نقش منابع خارجی محافظ‌های گیاهی در تعدیل اثرات مخرب تنش‌های غیر زیستی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکعلی نامور 1 , هاشم هادی 2 , رئوف سیدشریفی 3
1 - گروه فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
2 - گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ارومیه، ارومیه، ایران
3 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
کلید واژه: محافظ‌های گیاهی, تنش‌های غیر زیستی, تحمل تنش, افزایش عملکرد,
چکیده مقاله :
گیاهان همواره در معرض عوامل نامساعد محیطی مختلف نظیر؛ شوری، خشکی، دماهای بالا/پایین، سمیت فلزات سنگین، غرقابی، تابش ماوراء بنفش و ازن قرار می گیرند. تنش های غیر زیستی سبب ایجاد اختلال در رشد، فیزیولوژی و عملکرد گیاهان شده و یک چالش بسیار مهم در تولید محصولات زراعی و امنیت غذایی به شمار می روند. راهکارهای مختلفی برای بهبود عملکرد گیاهان زراعی در شرایط تنش پیشنهاد شده است ولی بیشتر تلاش های صورت گرفته در زمینه افزایش تولید گیاهان زراعی در حضور عوامل تنش زا ناموفق بوده است. با این وجود در سال های اخیر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی مانند؛ محافظ های اسمزی (مانند؛ پرولین و گلیسین بتایین)، هورمون های گیاهی (نظیر؛ آبسیزیک اسید، سالسیلیک اسید، جیبرلیک اسید، جاسمونیک اسید، براسینو استروییدها و پلی آمین ها)، آنتی اکسیدان ها (از جمله؛ گلوتاتیون، آسکوربیک اسید و توکوفرول)، عناصر ریز مغذی (مانند؛ آهن و روی) و عناصر کمیاب (نظیر؛ سیلیکون و سلنیوم) در تعدیل خسارات ایجاد شده توسط تنش های غیر زیستی در گیاهان بسیار موثر شناخته شده اند. این استراتژی به دلیل کارآیی بالا، سهولت استفاده، کم هزینه بودن و عدم نیاز به تجهیزات پیشرفته توجهات زیادی را به خود جلب نموده است. از سوی دیگر استفاده از منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی ظرفیت قابل قبولی را برای افزایش رشد، عملکرد و ارتقای توانایی تحمل گیاه در شرایط نامساعد محیطی نشان داده است. با توجه به اهمیت کاربرد منابع خارجی محافظ های گیاهی در شرایط تنش زا، در این مقاله به بررسی عکس العمل های گیاه در برابر این ترکیبات در حضور عوامل محدود کننده ی رشد پرداخته خواهد شد.
Plants are always subjected to various environmental adverse factors such as salinity, drought, high/low temperatures, heavy metal toxicity, waterlogging, UV-B radiation, and ozone. Abiotic stresses cause hampering in the growth, physiology, and yield of crops and thus, are an important challenge for crop production and food security. Various strategies have been proposed to improve crop production under stress conditions, but attempts to enhance yield under these conditions have been largely unsuccessful. However, in recent years, exogenous application of phytoprotectants such as osmoprotectants (like proline and Glycinebetaine), phytohormones (for instance Abscisic acid, Salicylic acid, Gibberellic acid, Jasmonic acid, Brassinosteroids, and polyamines), antioxidants (including Ascorbic acid, Glutathione, and Tocopherol), micro nutrients (like Iron and Zinc), and trace elements (including Selenium and Silicon) have been found effective in mitigating the stress-induced damage in plant. This strategy has gained considerable attention because of its high efficiency, feasibility, and cost and labor effectiveness. Moreover, exogenous phytoprotectants show acceptable capacity to enhance plants’ growth, yield, as well as stress tolerance under adverse environmental factors. Regarding the importance of the application of exogenous phytoprotectants under stress condition, this article provides a review of the major responses of plants to these components in the presence of growth restriction factors.
