تأثیر باکتری محرک رشد بر عملکرد و برخی خصوصیات بیوشیمیایی گیاه سیاه‌دانه (Nigella sativa L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : تنشمائده یوسفیان 1 , شهاب الدین میری نژاد 2 , زهرا رهامی 3
1 - بخش تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.
2 - بخش تحقیقات جنگل‌ها و مراتع، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ساری، ایران.
3 - دانشگاه علوم پزشکی یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران.
کلید واژه: آبیاری, کلروفیل, قندهای محلول, کاروتنوئید, مالون دی آلدئید,
چکیده مقاله :
یکی از راهکارهای مقابله با تنش خشکی استفاده از باکتری محرک رشد می باشد. بر این اساس تحقیقی به منظور بررسی تأثیر باکتری محرک رشد آزوسپیریلیوم در شرایط تنش خشکی بر عملکرد و خصوصیات بیوشیمایی گیاه سیاه دانه در سال زراعی 99-1398 در روستای سروک از توابع یاسوج در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد انجام گرفت. آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه اجرا شد. آبیاری به عنوان فاکتور اصلی در سه سطح (آبیاری پس از مصرف 30 درصد رطوبت خاک (شاهد)، آبیاری پس از مصرف 60 درصد رطوبت خاک و آبیاری پس از مصرف 90 درصد رطوبت خاک) و عامل فرعی کاربرد باکتری محرک رشد آزوسپیریلیوم در دو سطح (تلقیح و عدم تلقیح بذر با باکتری) بود. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد که تلقیح باکتری محرک رشد موجب بالا رفتن صفات عملکرد دانه و کربوهیدرات در شرایط تنش متوسط شد، در شرایط تنش شدید نیز صفات کاروتنوئید و مالون دی آلدئید تغییرات معنی داری داشتند. از طرفی صفات کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید در هر دو حالت تنش متوسط و شدید تغییرات معنی داری داشتند. بیشترین غلظت کلروفیل کل و کاروتنوئید در تیمار آبیاری پس از مصرف 30 درصد رطوبت خاک و تلقیح با باکتری مشاهده گردید. بالاترین عملکرد دانه نیز با 1072 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار آبیاری پس از مصرف 30 درصد رطوبت خاک و کاربرد باکتری مشاهده گردید. پیشنهاد می شود که میزان رشد گیاه در مراحل مختلف رشد و نمو اندازه گیری شود تا تأثیر تنش در هر دوره مشخص گردد و تفسیر مناسبی از تأثیر تنش بر روی گیاه بدست آید.
An approach to overcome drought stress is using growth-promoting bacteria. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria under drought stress on yield and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. in the crop year 2019-2020 in Servak village of Yasouj province in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. The experiment was performed as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor was irrigation in three levels (irrigation after using 30% soil moisture (control), irrigation after using 60% soil moisture, and irrigation after using 90% soil moisture) and the sub-factor of Azospirillum growth-promoting bacteria in two levels (no inoculation and inoculation of seeds with bacteria). Results showed that inoculation of growth-promoting bacteria increased yield and carbohydrate under moderate stress conditions. In high stress conditions, carotenoid and malondialdehyde had significant changes. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes under both moderate and severe stress. On the other hand, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids had significant changes in both moderate and high stress. The highest concentrations of total chlorophyll (1.01 mg / g fresh weight) and carotenoids (0.77 mg / g fresh weight) were observed in irrigation after consuming 30% soil moisture and inoculation with bacteria. The highest yield (1072 kg / ha) was observed under consuming 30% soil moisture and bacteria. Measuring the rate of plant growth is suggested at different stages to determine the effect of stress in each period to get a perfect interpretation of the effect of stress on the plant.
Amirinejad, M., Akbari, G.A., Baghizadeh, A., Allahdadi, I., Shahbazi, M. and Naimi, M. (2016). Effects of drought stress and foliar application of zinc and iron on some biochemical parameters of cumin. Agricultural Crop Management (Journal of Agriculture). 17(4): 855-866 (in Persian).
Ansari, M.F., Tipre, D.R. and Dave, S.R. (2015). Efficiency evaluation of commercial liquid biofertilizers for growth of Cicer aeritinum (chickpea) in pot and field study. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 4(1): 17-24.
