تأثیر نانو ذرات نقره و وزن بنه بر صفات فیزیولوژیک و مورفولوژیک زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) تحت شرایط اقلیمی سیستان
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکفاطمه محمودی 1 , نفیسه مهدی نژاد 2 , براتعلی فاخری 3 , احمد احمدیان 4
1 - گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
2 - گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
3 - گروه اصلاح نباتات و بیوتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران
4 - گروه تولیدات گیاهی و گیاهان دارویی، پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه، تربیت حیدریه، ایران
کلید واژه: کروسین, بنه, کروستین, پیکروکروسین, سافرانال,
چکیده مقاله :
به‌‌منظور بررسی تأثیر نانو ذرات نقره و وزن بنه بر صفات فیزیولوژیک و مورفولوژیک زعفران تحت شرایط اقلیمی منطقه سیستان آزمایشی در روستای دادی واقع در بخش تیمور آباد شهرستان هامون به صورت فاکتوریل با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی و ۳ تکرار بر دو وزن مختلف بنه زعفران (شامل کمتر از 8 گرم و بیشتر از ۸ گرم) و دو غلظت تیمار نانو نقره (صفر وppm ۵۰) طی دو سال متوالی، ۱۳۹3 تا 1395 انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که استفاده از تیمار نانو ذرات نقره در هر دو سال تاثیر معنی‌دار بر صفات مورفولوژیکی و فیزیولوژیکی داشته و کلیه صفات مورد بررسی را در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. همچنین تاثیر تیمار وزن بنه نیز بر تمامی صفات در طی این دو سال در بنه‌های بزرگتر از 8 گرم معنی‌دار شد. نتایج حاصل از تجزیه صفات کمی و رنگ زعفران به روش HPLCنشان داد که در سال‌های اول و دوم رنگیزه، طعم و عطر زعفران در نمونه‌ای که به محلول نانو ذرات نقره آغشته شده بود افزایش قابل ملاحظه‌ای نسبت به نمونه شاهد داشت. مقایسات نشان داد که در نمونه‌های بیشتر از ۸ گرم افزایش صفات نسبت به نمونه‌های کوچک‌تر معنی‌دار بود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌هد که بنه گیاه زعفران با اندازه مطلوب درصورتی که در شرایط محیطی گرم و خشک تحت تأثیر محلول نانو نقره با غلظت‌های مناسب قرار گیرد می‌توان شاهد افزایش صفات کمی و کیفی و حتی بهبود صفات اقتصادی در این گیاه بود.
In order to survey the effect of silver nano-silver particles and weight of corm on physiological and morphological features of Crocus Sativus under climatic conditions in the area of Systan, an experiment was carried out based on a factorial randomized complete base-blocks design with three repetitions using two different weights of Crocus Sativus corm (more and less than 8 g) and two different concentrations of nano-silver treatment (zero and 50 ppm) in Dadi village located in Teymourabad district of Hamoun province during two consecutive years 2014-2016. Findings indicated that the treatment with nano-silver particles (AgNPs) had a significant effect on the morphological and physiological properties during the both study years and increased all traits under study as compared with the control. Moreover, the treatment including corm weight more than 8 g had significant effects on all properties under study during these two years. The results of analysis of the quantitative traits and color in saffron, which was done by HPLC method, showed that flavonoids, flavor, and odor of saffron in the sample soaked in the Ag Nanoparticles' solution remarkably increased in comparison with the control. Comparisons also indicated that the samples weighing more than 8 grams had a more significant increasing rate of the traits compared with the lighter samples. The results of the present study also showed that under hot and dry conditions and if the saffron corms with optimal size are exposed to suitable concentrations of Ag nanoparticle solution, increased qualitative and quantitative traits is observed, and this can even lead to improved economical properties in the plant.
Abdullave, F. and Ortega, C. (2007). HPLC quantification of major active components from different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food Chemistry. 10: 1126-1131
Aghamohammadi, Z. (1976). Investigation of the effect of saffron bulblee onion. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1: 97-105.
Ajam, A., BakhshChalarstah, K. and Sadr Abadi, R. (2014). Effect of Planting Concentration and Bennet Weight on the Yield and Characteristics of the Girl's Bane in Saffron Crop. 06th National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture. 1-5.
Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23: 112- 121
Asgari, M., Azimi, M.H., Hamzehi, Z., Mortazavi, S.N. and Khodabandelu, F. (2013). Effect of nan- silver and sucrose on vase life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. peril) cut flowers. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 4(4): 680-687.
Baghai, N., and Farahani, S.M. (2014). Comparison of Nano and micro Chelated iron fertilizers on quantitative yield and assimilates allocation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Researching Saffron. 1(2): 156-169.
Chang, Y.S., and Chen, H.C. (2001). Variability between silver thiosulfate and 1- naphthaleneacetic acid applications in prolonging bract longevity of potted bougainvillea. Sci. Hort. 87: 217-224.
Derosa, M.R., Monreal, C., Schnitzer, M., Walsh, R. and Sultan, Y. (2010). Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nature Nanotechnol. 5:91.
GhatreSaman, S. (2005). Application of Meteorology in Agriculture - The Effect of Low Temperature on Agricultural Products, Climatology Research Institute, Internal Publication, Tehran.
Golzari Jahan Abadi. M., Behdani, MA., Sayyari Zahan, M.H. and Khorramdel, S. (2017). Effect of some fertilizer sources and mother corm weight on growth criteria and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research. 4(2):172-186.
Gresta, F., Lombardo, G.M. and Avola, G. (2009). Saffron stigmas Production as affected by soil texture. 3th International Symposium on Saffron: Forthcoming Challenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics.
Grilli-Caiola, M. (2004). Saffron reproduction biology. Acta Horticulture 650: 25-39.
Hassanzadeh Aval, F., Rezvani moghaddam, P., Bannayan aval, M. and Khorasani, R. (2013). Effects of maternal corm weight and different levels of cow manure on corm and flower yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Aagronomy and Technology.1(1): 22-39.
Hemati Kakhki, A. and Hosseini, M. (2003). A Review on 15 Years on Research on Saffron in Khorasan. Institute of Research and Development of Technology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications. P. 114. (In Persian).
Joseph, T. and Morrison, M. (2006). Nanotechnology in agriculture and food. European Nanotechnology Gateway: 1-14.
Kafi, M., Rashed, M.H., Koocheki, A. and Mollafilabi, A., (2006). Saffron: Technology, Cultivation and Processing. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. Center of Excellence for Special Crops. (In Persian)
Koocheki, A. and Sabet Teimouri, M. (2014). Effect of age of farm, corm size and manure fertilizer treatments on morphological criteria of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under Mashhad conditions.Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi).104: 148-157.
Lage, M. and Cantrell, Ch.L. (2009). Quantification of saffron metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal determination of the spice grown under different environment morocan condition. Cientia Horticulture. 121:366-373.
Mobaraki, Z. (2005). Location of saffron cultivation in Qazvin province, Master's thesis, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran.
Moshtaghi, N., Ghahremanzadeh, R. and Marashi, H. (2010). Irrigation effects on pds and bch genes expression of the Iranian Saffron. Journal Cell Molecular Research. 2(2): 61-66.
Najari, Gh., Azami, F., Taghi Molaee, Y., and Fattahi, S. (2016). Morphological Study of Wild Species of Saffron in Forests and Rangelands of Ilam Province. Journal of Strategic Strategy of Forest. 1 (3): 47-52.
Omidi, H., Naghdibadi, H.A., Golzad, A., Torbati, H. and Fotookian, M.H. (2009). Effect of chemical and bio-fertilizer nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal. Med Plants. 30(2):98-109. [in Persianwith English Summary].
Omid beigi, R. and Ramezani, A. (2002). Saffron cultivation area of seedbed preparation quality, Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 3: 167-178.
Peyvandi, M., Parande, H. and Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of Nano Fe Chelate with Fe Chelate Effect on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Ocimum Basilicum. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal. 1 (4): 89-98.
Rezvani, N., Sorooshzadeh, A. and Farhadi, N. (2012). Effect of nano-silver on growth of saffron in flooding stress. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 1: 6.
Sadeghi, B. (1993). Effet of corm weight on flowering of saffron. Research and indusial Institutes of Khorasan, Press. 73pp. (In Persian).