Agarie, S., Hanaoka, N., Ueno, O., Miyazaki, A., Kubota, F. and Agata, W. (1998). Effects of silicon on tolerance to water deficit and heat stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), monitored by electrolyte leakage. Plant Production Science. 1:96-103.
Ahmad, P. (2010). Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science. 56:575-588.
Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2013). Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Published by Springer.
Ahmed, M., Hassen, F., Qadeer, U. and Aslam, M.A. (2011). Silicon application and drought tolerance mechanism of sorghum. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:594-607.
Alam, M.M., Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Fujita, M. (2014). Exogenous jasmonic acid modulates the physiology, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system in imparting drought stress tolerance in different Brassica species. Plant Biotechnology Report.8:279-293.
Ali, B., Hasan, S.A. and Hayat, S. (2008). A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Environmental and Experimental Botany.62:153-159.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M. and Athar, H.R. (2007). Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39:1133-1144.
Arora, A.S., Umer, S. and Mishra, S.N.(2012). Boron and zinc response on growth in Vigna radiata L. Wilczek var. Pusa Vishal under salinity. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences.2:131-138.
Ayub, N., Bano, A., Ramzan, S. and Usman, M. (2000). Effect of VAM on drought tolerance and growth of plant in comparison with the effect of growth regulators. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 3:957-959.
Azooz, M.M. and Ahmad, P. (2015). Legumes under Environmental Stress: Yield, Improvement and Adaptations. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azzedine, F., Gherroucha, H. and Baka, M. (2011). Improvement of salt tolerance in durum wheat by ascorbic acid application. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:27-37.
Bafeel, S.O. and Ibrahim, M.M.(2008). Antioxidants and accumulation of α-tocopherol induce chilling tolerance in Medicago sativa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.10:593-598.
Bellaloui, N. (2011). Effect of water stress and foliar boron application on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and nitrogen metabolism in soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences.2:692-701.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Ma, J.F., Rengel, Z. and Zhao, F. (2012). Beneficial Elements. In: Marschner, P. (Ed.), Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd edition Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-269.
Bybordi, A. (2012). Effect of ascorbic acid and silicium on photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid contents in canola exposure to salt stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 11:1610-1620.
Chai, Y.Y., Jiang, C.D., Shi, L., Shi, T.S. and Gu, W.B.(2010). Effects of exogenous spermine on sweet sorghum during germination under salinity. Biologia Plantarum. 54:145-148.
Chu, I., Yao, X. and Zhang, Z.(2010). Responses of wheat seedlings to exogenous selenium supply under cold stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 136:355-363.
Davies, P.J.(2004). Plant Hormones, Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Deivanai, S., Xavier, R., Vinod, V., Timalata, K. and Lim. O.F. (2011). Role of exogenous proline in ameliorating salt stress at early stage in two rice cultivars. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:157-174.
Djanaguiraman, M., Prasad, P.V.V. and Seppanen, M. (2010). Selenium protects sorghum leaves from oxidative damage under high temperature stress by enhancing antioxidant defense system. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48:999-1007.
Dolatabadian, A. and Jouneghani, R.S. (2009). Impact of exogenous ascorbic acid on antioxidant activity and some physiological traits of common bean subjected to salinity stress. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca.37:165-172.
El-Bassiony, A.M., Ghoname, A.A., El-Awadi, M.E., Fawzy, Z.F. and Gruda, N. (2012). Ameliorative effects of brassinosteroids on growth and productivity of snap beans grown under high temperature. Gesunde Pflanzen.64:175-182.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A. and Lee, D.J. (2009). Exogenously applied polyamines increase drought tolerance of rice by improving leaf water status, photosynthesis and membrane properties. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 31, 937-945.
Farouk, S. (2011). Ascorbic acid and Tocopherol minimize salt-induced wheat leaf senescence. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:58-79.