Ashraf, H., Zakizadeh, H., Ehteshami, M. and Bigloei, M.H. (2017). Evalution the symbiosis of three mycorrhizae fungi species on biochemical characteristics of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and Agropyron (Agropyron elongatum) turfgrasses under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Researchers, 24 (3), 27-46 Alscher RG, Erturk N and Heath LS (2002) Role of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in controlling oxidative stress in plant. Experimental Botany. 153: 1331-1341 (in Persian).
Babaei, K., Seyed Sharifi, R., Pirzad, A. and Khalilzadeh, R. (2017). Effects of bio fertilizer and nano Zn-Fe oxide on physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Interaction. 12:381–89 (in Persian).
Banchio, E., Bogino, P.C., Zygadlo, J. and Giordano, W. (2008). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and essential oil yield in origanum majorana L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30: 766-771.
Bates, I.S., Waldern, R.P. and Tear, ID. (1973). Rapid determination of free praline for water stress. Studies Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Egamberdieva, D. and B. Lugtenberg. (2014). Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate salinity stress in plants. In: Miransari, M. (Ed.) Use of microbes for the alleviation of soil stresses. Springer. New York. pp. 73-96.
Ermumcu, M.S.K. and Sanher, N. (2017). Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active component of thymoquinone: effects on health. Food and Health. 3(4): 170-183.
Farnia, A., Noormohammadai, G., Naderi, A., Darvish, F. and Majidi Hervan, I. (2006). Effect of drought stress and strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on grain yield and associated characteristics in soybean (cv. clark) in Borujerd. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 8(3): 201-214 (in Persian).
Follows, R.J. and Boyer, JS. (1996) Structure and activity of chloroplasts of sunflower. Leaves having various water potentials. Planta. 132: 229-239.
Gu, Z., Chen, D., Han, Y., Chen, Z. and Gu, F. (2008). Optimization of carotenoids extraction from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Learning With Technologies. 41: 1082–1088.
Heath, R.L. and L. Packer. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Heuer, B. (1994). Osmoregulatory role of proline in water stress and salt-stressed plants: 363-381. In: Pessarakli. M., (Ed.). Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Marcel Dekker Publisher. New York. P. 697.
Jabbari, H., Akbari, G.A., Khosh Kholgh Sima, N.A., Shiranirad, A.H., Alahdadi, I., Tajodini, F. (2015). Study of agronomical, physiological and qualitative characteristics of canola (Brassica napus) under water stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 8(1): 35-49 (in Persian).
Jafari Ghoushchi, M., Abbaszadeh, B. and Oraei, M. (2015). Effects of chemical and biological fertilizetion growth, yield and essential oil of Salvia officinalis. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products. 4: 31-37 (in Persian).
Jaleel, C., Manivannan, P., Wahid, A., Farooq, M., Somasundaram, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2009). Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. International Journal of Agricultural Biology. 11: 100-105.
Kabiri, R., Farahbakhsh, H. and Nasib, N. (2014). Effect of drought stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 4: 600-609 (in Persian).
Kalali, T., Lahoti, M. and Mahmoudzadeh, H. (2014). Effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological traits of soybean under drought stress conditions. Quarterly Journal of Plant Physiology. 7(25): 75-88 (in Persian).
Kamrava, S., Babaeian Jolodar, N. and Bagheri, N. (2017). Evaluation of drought stress on chlorophyll and proline traits in soybean genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9(23): 95-104 (in Persian).
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93: 307-311.
Karimi, S., Abbaspour, H., Sinaki, J. M. and Makarian, H. (2012). Effects of Water Deficit and Chitosan Spraying on Osmotic Adjustment and Soluble Protein of Cultivars Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 8, 160–169.
Khaladbarin, B. and Eslam Zadeh, T. (2001). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. First volume, Shiraz University Publications. 495 p.
Khoramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahalati, M. and Ghorbani, R. (2010). Effects of biological manure on yield and component yield of (Nigella sativa L). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8: 768-776 (in Persian).
Nadeem, S.M., Zahir, Z.A., Naveed, M., Arshad, M. and Shahzad, S.M. (2006). Variation in growth and ion uptake of maize due to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under salt stress. Soil & Environ. 25:78- 84.
