تاثیر علف‌کش پرتیلاکلر بر برخی از خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک جلبک سبز کلرلا ( Chlorella vulgaris)
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکحمید صالحیان 1 , مهدیه شاکری 2 , مریم صالحیان 3
1 - گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، واحد قائمشهر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، قائمشهر، ایران
3 - گروه اتاق عمل، مرکز تحقیقات مراقبت پرستاری و مامایی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی، مشهد، ایران
کلید واژه: کلرلا, علف کش, آلودگی زیست محیطی, پرتیلاکلر, فعالیت آنزیمی,
چکیده مقاله :
ریزجلبک‌ها (Micro algae) نقش اساسی در زنجیره‌‌های غذایی اکوسیستم‌های آبی به عهده دارند. از میان انواع جلبک‌های تک سلولی گزارش شده در آب‌های شالیزارهای استان مازندران، جلبک Chlorella vulgaris از گونه‌های مهم شاخه جلبک سبز (Chlorophyta) به حساب می‌آید. تاثیر علف‌کش‌ها به عنوان مهمترین بخش آفت‌کش‌ها بر روی جلبکها بسیار برجسته و قابل تأمل است. از این روی این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر علف‌کش پرتیلاکلر (Pretilachlor) بر برخی از خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک جلبک کلرلا انجام شد. جهت بررسی اثرات علف‌کش پرتیلاکلر بر جلبک کلرلا 9 تیمار آزمایشی (مقادیر 0 ، 20 ، 30 ، 40 ، 50 ، 75 ، 100 ، 150 و 300 میلی‌گرم علف‌کش در لیتر) در بطری‌های یک لیتری تهیه و با افزایش 100 سی‌سی از محلول جلبک پس از فراهم سازی و کشت استوک، آنها را هوادهی نمودیم. تیمارها با سه تکرار در طی 24، 48، 72 و 96 ساعت مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. بعد از تیماردهی اثر علف‌کش بر رشد، غلظت کلروفیل a ، فعالیت آنزیم‌های کاتالاز، پراکسیداز، آسکوربات پراکسیداز، پلی‌فنول‌اکسیداز و میزان پراکسیداسیون لیپیدی بررسی گردید. افزایش غلظت علف‌کش در همه زمان‌ها موجب کاهش معنی‌دار در تراکم سلولی جلبک گشت (0001/0p <). بیشترین تراکم سلولی در شاهد (بدون علف‌کش) و کمترین میزان تراکم سلولی در غلظت 300 میلی‌گرم پرتیلاکلر در 1000 میلی‌لیتر محلول به دست آمد. کمترین میزان کلروفیل a نیز در بیشترین مقادیر غلظت علف‌کش اندازه‌گیری شد. اندازه‌گیری میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدان چهارگانه در بلند مدت (بعد از 9 روز) حاکی از افت معنی‌دار آنها توام با افزایش غلظت علف‌کش بود. همچنین میزان پراکسیدان لیپیدی در تیمارها نسبت به شاهد بیشتر بود. آزمایش ما نشان داد که فعالیت آنزیم‌های مورد نظر در مقادیر زیاد پرتیلاکلر به اندازه‌ای نبوده که مانع فعالیت گونه‌های فعال اکسیژن گشته و خود آنها به علت غلظت زیاد علف‌کش مورد هدف قرار گرفته‌اند.