Feng, R., Wei, C. and Tu, S. (2013). The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany.87:58-68.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: The heart of the redox hub. PlantPhysiology. 155:2-18.
Fricke, W., Akhiyarova, G., Veselov, D. and Kudoyarova, G. (2004). Rapid and tissue-specific changes in ABA and in growth rate in response to salinity in barley leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55:1115-1123.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A. and Fujita, M. (2011). Selenium-induced up-regulation of the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system reduces salinity-induced damage in rapeseed seedlings. Biological Trace Element Research. 143:1704-1721.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A. and Fujita, M. (2012). Exogenous selenium pretreatment protects rapeseed seedlings from cadmium-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Biological Trace Element Research. 149:248-261.
Hussain, M., Malik, M.A., Farooq, M., Ashraf, M.Y. and Cheema, M.A. (2008). Improving drought tolerance by exogenous application of glycinebetaine and salicylic acid in sunflower. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Sciences. 194:193-199.
Imami, S., Jamshidi, S. and Shahrokhi, S. (2011). Salicylic acid foliar and soil application effect on chickpea resistance to chilling stress. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. 24:403-407.
Kamran, M., Shahbaz, M., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2009). Alleviation of drought induced adverse effects in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using proline as a presowing seed treatment. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41:621-632.
Kattab, H. (2007). Role of glutathione and polyadenylic acid on the oxidative defense systems of two different cultivars of canola seedlings grown under saline condition. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1:323-334.
Kaya, C., Tuna, A.L. and Yokas, I. (2009). The role of plant hormones in plants under salinity stress. In: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., Athar, HR. (eds) Salinity and water stress: improving crop efficiency. Springer, Berlin.
Kumar, S., Kaushal, N., Nayyar, H. and Gaur, P. (2012). Abscisic acid induces heat tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by facilitated accumulation of osmoprotectants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34:1651-1658.
Kumar, S., Singh, R. and Nayyar, H. (2013). α-Tocopherol application modulates the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings to elevated temperatures by mitigation of stress injury and enhancement of antioxidants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 32(2):307-314.
Kumari, M., Sinhal, V.K., Srivastava, A. and Singh, V.P. (2011). Zinc alleviates cadmium induced toxicity in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Journal of Phytology.3:43-46.
Li, S.W., Leng, Y., Feng, L. and Zeng, Z.Y. (2014). Involvement of abscisic acid in regulating antioxidative defense systems and IAA oxidase activity and improving adventitious rooting in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] seedlings under cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21:525-537.
Liang, Y., Zhu, J., Li, Z., Chu, G., Ding, Y. and Zhang, J., (2008). Role of silicon in enhancing resistance to freezing stress in two contrasting winter wheat cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 64:286-294.
Lu, S., Sub, W., Li, H., and Guo, Z. (2009). Abscisic acid improves drought tolerance of triploid bermudagrass and involves H2O2-and NO-induced antioxidant enzyme activities. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47:132-138.
Lushchak, V.I. and Semchuk, N.M. (2012). Tocopherol biosynthesis: chemistry, regulation and effects of environmental factors. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34:1607-1628.
Ma, J.F. and Yamaji, N. (2008). Functions and transport of silicon in plants. Cellular and molecular life sciences. 65:3049-3057.
Ma, X.L., Wang, Y.J., Xie, S.L., Wang, C. and Wang, W. (2007). Glycinebetaine application ameliorates negative effects of drought stress in tobacco. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54:472-479.
Malik J.A., Goel, S., Kaur, N., Sharma, S., Singh, I. and Nayyar, H. (2012). Selenium antagonises the toxic effects of arsenic on mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) plants by restricting its uptake and enhancing the antioxidative and detoxification mechanisms. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 77:242-248.
Mansoor, S. and Naqvi, F.N. (2012). Effect of gibberellic acid on amylase activity in heat stressed mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 11414-11419.
