in young plants of Eucalyptus grandis. Forest Ecology and Management. 236: 202-210.
· Haghjoo, M., and A. Bahrani. 2014. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield, yield components and dry matter remobilization of maize cv. SC 260. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 16(4): 278-292. (In Persian).
· Hagin, J., and B. Tucker. 2012. Fertilization of dryland and irrigated soils. Springer Science and Business Media. 190 pp.
· Hakan, O. 2002. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on growth, yield and yield components of two summer rapseed cultivars. Agronomy Journal. 19: 453-463.
· Hasanzadeh, H., Gh. Shakerdargah, and F. Darjani. 2013. Determination of the best planting date of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in South coast of Iran. The First National Electronic Conference on Advanced Topics in Horticultural Science. 19 and 20 November, Jahrom University. (In Persian).
· Hatami, H., A. Aynehband, M. Azizi, A. Soltani, and A.R. Dadkhah. 2010. Effect of potassium fertilizer on growth and yield of soybean cultivars in North Khorasan. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 2(2): 75-90. (In Persian).
· Hayati, A., M. Ramroudi, and M. Galavi. 2012. Effect of timing of potassium application on millet (Setaria italica) yield and grain protein content in different irrigation regimes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 1(2): 35-44.
· Hoeft, R.G., E.D. Nafziger, R.R. Johnson, and R. Aldrich. 2000. Modern corn and soybean production, MCSP Publications, USA. 353 pp.
· Hokmalipour, S., and R. Seyedsharifi. 2014. Effect of seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) affected by different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the yield and some physiological parameters of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 12(4): 822-833. (In Persian).
· Kakabouki, I.P., I.E. Roussis, P. Papastylianou, P. Kanatas, D. Hela, N. Katsenios, and F. Fuentes. 2019. Growth analysis of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to fertilization and soil tillage. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 47(4): 1025-1036.
· Khalili, S., A. Bastani, and M. Bagheri. 2019. Effect of different levels of irrigation water salinity and phosphorus on some properties of soil and quinoa plant. Journal of Soil Research. 33(2): 155-167. (In Persian).
· Khaninejad, S., M. Kafi, H. Khazaee, J. Shabahang, and J. Nabati, 2013. Evaluation of nitrogen and phosphorous levels on forage yield and characteristics of Kochia scoparia in irrigating with two saline waters. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11(2): 275-284. (In Persian).
· Koutroubas, S.D., D.K. Papkosta, and A. Doitsinis. 2008. Nitrogen utilization efficiency of safflower hybrids and open-pollinated varieties under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research. 107: 56-61.
· Larki, S., A. Rahnama, and A. Aynehband. 2015. Effect of application of potassium fertilizers on physiological traits and cadmium accumulation in grain of two durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 17(3): 223 -235. (In Persian).
· Lichtenthaler, H.K. 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic bio membranes. Methods in Enzymolgy. 148: 350-382.
· Liu, H., C. Hu, X. Sun, Q. Tan, Zh. Nie, J. Su, J. Liu, and H. Huang. 2009. Interactive effects of molybdenum and phosphorus fertilizers on grain yield and quality of Brassica napus. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 7(3-4): 266-269.
· Malakooti, M.J. 2000. Sustainable agriculture and yield increment by optimum fertilizer utilization in Iran. Agricultural Extension Publications. (In Persian).
· Mehraban, A., and B. Fazeli-Nasab. 2017. The effect of potassium chloride on vegetative parameters of sorghum inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (Glumus mossea) under water stress condition. Journal of Microbial World. 10(3): 275-288.
· Mengel, K., and H. Forester. 2002. The effect of potassium on translocation of photosynthesis and yield pattern of Zea mays. Journal of Science, Food and Agronomy. 24: 1479-1487.
· Mousavi, S.Gh., A.L. Mohammadi, R. Baradaran, M.G. Seghatol eslami, and A. Amiri. 2015. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates on morphological traits, yield and yield components of three cultivar of rice. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Research. 13(1): 146-152.
· Pasandi Pour, A., and H. Farahbakhsh. 2017. Investigation of the NPK nutrition of henna ecotypes (Lowsonia inermis L.) based on photosynthetic and growth indices in Shahdad area. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 4(44): 821-836. (In Persian).
· Rajiv, K., and R.L. Misra. 2011. Studies on nitrogen application in combination with phosphorus or potassium on gladiolus cv. Jester Gold. Indian Journal Horticultural. 68(4): 535-539.
· Razaq, M., P. Zhang, and H.L. Shen. 2017. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth and root morphology of Acer mono. Plos one. 12(2): e017132.
· Safikhani, S., A. Biabani, A. Faraji, A. Rahemi, and A. Gholizadeh. 2015. Response of some agronomic characteristic of canola (Brassica napus L.) to nitrogen fertilizer and sowing date. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 35(3): 429-446. (In Persian).
· Sawan, Z.M., S.A. Hafez, A.E. Basyony, and A.E.R. Alkassas. 2006. Cotton seed, protein, oil yields and oil properties as affected by nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of potassium and a plant growth retardant. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2(1): 56-65.
· Shekofteh, H., and R. Dehghani Fatehabad. 2016. Effect of water stress and potassium on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Plant Production Technology. 16(2): 167-178.
· Sobhani, A., and H. Hamidi. 2013. Effect of different potassium levels on yield and growth indices of potato in Mashad climate condition. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 3(27): 341-356. (In Persian).
· Tavajjoh, M., N. Karimian, A. Ronaghi, J. Yasrebi, R. Hamidi, and V. Olama. 2016. Yield, yield components and seed quality of two rapeseed cultivars as affected by different levels of phosphorus and boron under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 6 (4): 99-113.
· Vafaie, A., A. Ebadie, and G. Parmoon. 2015. Effect of potassium and magnesium application on grain yield and oil content of safflower. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 5(17): 111-122.
· Vaziri Kateshori, S., M. Daneshvar, A. Sohrabi, and F. Nazarian Firouzabadi. 2013. Effects of foliar application of P, Zn and Fe on grain yield and yield components of chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Crops Improvement. 15(2): 17-30.
· Yadavi, A., and Z. Yuosepur. 2015. Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus sources on soil chemical properties and elements concentration in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Water and Soil. 29(1): 210-224.
· Zarea, M.J., P. Chordia, and A. Varma. 2013. Piriformospora indica versus salt stress. In: Piriformospora indica, Soil biology. Varma, A., K. Gerhard, and O. Ralf. (eds.). pp 33-56. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Zubillaga, M.M., J.P. Aristi, and R.S. Lavado. 2006. Effect of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization on sun flower (Helianthus annuus L.) nitrogen uptake and yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 188: 267-274.