Sabertanha, B., Fakheri, B., Mahdinezhad, N. and Alizade, Z. (2017). Effects of silver nanoparticles elicitor and drought stress on the expression of beta -carotene hydroxylase (bch) gene on the yield of saffron carotenoid (Crocus sativus L.). Crop Biotechnology. 7(17): 1-13
Sharma, P., Bhatt, D., Zaidi, M.G., Saradhi, P.P., Khanna, P.K. and Arora, S. (2012). Silver nanoparticle mediated enhancement in growth and antioxidant status of Brassica juncea. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167: 2225–2233.
Sharon, M., Choudhary, A.Kr. and Kumar, R. (2010). Nanotechnology in agricultural diseasis and food safity. Journal of Phytology. 2(4): 83-92.
Strader, L.C, Beisner, E.R. and Bartel, B. (2009). Silver ions increase auxin efflux independently of effects on ethylene response. PlantCell. 21: 3585-3590.
Tajik, S., Zarin kamar, F. and Bothaee, S.Z. (2012). Quantification of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Ghaen and Tabas regions. 25 (3): 423-429
Yang, H., Sun, CH. And Zhang Qiao, Sh. (2008). Anatase TiO2 single crystals With a large percentage of reactive factors. Nature, 453:638- 641.
Yosefzaei, F., Poorakbar, L. and Farhadi, K. (2016). The effect of silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological indexes of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 1 (2): 63-73.
Zhang, L., Hong, F., Lu, S. and Liu, C. (2005). Effects of nano-TiO2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach. Biolology TraceElementReserch. 105: 83- 91.
Alizadeh-Salteh, S. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of maternal corm and plantingmethods on lower and replacement cormsyield of two ecotypes of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) in Tabriz. Saffron Agronomy andTechnology. 3: 251-259. [In Persian withEnglish Summary].
Mollafilabi, A. (2014). The effect of nutrition oncorm-bed for enlargement of saffroncorms.Research Project of Institute of Food Scienceand Technology, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. 23p. (InPersian).
Fallahi, H.R, Zamani, G.R, Aghhavani-Shajari, M. Samadzadeh, A.R. Branca, F. and Mehrabani, M. (2017). Saffron flower and stigma yield changes in response to application of different levels of super absorbent polymer. Journal of Medicinal Plants and Byproduct, 6(2): 145-151.
Abdel Kareem, M., Qayyum, S.H., Farooq, M., Abdel-Hadi, A.M., RabiaAbdur, R., Shafaqat, A., and Rizwan, M. (2017). Interactive effect of salinity andsilver nanoparticles on photosynthetic and biochemical parameters of wheat. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 21-40.
Najafi, S., and Jamei, R. (2014). Effect of silvernanoparticles and Pb (NO3)2 on the yield andchemical composition of mung bean (Vignaradiata). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 10(1): 316-325.
Raei, M., Angaji, A., Omidi, M., and Khodayari, D. (2014). Effect of abiotic elicitors on tissueculture of Aloe vera. International Journal ofBiosciences (IJB). 5(1): 74-81.
Spitaler, R., Schlorhaufer, P.D, Ellmerer, E.P, Merfort, I., Bortenschlager, S., Stuppner, H., and Zidorn, C. (2006). Altitudinal variation of secondary metabolite profiles in flowering heades of Arnica. Montana. Phytochemistry. 67: 409-417.
Lozano, P., Castellar, M., Simancas, M., and Iborra, L. (1999). Quantitativ high-performance liquid chromatographic method to analysecommercial saffron (Crocus sativus L.)products. Journal of Chromatography.830: 477-483.
Vakiki Gertavel, M. and Alizadeh Saleteh, S. (2016). Comparison of effective compounds and antioxidant activity of saffron produced in Kashmar and Marand counties. Journal of Saffron Agriculture and Technology, Torbat Heydariyeh University. 4(3): 215-224.
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Abdullave, F. and Ortega, C. (2007). HPLC quantification of major active components from different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) sources. Food Chemistry. 10: 1126-1131
Aghamohammadi, Z. (1976). Investigation of the effect of saffron bulblee onion. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science. 1: 97-105.
Ajam, A., BakhshChalarstah, K. and Sadr Abadi, R. (2014). Effect of Planting Concentration and Bennet Weight on the Yield and Characteristics of the Girl's Bane in Saffron Crop. 06th National Conference on New Ideas in Agriculture. 1-5.