Nayyar, H. (2003). Accumulation of osmolytes and osmotic adjustment in water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) as affected by calcium and its antagonists. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 50(3): 253-264.
Ozguven, M., Sener, B., Orhan, I., Sekeroglu, N., Kirpik, M., Kartal, M., Pesin, I., and f Kaya, Z. (2008). Effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield, yield com-ponents and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L. Industrial crops and products. 27: 60-64.
Oliviera-Neto, C.F., Silva-Lobato, A.K., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Costa, R.C.L., Filho, B.G., Alves, G.A.R., Silva-Maia, W.J.M., Cruz, F.J.R., Neres, H.K.B. and Santos Lopes, M.J. (2009). Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. International Journal Of Food, Agriculture And Environment. 7: 588-593.
Parsamotlagh, B., Mahmoodi, S., Sayyarizahan, M.H., Naghizadeh, M. (2011). Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on concentration of leaf nutrients and photosynthetic pigments of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) under salinity stress condition. Journal of Agroecology, 3(2): 237-248 (in Persian).
Pirzad, A., Fayyaz Moghaddam, A., Razban, M., Raei, Y. (2012). The evaluation of dried flower and essential oil yield and amounts of super absorbent polymer (A200). Journal of Agricultural science. 22(3): 85-99 (in Persian).
Reddy, A.R., Ramachandra, R.K., Chaitanya, V. and Vivekanandan, M. (2004). Droughtinduced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 1189-1202.
Rezai, Z., Rafieiolhossaini, M. and Mohamadkhani, A.R. (2017). The effect of different super absorbent polymer and animal manure ratios onsome morphological characteristics and production of fennel essential oil under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement, 19(3): 621-637 (in Parsian).
Roe, B. and Bruemmer, J.H. (1981). Changes in pectic substances and enzymes during ripening and storage of “Keitt” mangos. Journal of Food Science. 46(1): 186-189.
Saleemi, M., Kiani, M. Z., Sultan, T., Khalid, A. and Mahmood, S. (2017). Integrated effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rainfed condition. Agriculture & Food Security. 6:46.
Sandhya, V., Ali, SKZ., Grover, M., Reddy, G. and Venkateswarlu, B. (2010). Effect of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. on compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 62(1), 21-30.
Afkhami Sarai, E., Azadmard-Damirchi, S. and Gharekhani, M. (2021). Oil extraction from black cumin seeds incorporated with rosemary leaf by cold screw press and evaluation of some of its qualitative properties. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology. 118: 225-232.
Sardari1, H., Asghari Zakaria, R., Zare, N., Ghafarzadeh Namazi, L. and Moghaddaszadeh M. (2020). Evaluation of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Ecotypes under Drought Stress Conditions at Flowering Stage. 12 (34): 138-150.
Setayeshmehr, Z. and Ganjali, A. (2013). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Agricultural Industries and Sciences). 27(1): 27-35 (in Persian).
Shafighi, A.A., Pazoki, A.R. and EradatmandeAsli, D. (2014). Alleviation of Water Stress in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Using Different PGPR Application Methods. Advances in Environmental Biology. 8(24): 275-280.
Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G. (2006). Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientia Horticulturae. 108: 408–413.
Zafari, M., Ebadi, A. and Jahanbakhsh gode kahriz, S. (2018). Combined effect on fungi and bacteria metabolites on increased osmolytes of compatibility of alfalfa in the water deficit stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31(1): 194-205 (in Persian).
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Amirinejad, M., Akbari, G.A., Baghizadeh, A., Allahdadi, I., Shahbazi, M. and Naimi, M. (2016). Effects of drought stress and foliar application of zinc and iron on some biochemical parameters of cumin. Agricultural Crop Management (Journal of Agriculture). 17(4): 855-866 (in Persian).
Ansari, M.F., Tipre, D.R. and Dave, S.R. (2015). Efficiency evaluation of commercial liquid biofertilizers for growth of Cicer aeritinum (chickpea) in pot and field study. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 4(1): 17-24.
