نقش منابع خارجی محافظ‌های گیاهی در تعدیل اثرات مخرب تنش‌های غیر زیستی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیک
علی نامور
1
(گروه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران)
هاشم هادی
2
(گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران)
رئوف سیدشریفی
3
(گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران)
کلید واژه: محافظ‌های گیاهی, تنش‌های غیر زیستی, تحمل تنش, افزایش عملکرد,
چکیده مقاله :
گیاهان همواره در معرض عوامل نامساعد محیطی مختلف نظیر؛ شوری، خشکی، دماهای بالا/پایین، سمیت فلزات سنگین، غرقابی، تابش ماوراء بنفش و ازن قرار می گیرند. تنش های غیر زیستی سبب ایجاد اختلال در رشد، فیزیولوژی و عملکرد گیاهان شده و یک چالش بسیار مهم در تولید محصولات زراعی و امنیت غذایی به شمار می روند. راهکارهای مختلفی برای بهبود عملکرد گیاهان زراعی در شرایط تنش پیشنهاد شده است ولی بیشتر تلاش های صورت گرفته در زمینه افزایش تولید گیاهان زراعی در حضور عوامل تنش زا ناموفق بوده است. با این وجود در سال های اخیر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی مانند؛ محافظ های اسمزی (مانند؛ پرولین و گلیسین بتایین)، هورمون های گیاهی (نظیر؛ آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی آمین ها)، آنتی اکسیدان ها (از جمله؛ گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید و توکوفرول)، عناصر ریز مغذی (مانند؛ آهن و روی) و عناصر کمیاب (نظیر؛ سیلیکون و سلنیوم) در تعدیل خسارات ایجاد شده توسط تنش های غیر زیستی در گیاهان بسیار موثر شناخته شده اند. این استراتژی به دلیل کارآیی بالا، سهولت استفاده، کم هزینه بودن و عدم نیاز به تجهیزات پیشرفته توجهات زیادی را به خود جلب نموده است. از سوی دیگر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی ظرفیت قابل قبولی را برای افزایش رشد، عملکرد و ارتقای توانایی تحمل گیاه در شرایط نامساعد محیطی نشان داده است. با توجه به اهمیت کاربرد منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی در شرایط تنش زا، در این مقاله به بررسی عکس العمل های گیاه در برابر این ترکیبات در حضور عوامل محدود کننده ی رشد پرداخته خواهد شد.
Plants are always subjected to various environmental adverse factors such as salinity, drought, high/low temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, waterlogging, UV-B radiation, and ozone. Abiotic stresses cause hampering in the growth, physiology, and yield of crops and thus, are an important challenge for crop production and food security. Various strategies have been proposed to improve crop production under stress conditions, but attempts to enhance yield under these conditions have been largely unsuccessful. However, in recent years, exogenous application of phytoprotectants such as osmoprotectants (like proline and Glycinebetaine), phytohormones (for instance Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid, Gibberellic acid, Jasmonic acid, Brassinosteroids, and polyamines), antioxidants (including Ascorbic acid, Glutathione, and Tocopherol), micro nutrients (like Iron and Zinc), and trace elements (including Selenium and Silicon) have been found effective in mitigating the stress-induced damage in plant. This strategy has gained considerable attention because of its high efficiency, feasibility, and cost and labor effectiveness. Moreover, exogenous phytoprotectants show acceptable capacity to enhance plants’ growth, yield, as well as stress tolerance under adverse environmental factors. Regarding the importance of the application of exogenous phytoprotectants under stress condition, this article provides a review of the major responses of plants to these components in the presence of growth restriction factors.
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Agarie, S., Hanaoka, N., Ueno, O., Miyazaki, A., Kubota, F. and Agata, W. (1998). Effects of silicon on tolerance to water deficit and heat stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), monitored by electrolyte leakage. Plant Production Science. 1:96-103.
Ahmad, P. (2010). Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science. 56:575-588.
Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2013). Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Published by Springer.
Ahmed, M., Hassen, F., Qadeer, U. and Aslam, M.A. (2011). Silicon application and drought tolerance mechanism of sorghum. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:594-607.
Alam, M.M., Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Fujita, M. (2014). Exogenous jasmonic acid modulates the physiology, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system in imparting drought stress tolerance in different Brassica species. Plant Biotechnology Report.8:279-293.
Ali, B., Hasan, S.A. and Hayat, S. (2008). A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Environmental and Experimental Botany.62:153-159.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M. and Athar, H.R. (2007). Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39:1133-1144.
Arora, A.S., Umer, S. and Mishra, S.N.(2012). Boron and zinc response on growth in Vigna radiata L. Wilczek var. Pusa Vishal under salinity. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences.2:131-138.
Ayub, N., Bano, A., Ramzan, S. and Usman, M. (2000). Effect of VAM on drought tolerance and growth of plant in comparison with the effect of growth regulators. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 3:957-959.
Azooz, M.M. and Ahmad, P. (2015). Legumes under Environmental Stress: Yield, Improvement and Adaptations. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azzedine, F., Gherroucha, H. and Baka, M. (2011). Improvement of salt tolerance in durum wheat by ascorbic acid application. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:27-37.
Bafeel, S.O. and Ibrahim, M.M.(2008). Antioxidants and accumulation of α-tocopherol induce chilling tolerance in Medicago sativa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.10:593-598.
Bellaloui, N. (2011). Effect of water stress and foliar boron application on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and nitrogen metabolism in soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences.2:692-701.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Ma, J.F., Rengel, Z. and Zhao, F. (2012). Beneficial Elements. In: Marschner, P. (Ed.), Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd edition Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-269.
Bybordi, A. (2012). Effect of ascorbic acid and silicium on photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid contents in canola exposure to salt stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 11:1610-1620.
Chai, Y.Y., Jiang, C.D., Shi, L., Shi, T.S. and Gu, W.B.(2010). Effects of exogenous spermine on sweet sorghum during germination under salinity. Biologia Plantarum. 54:145-148.
Chu, I., Yao, X. and Zhang, Z.(2010). Responses of wheat seedlings to exogenous selenium supply under cold stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 136:355-363.
Davies, P.J.(2004). Plant Hormones, Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
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