Arnon, A.N. (1967). Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants. Agronomy Journal, 23: 112- 121
Asgari, M., Azimi, M.H., Hamzehi, Z., Mortazavi, S.N. and Khodabandelu, F. (2013). Effect of nan- silver and sucrose on vase life of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa cv. peril) cut flowers. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. 4(4): 680-687.
Baghai, N., and Farahani, S.M. (2014). Comparison of Nano and micro Chelated iron fertilizers on quantitative yield and assimilates allocation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Researching Saffron. 1(2): 156-169.
Chang, Y.S., and Chen, H.C. (2001). Variability between silver thiosulfate and 1- naphthaleneacetic acid applications in prolonging bract longevity of potted bougainvillea. Sci. Hort. 87: 217-224.
Derosa, M.R., Monreal, C., Schnitzer, M., Walsh, R. and Sultan, Y. (2010). Nanotechnology in fertilizers. Nature Nanotechnol. 5:91.
GhatreSaman, S. (2005). Application of Meteorology in Agriculture - The Effect of Low Temperature on Agricultural Products, Climatology Research Institute, Internal Publication, Tehran.
Golzari Jahan Abadi. M., Behdani, MA., Sayyari Zahan, M.H. and Khorramdel, S. (2017). Effect of some fertilizer sources and mother corm weight on growth criteria and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research. 4(2):172-186.
Gresta, F., Lombardo, G.M. and Avola, G. (2009). Saffron stigmas Production as affected by soil texture. 3th International Symposium on Saffron: Forthcoming Challenges in Cultivation, Research and Economics.
Grilli-Caiola, M. (2004). Saffron reproduction biology. Acta Horticulture 650: 25-39.
Hassanzadeh Aval, F., Rezvani moghaddam, P., Bannayan aval, M. and Khorasani, R. (2013). Effects of maternal corm weight and different levels of cow manure on corm and flower yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Aagronomy and Technology.1(1): 22-39.
Hemati Kakhki, A. and Hosseini, M. (2003). A Review on 15 Years on Research on Saffron in Khorasan. Institute of Research and Development of Technology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publications. P. 114. (In Persian).
Joseph, T. and Morrison, M. (2006). Nanotechnology in agriculture and food. European Nanotechnology Gateway: 1-14.
Kafi, M., Rashed, M.H., Koocheki, A. and Mollafilabi, A., (2006). Saffron: Technology, Cultivation and Processing. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. Center of Excellence for Special Crops. (In Persian)
Koocheki, A. and Sabet Teimouri, M. (2014). Effect of age of farm, corm size and manure fertilizer treatments on morphological criteria of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under Mashhad conditions.Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh and Sazandegi).104: 148-157.
Lage, M. and Cantrell, Ch.L. (2009). Quantification of saffron metabolites crocins, picrocrocin and safranal determination of the spice grown under different environment morocan condition. Cientia Horticulture. 121:366-373.
Mobaraki, Z. (2005). Location of saffron cultivation in Qazvin province, Master's thesis, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran.
Moshtaghi, N., Ghahremanzadeh, R. and Marashi, H. (2010). Irrigation effects on pds and bch genes expression of the Iranian Saffron. Journal Cell Molecular Research. 2(2): 61-66.
Najari, Gh., Azami, F., Taghi Molaee, Y., and Fattahi, S. (2016). Morphological Study of Wild Species of Saffron in Forests and Rangelands of Ilam Province. Journal of Strategic Strategy of Forest. 1 (3): 47-52.
Omidi, H., Naghdibadi, H.A., Golzad, A., Torbati, H. and Fotookian, M.H. (2009). Effect of chemical and bio-fertilizer nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal. Med Plants. 30(2):98-109. [in Persianwith English Summary].
Omid beigi, R. and Ramezani, A. (2002). Saffron cultivation area of seedbed preparation quality, Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 3: 167-178.
Peyvandi, M., Parande, H. and Mirza, M. (2011). Comparison of Nano Fe Chelate with Fe Chelate Effect on Growth Parameters and Antioxidant Enzymes Activity of Ocimum Basilicum. New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal. 1 (4): 89-98.
Rezvani, N., Sorooshzadeh, A. and Farhadi, N. (2012). Effect of nano-silver on growth of saffron in flooding stress. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. 1: 6.