Ashraf, H., Zakizadeh, H., Ehteshami, M. and Bigloei, M.H. (2017). Evalution the symbiosis of three mycorrhizae fungi species on biochemical characteristics of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and Agropyron (Agropyron elongatum) turfgrasses under drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Researchers, 24 (3), 27-46 Alscher RG, Erturk N and Heath LS (2002) Role of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in controlling oxidative stress in plant. Experimental Botany. 153: 1331-1341 (in Persian).
Babaei, K., Seyed Sharifi, R., Pirzad, A. and Khalilzadeh, R. (2017). Effects of bio fertilizer and nano Zn-Fe oxide on physiological traits, antioxidant enzymes activity and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Interaction. 12:381–89 (in Persian).
Banchio, E., Bogino, P.C., Zygadlo, J. and Giordano, W. (2008). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and essential oil yield in origanum majorana L. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30: 766-771.
Bates, I.S., Waldern, R.P. and Tear, ID. (1973). Rapid determination of free praline for water stress. Studies Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Egamberdieva, D. and B. Lugtenberg. (2014). Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate salinity stress in plants. In: Miransari, M. (Ed.) Use of microbes for the alleviation of soil stresses. Springer. New York. pp. 73-96.
Ermumcu, M.S.K. and Sanher, N. (2017). Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active component of thymoquinone: effects on health. Food and Health. 3(4): 170-183.
Farnia, A., Noormohammadai, G., Naderi, A., Darvish, F. and Majidi Hervan, I. (2006). Effect of drought stress and strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum on grain yield and associated characteristics in soybean (cv. clark) in Borujerd. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 8(3): 201-214 (in Persian).
Follows, R.J. and Boyer, JS. (1996) Structure and activity of chloroplasts of sunflower. Leaves having various water potentials. Planta. 132: 229-239.
Gu, Z., Chen, D., Han, Y., Chen, Z. and Gu, F. (2008). Optimization of carotenoids extraction from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Learning With Technologies. 41: 1082–1088.
Heath, R.L. and L. Packer. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts: I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 125: 189–198.
Heuer, B. (1994). Osmoregulatory role of proline in water stress and salt-stressed plants: 363-381. In: Pessarakli. M., (Ed.). Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. Marcel Dekker Publisher. New York. P. 697.
Jabbari, H., Akbari, G.A., Khosh Kholgh Sima, N.A., Shiranirad, A.H., Alahdadi, I., Tajodini, F. (2015). Study of agronomical, physiological and qualitative characteristics of canola (Brassica napus) under water stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences. 8(1): 35-49 (in Persian).
Jafari Ghoushchi, M., Abbaszadeh, B. and Oraei, M. (2015). Effects of chemical and biological fertilizetion growth, yield and essential oil of Salvia officinalis. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-Products. 4: 31-37 (in Persian).
Jaleel, C., Manivannan, P., Wahid, A., Farooq, M., Somasundaram, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2009). Drought stress in plants: a review on morphological characteristics and pigments composition. International Journal of Agricultural Biology. 11: 100-105.
Kabiri, R., Farahbakhsh, H. and Nasib, N. (2014). Effect of drought stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Nigella sativa L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 4: 600-609 (in Persian).
Kalali, T., Lahoti, M. and Mahmoudzadeh, H. (2014). Effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological traits of soybean under drought stress conditions. Quarterly Journal of Plant Physiology. 7(25): 75-88 (in Persian).
Kamrava, S., Babaeian Jolodar, N. and Bagheri, N. (2017). Evaluation of drought stress on chlorophyll and proline traits in soybean genotypes. Journal of Crop Breeding. 9(23): 95-104 (in Persian).
Kapoor, R., Giri, B. and Mukerji, K.G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare Mill. on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Bioresource Technology. 93: 307-311.
Karimi, S., Abbaspour, H., Sinaki, J. M. and Makarian, H. (2012). Effects of Water Deficit and Chitosan Spraying on Osmotic Adjustment and Soluble Protein of Cultivars Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 8, 160–169.
Khaladbarin, B. and Eslam Zadeh, T. (2001). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. First volume, Shiraz University Publications. 495 p.
Khoramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahalati, M. and Ghorbani, R. (2010). Effects of biological manure on yield and component yield of (Nigella sativa L). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8: 768-776 (in Persian).