Micro algaes have a major role in food chains and aquatic ecosystems. Among the mono cellular algaes in the paddy fields which locted in Mazandaran state, Chlorella vulgaris is an important species in Chlorophyta phylum. Influence of herbicides as the most serious particle of pesticides on the algaes is very considerable. Thererfore this study is performed in orther to determination effect of pertilachlor on the some properties of Chlorella vulgaris. Nine treatments (0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 300 mg herbicide per 1 liter) prepared in one litter bottle, then 100 cc algae solution and stock culture was added, next this system aerated. Treatments with three replications during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours were investigated. After treating, effect of pretilachlor on the desity, chlorophyll a concentration, activity of catalase, peroxidase, ascorbat peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase enzymes and lipidic peroxidation were examined. Herbicide increasing at the all times resulted in significant reduction about cellular density (p < 0.0001). Maximum and minimum cellular density was measured in the control (without herbicide) and 300 mg pertilachlor treatment, respectively. The less Chl a consentration was obsereved in the most dose herbicide. Activity rate of quadruple enzymes in long term (9 days), indicated significant loss with increasing herbicide dose. Also lipidic peroxidation in all treatments was more relative to control. In this study was shown enzymes activity in high pretilachlor concentrations was not enough that can prevent the reactive oxygen species and this material was targeted by herbicide.
Bonanno, G. (2012). Arundo donax as a potential biomonitor of trace element contamination in water and sediment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 80:20-27.
Carder, J.P. and Hoagland, K.D. (1998). Combined effects of alachlor and atrazine on benthic algal communities in artificial streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.17:1415-1420.
Clay, D.V. (1995). Herbicide residue in soils and plants and their bioassay.In.Herbicide Bioassay, pp.153-171.ed.
Coquille, N., Jan, G., Moreira, A. and Morin, S. (2015). Use of diatom motility features as endpoints of metolachlor toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology.158: 202-210.
Czaplicka-Kotas, A. and Lodowska, J. (2014). Biomonitoring of surface water by synchronous culture of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Environment Protection Engineering. 4: 30-40.
Debenest, T., Pinelli, E., Coste, M., Silvestre, J., Mazzella, N., Madigou, C. and Delmas, F. (2009). Sensitivity of freshwater periphytic diatoms to Agricultural herbicides. Aquatic Toxicology. 93:11-17.
Deng, L., Senseman, S.A., Gentry, T.J., Zuberer, D.A., Camargo, E.R., Weiss, T.L. and Devarenne, T.P. (2015). Effect of selected herbicides on growth and lipid content of Nannochloris oculata. Journal Aquatic Plant Management.53:28-35.
Deng, X., Gao, K. and Sun, J. (2012). Physiological and biochemical responses of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to irgarol 1051 and diuron. Aquatic Toxicology. 122-123:113-119.
Ershad Langroody, H. (1999). Deterrmination toxicity Hinosan and Tilt on the Selenatrom carpricornutum and nutrition behavior and death Dophnia magna. M.Sc Thesis. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch. 96 p.
Fallahi, M., Ghenatparast, A., Salavatian, M., Danesh, A., Piri, H. and Sheikh, G.H. (2001). Report determination role Brachianus pilicatilis on the survival Rutilus kutum larva and comparison it’s with concentrate food. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science.1: 7-8 p.
Fallahi, M. and Salavatian, S.M. (2006). Study on effect of different concentrations of magnesium on growth and biomass of Chlorella vulgaris. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 72: 9-13.
Farombi, E.O., Ajimoko, Y.R. and Adelowo, O.A. (2008). Effect of butachlor on antioxidant enzyme status and lipid peroxidation in fresh water African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Environmental Research. Publication Health.5:423-427.
Ferreira, M., Coutinho, P., Seixas, P., Fabregas, J. and Otero, A. (2009). Enriching rotifers with peremium microalgae, Nannochloropsis gaditana. Mar Biotechnology. 11:585-595.
Galhano, V., Gomes-Laranjo, J. and Peixoto, F. (2011). Exposure of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum from Portuguese rice fields to molinate (Ordram): Effects on antioxidant system and fatty acid profile. Aquatic Toxicology. 101:367-376.
Geoffroy, L., Teisseire, H., Couderchet, M. and Vernet, G. (2002). Effect of oxyfluorfen and diuron alone and in mixture on antioxidative enzymes of Scenedesmus obliquus . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.72:178-185.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. L. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives in Biochemistry and Biophysics.125:189-198.