Sadeghi, B. (1993). Effet of corm weight on flowering of saffron. Research and indusial Institutes of Khorasan, Press. 73pp. (In Persian).
Sabertanha, B., Fakheri, B., Mahdinezhad, N. and Alizade, Z. (2017). Effects of silver nanoparticles elicitor and drought stress on the expression of beta -carotene hydroxylase (bch) gene on the yield of saffron carotenoid (Crocus sativus L.). Crop Biotechnology. 7(17): 1-13
Sharma, P., Bhatt, D., Zaidi, M.G., Saradhi, P.P., Khanna, P.K. and Arora, S. (2012). Silver nanoparticle mediated enhancement in growth and antioxidant status of Brassica juncea. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167: 2225–2233.
Sharon, M., Choudhary, A.Kr. and Kumar, R. (2010). Nanotechnology in agricultural diseasis and food safity. Journal of Phytology. 2(4): 83-92.
Strader, L.C, Beisner, E.R. and Bartel, B. (2009). Silver ions increase auxin efflux independently of effects on ethylene response. PlantCell. 21: 3585-3590.
Tajik, S., Zarin kamar, F. and Bothaee, S.Z. (2012). Quantification of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Ghaen and Tabas regions. 25 (3): 423-429
Yang, H., Sun, CH. And Zhang Qiao, Sh. (2008). Anatase TiO2 single crystals With a large percentage of reactive factors. Nature, 453:638- 641.
Yosefzaei, F., Poorakbar, L. and Farhadi, K. (2016). The effect of silver nanoparticles on morphological and physiological indexes of Ocimum basilicum L. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 1 (2): 63-73.
Zhang, L., Hong, F., Lu, S. and Liu, C. (2005). Effects of nano-TiO2 on strength of naturally aged seeds and growth of spinach. Biolology TraceElementReserch. 105: 83- 91.
Alizadeh-Salteh, S. (2016). Evaluation of the effect of maternal corm and plantingmethods on lower and replacement cormsyield of two ecotypes of saffron (Crocus Sativus L.) in Tabriz. Saffron Agronomy andTechnology. 3: 251-259. [In Persian withEnglish Summary].
Mollafilabi, A. (2014). The effect of nutrition oncorm-bed for enlargement of saffroncorms.Research Project of Institute of Food Scienceand Technology, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. 23p. (InPersian).
Fallahi, H.R, Zamani, G.R, Aghhavani-Shajari, M. Samadzadeh, A.R. Branca, F. and Mehrabani, M. (2017). Saffron flower and stigma yield changes in response to application of different levels of super absorbent polymer. Journal of Medicinal Plants and Byproduct, 6(2): 145-151.
Abdel Kareem, M., Qayyum, S.H., Farooq, M., Abdel-Hadi, A.M., RabiaAbdur, R., Shafaqat, A., and Rizwan, M. (2017). Interactive effect of salinity andsilver nanoparticles on photosynthetic and biochemical parameters of wheat. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 21-40.
Najafi, S., and Jamei, R. (2014). Effect of silvernanoparticles and Pb (NO3)2 on the yield andchemical composition of mung bean (Vignaradiata). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 10(1): 316-325.
Raei, M., Angaji, A., Omidi, M., and Khodayari, D. (2014). Effect of abiotic elicitors on tissueculture of Aloe vera. International Journal ofBiosciences (IJB). 5(1): 74-81.
Spitaler, R., Schlorhaufer, P.D, Ellmerer, E.P, Merfort, I., Bortenschlager, S., Stuppner, H., and Zidorn, C. (2006). Altitudinal variation of secondary metabolite profiles in flowering heades of Arnica. Montana. Phytochemistry. 67: 409-417.
Lozano, P., Castellar, M., Simancas, M., and Iborra, L. (1999). Quantitativ high-performance liquid chromatographic method to analysecommercial saffron (Crocus sativus L.)products. Journal of Chromatography.830: 477-483.
Vakiki Gertavel, M. and Alizadeh Saleteh, S. (2016). Comparison of effective compounds and antioxidant activity of saffron produced in Kashmar and Marand counties. Journal of Saffron Agriculture and Technology, Torbat Heydariyeh University. 4(3): 215-224.