Nadeem, S.M., Zahir, Z.A., Naveed, M., Arshad, M. and Shahzad, S.M. (2006). Variation in growth and ion uptake of maize due to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under salt stress. Soil & Environ. 25:78- 84.
Nayyar, H. (2003). Accumulation of osmolytes and osmotic adjustment in water-stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) as affected by calcium and its antagonists. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 50(3): 253-264.
Ozguven, M., Sener, B., Orhan, I., Sekeroglu, N., Kirpik, M., Kartal, M., Pesin, I., and f Kaya, Z. (2008). Effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield, yield com-ponents and artemisinin content of Artemisia annua L. Industrial crops and products. 27: 60-64.
Oliviera-Neto, C.F., Silva-Lobato, A.K., Goncalves-Vidigal, M.C., Costa, R.C.L., Filho, B.G., Alves, G.A.R., Silva-Maia, W.J.M., Cruz, F.J.R., Neres, H.K.B. and Santos Lopes, M.J. (2009). Carbon compounds and chlorophyll contents in sorghum submitted to water deficit during three growth stages. International Journal Of Food, Agriculture And Environment. 7: 588-593.
Parsamotlagh, B., Mahmoodi, S., Sayyarizahan, M.H., Naghizadeh, M. (2011). Effect of mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus fertilizer on concentration of leaf nutrients and photosynthetic pigments of common bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.) under salinity stress condition. Journal of Agroecology, 3(2): 237-248 (in Persian).
Pirzad, A., Fayyaz Moghaddam, A., Razban, M., Raei, Y. (2012). The evaluation of dried flower and essential oil yield and amounts of super absorbent polymer (A200). Journal of Agricultural science. 22(3): 85-99 (in Persian).
Reddy, A.R., Ramachandra, R.K., Chaitanya, V. and Vivekanandan, M. (2004). Droughtinduced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 1189-1202.
Rezai, Z., Rafieiolhossaini, M. and Mohamadkhani, A.R. (2017). The effect of different super absorbent polymer and animal manure ratios onsome morphological characteristics and production of fennel essential oil under drought stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement, 19(3): 621-637 (in Parsian).
Roe, B. and Bruemmer, J.H. (1981). Changes in pectic substances and enzymes during ripening and storage of “Keitt” mangos. Journal of Food Science. 46(1): 186-189.
Saleemi, M., Kiani, M. Z., Sultan, T., Khalid, A. and Mahmood, S. (2017). Integrated effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms on growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rainfed condition. Agriculture & Food Security. 6:46.
Sandhya, V., Ali, SKZ., Grover, M., Reddy, G. and Venkateswarlu, B. (2010). Effect of plant growth promoting Pseudomonas spp. on compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation. 62(1), 21-30.
Afkhami Sarai, E., Azadmard-Damirchi, S. and Gharekhani, M. (2021). Oil extraction from black cumin seeds incorporated with rosemary leaf by cold screw press and evaluation of some of its qualitative properties. Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology. 118: 225-232.
Sardari1, H., Asghari Zakaria, R., Zare, N., Ghafarzadeh Namazi, L. and Moghaddaszadeh M. (2020). Evaluation of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Ecotypes under Drought Stress Conditions at Flowering Stage. 12 (34): 138-150.
Setayeshmehr, Z. and Ganjali, A. (2013). Effects of drought stress on growth and physiological characteristics of dill (Anethum graveolens L.). Journal of Horticultural Sciences (Agricultural Industries and Sciences). 27(1): 27-35 (in Persian).
Shafighi, A.A., Pazoki, A.R. and EradatmandeAsli, D. (2014). Alleviation of Water Stress in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Using Different PGPR Application Methods. Advances in Environmental Biology. 8(24): 275-280.
Sifola, M.I. and Barbieri, G. (2006). Growth, yield and essential oil content of three cultivars of basil grown under different levels of nitrogen in the field. Scientia Horticulturae. 108: 408–413.
Zafari, M., Ebadi, A. and Jahanbakhsh gode kahriz, S. (2018). Combined effect on fungi and bacteria metabolites on increased osmolytes of compatibility of alfalfa in the water deficit stress. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31(1): 194-205 (in Persian).