Inderjit, K.S. (2010). Effect of herbicides with different modes of action on physiological and cellular traits of Anabaena fertilissima. Paddy Water Environment.8:277-282.
Jiang, J., Chen,Y., Yu,R., Zhao, X., Wang, Q. and CaI, L. (2016). Pretilachlor has the potential to induce endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, apoptosis and immunotoxicity during zebrafish embryo development. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.42:125-134.
Junghans, M., Backhaus, T., Faust, M., Scholze, M. and Grimme, L.H. (2003). Predictability of combined effects of eight chloroacetanilide herbicides on algal reproduction. Pest Management Science. 8:1101-1110.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kasae, M., Soroushnasab, L. and Sate, A. (2012). Effect of Al on the growth, pH, activity antioxidant enzymes and osmolites in Chlorella vulgaris. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26(2):59-97.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1996). Vegetation stress: an introduction to the stress concept in plants. Journal Plant Physiology.148:4-14.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn, A.R. (1985). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf in different solvents. Biology Society Transmission.11: 591-592.
Liu, H. and Xiong, M. (2009). Comparative toxicity of racemic metolachlor and S-metalachlor to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Aquatic Toxicology.93:100-106.
Livingston, J. (2005). Agriculture and soil pollution: Physiological side effects of pesticides on non-target plants, pp. 53-84. Ed. G. Saladin and C. Clement Nova Science publishers.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the phenol Reagent. Journal Biology chemisty.193: 265-275.
Ma, J. (2002). Differential sensitivity 2030 herbicides among populations of two green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 68: 275-281.
Mahdinezhad, M. (2005). Familiarity with some water pollutants (Investigating the effect of detergents on Chlorella green algae). Internship Report.Environment Technology. Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 40 p.
Mahdinezhad, K., Mahdinezhad, M. and Shariati, F. (2011). Investigation of toxic effects of different concentrations of oxadiargil herbicide (Top Star) rice fields on green Scenedesmus algae in the water source. Journal of Biology Science. 5(2): 95-105.
Makhdomi, N., Hosseini, A. and Sharifpor, I. (2001). In vitro studies on growth and reproduction of Artemia in Incheh lake. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. 11 (2): 69-78.
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, Z. and Khodashenas Limoni, Z. (2017). Evaluation of copper removal from industrial sewages by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 18(4):74-80.
Matamoros, V., Nguyen, L. X., Arias, C.A., Salvadó, V. and Brix, H. (2012). Evaluation of aquatic plants for removing polar microcontaminants: A microcosm experiment. Chemosphere. 88:1257-1264.
Maronic, D.S., Camagajevac, I.S., Horvatic, J., Pfeiffer, T. Z., Stevic, F., Zarkovic, N., Waeg, G. and Jaganjac, M. (2018). S-metolachlor promotes oxidative stress in green microalga Parachlorella kessleri- A potential environmental and health risk for higher organisms. Science of the Total Environment. 637-638: 41-49.
Mei, L., Qin, Z., Chang-Wei, H., Li, C., Zhi-Li, L. and Zhi-Ming, K. (2007). Cobalt and Manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis (Prymnesiophyceae): Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19: 1330-1335.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxidase is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Nicoli, M.C., Elizzilde, B.E., Pitotti, A. and Lerici, C.R. (1991). Effects of sugars and maillard reaction products on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in food. Journal of Food Biochemistry.15:169-184.
Pandey, S., Kumar, R., Sharma, S. and Verma, M. (2005). Acute toxicity bioassays of mercuric chloride and Pretilachlor on air-beathing fish Lujanus argentimaculatus. Ecotoxicology an Enviranmental Safety. 61: 114-120.
Pashaie, H., Farokhrooz, M., Zamini, A. and Ebrahimian, Y. (2012). Determination the Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Diazinon and Machety on (Vimba vimba persa). Journal of Oceanography. 3(9):63-683.
Pereira, G.J.G.F., Molina, S.M.G., Lea, P.J. and Azevedo, R.F.A. (2002). Activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to cadmium in Crotalaria juncea. Plant and Soil. 239:123-132.