Movahhedy-Dehnavy, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. and Mokhtassi-Bidgolia, A. (2009). Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops Production. 30:82-92.
Munir, N. and Aftab, F.(2011). Enhancement of salt tolerance in sugarcane by ascorbic acid pretreatment. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10:18362-18370.
Munne´-Bosch, S.(2005). The role of α-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162:743-748.
Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Alam, M.M. and Fujita, M.(2012). Exogenous glutathione alleviates short-term abiotic stress by modulating antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system in V. radiata seedlings. Annual Meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology, June 29–July 02, 2012. Salzburg, Austria.
Navneet, K., Sharma, Sh., Kaur, S. and Nayyar, H.(2014). Selenium in agriculture: a nutrient or contaminant for crops? Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 60(12):1593-1624.
Pandey, D.M., Goswami, C. and Kumar, B.(2003). Physiological effects of plant hormones in cotton under drought. Biologia Plantarum. 47:535-540.
Parveen, N. and Ashraf, M.(2010). Role of silicon in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on growth and photosynthetic attributes of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars grown hydroponically. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42: 1675-1684.
Patel, H.V., Parmar, S.R., Chudasama, C.J. and Mangrola, A.V.(2013). Interactive studies of zinc with cadmium & arsenic on seed germination and antioxidant properties of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 3:166-174.
Pessarakli, M.(2002). Hand book of Plant and Crop Physiology, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Pessarakli, M.(2011). Hand book of Plant and Crop Stress, 3rd edn. Published by Taylor & Francis Group.
Poonam, S., Kaur, H. and Geetika, S.(2013). Effect of jasmonic acid on photosynthetic pigments and stress markers in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. seedlings under copper stress. American Journal of Plant Science.4:817-823.
Radhakrishnan, R. and Lee, I.J.(2013). Ameliorative effects of spermine against osmotic stress through antioxidants and abscisic acid changes in soybean pods and seeds. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35:263-269.
Rady, M.M., Sadak, M.S., El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. and Abd El-Monem, A.A.(2011). Alleviation the adverse effects of salinity stress in sun flower cultivars using nicotinamide and Tocopherol. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5:342-355.
Rahman, M.S., Miyake, H. and Takeoka, Y.(2012). Effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on growth and ultrastructure of salt-stressed rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Production Science. 5:33-44.
Saleethong, P., Sanitchon, J., Kong-ngern, K. and Theerakulpisut, P.(2011). Pretreatment with spermidine reverses inhibitory effects of salt stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 10:245-254.
Saleh, A.A.H.(2007). Amelioration of chilling injuries in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings by paclobutrazol, abscicic acid and hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Plant Physiology.2:318-322.
Samira, IM-H., Dridi-Mouhandes, B., ben Mansour-Gueddes, S. and Denden, M.(2012). 24-Epibrassinolide ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress (NaCl) on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 8:232-240.
Sasse, J.M.(2003). Physiological actions of brassinosteroids: an update. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 22:276-288.
Shafiq, S., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M. and Arshad, A.(2014). Synergistic effects of drought and ascorbic acid on growth, mineral nutrients and oxidative defense system in canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 36:1539-1553.
Sharaf, A.E.M., Farghal, I.I. and Sofy, M.R.(2009). Role of gibberellic acid in abolishing the detrimental effects of Cd and Pb on broad bean and lupin plants. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences.5: 668-673.
Sharma, D.K., Dubey, A.K., Srivastav, M., Singh, A.K., Sairam, R.K., Pandey, R.N., Dahuja, A. and Kaur, C.(2011). Effect of putrescine and paclobutrazol on growth, physiochemical parameters, and nutrient acquisition of salt-sensitive citrus rootstock Karna khatta (Citrus karna Raf.) under NaCl Stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 30:301-311.
Shen, X., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Li, Z., Eneji, A.E. and Li, Z.(2010). Silicon effects on photosynthesis and antioxidant parameters of soybean seedlings under drought and ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 167:1248-1252.