Qian, H., Chen, W., Sun, L., Jin, Y., Liu, W. and Fu, Z. (2009). Inhibitory effects of paraquat on photosynthesis and response to oxidative stress in Chlorella vulgaris. Ecotoxicology.18: 537-543.
Rafie, F., Ashjae Ardalan, A., Mesgarha, M. and Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2012). Effect of nitrate concentration on chlorophyll-a and lipid content of green algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Merine Biology. 4(1):33-40.
Rahimi Bashar, M. (2000). Phytoplanktones. (Translated). Shahr Sabz Publication.203 p.
Rontani, J.F. (2001). Visible light-dependent degradation of lipidic phytoplanktonic components during senescence: a review. Phytochemistry. 58:187-202.
Shayeghi, M., Shahtaheri, S. and Selsele, M. (2001). Phosphorous insecticides residues in Mazandaran river waters, Iran. Iranian Journal Publication Health. 30: 115-118.
Singh, D.P., Khattar, J.I.S., Kaur, G. and Singh, Y. (2016). Toxicological impact of herbicides on Cyanobacteria. Annual Research and Review in Biology. 9: 1-39.
Sood, A., Pabbi, S. and Uniyala, P.L. (2011). Effects of paraquat on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in aquatic fern Azolla microphylla. Russian Journal of Plant Physilogy. 58: 667-673.
Teisseire, H. and Vernet, G. (2001). Effects of the fungicide folpet on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in duckweed (Lemna minor). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 69: 122-117.
Wannigama, D.L, Agrawal, C. and Rai, L.C. (2012). A comparative study on proteomic and biochemical alterations in the cyanobaterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under short term exposure of abiotic stresses: Pesticide, Salinity, Heavy metal and UV-B. Journal Biotechnology Biomaterial. 2: 6.
Weisshaar, H. and Boger, P. (1987). Primary effects of chloroacetamides. Pesticides Biochemistry Physiology. 28: 286-293.
Wong, P.K. (2000). Effects of 2,4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb. Chemosphere. 41: 177-182
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Bonanno, G. (2012). Arundo donax as a potential biomonitor of trace element contamination in water and sediment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 80:20-27.
Carder, J.P. and Hoagland, K.D. (1998). Combined effects of alachlor and atrazine on benthic algal communities in artificial streams. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.17:1415-1420.
Clay, D.V. (1995). Herbicide residue in soils and plants and their bioassay.In.Herbicide Bioassay, pp.153-171.ed.
Coquille, N., Jan, G., Moreira, A. and Morin, S. (2015). Use of diatom motility features as endpoints of metolachlor toxicity. Aquatic Toxicology.158: 202-210.
Czaplicka-Kotas, A. and Lodowska, J. (2014). Biomonitoring of surface water by synchronous culture of Chlorella vulgaris algae. Environment Protection Engineering. 4: 30-40.
Debenest, T., Pinelli, E., Coste, M., Silvestre, J., Mazzella, N., Madigou, C. and Delmas, F. (2009). Sensitivity of freshwater periphytic diatoms to Agricultural herbicides. Aquatic Toxicology. 93:11-17.
Deng, L., Senseman, S.A., Gentry, T.J., Zuberer, D.A., Camargo, E.R., Weiss, T.L. and Devarenne, T.P. (2015). Effect of selected herbicides on growth and lipid content of Nannochloris oculata. Journal Aquatic Plant Management.53:28-35.
Deng, X., Gao, K. and Sun, J. (2012). Physiological and biochemical responses of Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 to irgarol 1051 and diuron. Aquatic Toxicology. 122-123:113-119.
Ershad Langroody, H. (1999). Deterrmination toxicity Hinosan and Tilt on the Selenatrom carpricornutum and nutrition behavior and death Dophnia magna. M.Sc Thesis. Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch. 96 p.
Fallahi, M., Ghenatparast, A., Salavatian, M., Danesh, A., Piri, H. and Sheikh, G.H. (2001). Report determination role Brachianus pilicatilis on the survival Rutilus kutum larva and comparison it’s with concentrate food. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Science.1: 7-8 p.
Fallahi, M. and Salavatian, S.M. (2006). Study on effect of different concentrations of magnesium on growth and biomass of Chlorella vulgaris. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi. 72: 9-13.
Farombi, E.O., Ajimoko, Y.R. and Adelowo, O.A. (2008). Effect of butachlor on antioxidant enzyme status and lipid peroxidation in fresh water African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Environmental Research. Publication Health.5:423-427.
Ferreira, M., Coutinho, P., Seixas, P., Fabregas, J. and Otero, A. (2009). Enriching rotifers with peremium microalgae, Nannochloropsis gaditana. Mar Biotechnology. 11:585-595.
Galhano, V., Gomes-Laranjo, J. and Peixoto, F. (2011). Exposure of the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum from Portuguese rice fields to molinate (Ordram): Effects on antioxidant system and fatty acid profile. Aquatic Toxicology. 101:367-376.
Geoffroy, L., Teisseire, H., Couderchet, M. and Vernet, G. (2002). Effect of oxyfluorfen and diuron alone and in mixture on antioxidative enzymes of Scenedesmus obliquus . Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology.72:178-185.
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. L. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives in Biochemistry and Biophysics.125:189-198.
Inderjit, K.S. (2010). Effect of herbicides with different modes of action on physiological and cellular traits of Anabaena fertilissima. Paddy Water Environment.8:277-282.
Jiang, J., Chen,Y., Yu,R., Zhao, X., Wang, Q. and CaI, L. (2016). Pretilachlor has the potential to induce endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, apoptosis and immunotoxicity during zebrafish embryo development. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.42:125-134.
Junghans, M., Backhaus, T., Faust, M., Scholze, M. and Grimme, L.H. (2003). Predictability of combined effects of eight chloroacetanilide herbicides on algal reproduction. Pest Management Science. 8:1101-1110.
Kar, M. and Mishra, D. (1976). Catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology. 57: 315-319.
Kasae, M., Soroushnasab, L. and Sate, A. (2012). Effect of Al on the growth, pH, activity antioxidant enzymes and osmolites in Chlorella vulgaris. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26(2):59-97.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1996). Vegetation stress: an introduction to the stress concept in plants. Journal Plant Physiology.148:4-14.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn, A.R. (1985). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf in different solvents. Biology Society Transmission.11: 591-592.
Liu, H. and Xiong, M. (2009). Comparative toxicity of racemic metolachlor and S-metalachlor to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Aquatic Toxicology.93:100-106.
Livingston, J. (2005). Agriculture and soil pollution: Physiological side effects of pesticides on non-target plants, pp. 53-84. Ed. G. Saladin and C. Clement Nova Science publishers.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with the phenol Reagent. Journal Biology chemisty.193: 265-275.
Ma, J. (2002). Differential sensitivity 2030 herbicides among populations of two green alga Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 68: 275-281.
Mahdinezhad, M. (2005). Familiarity with some water pollutants (Investigating the effect of detergents on Chlorella green algae). Internship Report.Environment Technology. Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, 40 p.
Mahdinezhad, K., Mahdinezhad, M. and Shariati, F. (2011). Investigation of toxic effects of different concentrations of oxadiargil herbicide (Top Star) rice fields on green Scenedesmus algae in the water source. Journal of Biology Science. 5(2): 95-105.
Makhdomi, N., Hosseini, A. and Sharifpor, I. (2001). In vitro studies on growth and reproduction of Artemia in Incheh lake. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. 11 (2): 69-78.
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, Z. and Khodashenas Limoni, Z. (2017). Evaluation of copper removal from industrial sewages by the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences. 18(4):74-80.
Matamoros, V., Nguyen, L. X., Arias, C.A., Salvadó, V. and Brix, H. (2012). Evaluation of aquatic plants for removing polar microcontaminants: A microcosm experiment. Chemosphere. 88:1257-1264.
Maronic, D.S., Camagajevac, I.S., Horvatic, J., Pfeiffer, T. Z., Stevic, F., Zarkovic, N., Waeg, G. and Jaganjac, M. (2018). S-metolachlor promotes oxidative stress in green microalga Parachlorella kessleri- A potential environmental and health risk for higher organisms. Science of the Total Environment. 637-638: 41-49.
Mei, L., Qin, Z., Chang-Wei, H., Li, C., Zhi-Li, L. and Zhi-Ming, K. (2007). Cobalt and Manganese stress in the microalga Pavlova viridis (Prymnesiophyceae): Effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19: 1330-1335.
Nakano, Y. and Asada, K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxidase is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology. 22: 867-880.
Nicoli, M.C., Elizzilde, B.E., Pitotti, A. and Lerici, C.R. (1991). Effects of sugars and maillard reaction products on polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity in food. Journal of Food Biochemistry.15:169-184.
Pandey, S., Kumar, R., Sharma, S. and Verma, M. (2005). Acute toxicity bioassays of mercuric chloride and Pretilachlor on air-beathing fish Lujanus argentimaculatus. Ecotoxicology an Enviranmental Safety. 61: 114-120.
Pashaie, H., Farokhrooz, M., Zamini, A. and Ebrahimian, Y. (2012). Determination the Lethal Concentration (LC50) of Diazinon and Machety on (Vimba vimba persa). Journal of Oceanography. 3(9):63-683.
Pereira, G.J.G.F., Molina, S.M.G., Lea, P.J. and Azevedo, R.F.A. (2002). Activity of antioxidant enzymes in response to cadmium in Crotalaria juncea. Plant and Soil. 239:123-132.
Qian, H., Chen, W., Sun, L., Jin, Y., Liu, W. and Fu, Z. (2009). Inhibitory effects of paraquat on photosynthesis and response to oxidative stress in Chlorella vulgaris. Ecotoxicology.18: 537-543.
Rafie, F., Ashjae Ardalan, A., Mesgarha, M. and Esmaeilzadeh, A. (2012). Effect of nitrate concentration on chlorophyll-a and lipid content of green algae, Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Merine Biology. 4(1):33-40.
Rahimi Bashar, M. (2000). Phytoplanktones. (Translated). Shahr Sabz Publication.203 p.
Rontani, J.F. (2001). Visible light-dependent degradation of lipidic phytoplanktonic components during senescence: a review. Phytochemistry. 58:187-202.
Shayeghi, M., Shahtaheri, S. and Selsele, M. (2001). Phosphorous insecticides residues in Mazandaran river waters, Iran. Iranian Journal Publication Health. 30: 115-118.
Singh, D.P., Khattar, J.I.S., Kaur, G. and Singh, Y. (2016). Toxicological impact of herbicides on Cyanobacteria. Annual Research and Review in Biology. 9: 1-39.
Sood, A., Pabbi, S. and Uniyala, P.L. (2011). Effects of paraquat on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in aquatic fern Azolla microphylla. Russian Journal of Plant Physilogy. 58: 667-673.
Teisseire, H. and Vernet, G. (2001). Effects of the fungicide folpet on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in duckweed (Lemna minor). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 69: 122-117.
Wannigama, D.L, Agrawal, C. and Rai, L.C. (2012). A comparative study on proteomic and biochemical alterations in the cyanobaterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 under short term exposure of abiotic stresses: Pesticide, Salinity, Heavy metal and UV-B. Journal Biotechnology Biomaterial. 2: 6.
Weisshaar, H. and Boger, P. (1987). Primary effects of chloroacetamides. Pesticides Biochemistry Physiology. 28: 286-293.
Wong, P.K. (2000). Effects of 2,4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll a synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb. Chemosphere. 41: 177-182