Sheteawi, S.(2007). Improving growth and yield of salt-stressed soybean by exogenous application of jasmonic acid and ascobin. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9:473-478.
Song, A., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Xue, G., Fan, F. and Liang, Y. (2009). Silicon-enhanced resistance to cadmium toxicity in Brassica chinensis L. is attributed to Si-suppressed cadmium uptake and transport and Si-enhanced antioxidant defense capacity. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 172:74-83.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E.(2006). Plant Physiology. 4th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
Thalooth, A.T., Tawfik, M.M. and Mohamed, H.M.(2006). A comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mung bean plants grown under water stress conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 2:37-46.
Tuteja, N. and Gill, S.S.(2013). Crop Improvement under Adverse Conditions. Published by Springer.
Umebese, C.E. and Bankole, A.E.(2013). Impact of salicylic acid on antioxidants, biomass and osmotic adjustments in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. during water deficit stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 12:5200-5207.
Wang, C.Q., Xu, H.J. and Liu, T.(2011). Effect of selenium on ascorbate-glutathione metabolism during PEG induced water deficit in Trifolium repens L. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 30:436-444.
Xiaoqin, Y., Jianzhou, C. and Guangyin, W. (2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 130:283-290.
Xu, J., Yin, H.X. and Li, X., (2009). Protective effects of proline against cadmium toxicity in micro propagated hyper accumulator, Solanum nigrum L. Plant Cell Reports.28:325-353.
Yan, Z., Guo, S., Shu, S., Sun, J. and Tezuka, T., (2011). Effects of proline on photosynthesis, root reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in two melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L.) under NaCl stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10:18381-18390.
Yao, X., Chu, J. and Wang, G.(2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 130:283-290.
Yusuf, M., Fariduddin, Q., Varshney, P. and Ahmad, A.(2012). Salicylic acid minimizes nickel and/or salinity-induced toxicity in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) through an improved antioxidant system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 19:8-18.
Zeid, I.M. and Shedeed, Z.A., (2007). Alterations in nitrogen metabolites after putrescine treatment in alfalfa under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 10:1513-1518.
Zhang, F., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Wang, G., Xu, L. and Shen, Z. (2011). Exogenous application of salicylic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity and reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation in root apoplasts of Phaseolus aureus and Vicia sativa. Plant Cell Reports.30:1475-1483.
Zhang, M., Zhai, Z., Tian, X., Duan, L. and Li, Z.(2008). Brassinolide alleviated the adverse effect of water deficits on photosynthesis and the antioxidant of soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant Growth Regulation. 56:257-264.
Zhao, X.X., Ma, Q.Q., Liang, C., Fang, Y., Wang, Y.Q. and Wang, W.(2007). Effect of glycinebetaine on function of thylakoid membranes in wheat flag leaves under drought stress. Biologia Plantarum. 51:584-588.
Zhou, Z.S., Guo, K., Elbaz, A.A. and Yang, Z.M. (2009). Salicylic acid alleviates mercury toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa. Environmental and Experimental Botany.65:27-34.
_||_
Agarie, S., Hanaoka, N., Ueno, O., Miyazaki, A., Kubota, F. and Agata, W. (1998). Effects of silicon on tolerance to water deficit and heat stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), monitored by electrolyte leakage. Plant Production Science. 1:96-103.
Ahmad, P. (2010). Growth and antioxidant responses in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) plants subjected to combined effect of gibberellic acid and salinity. Archive of Agronomy and Soil Science. 56:575-588.
Ahmad, P., Azooz, M.M. and Prasad, M.N.V. (2013). Ecophysiology and Responses of Plants under Salt Stress. Published by Springer.
Ahmed, M., Hassen, F., Qadeer, U. and Aslam, M.A. (2011). Silicon application and drought tolerance mechanism of sorghum. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:594-607.
Alam, M.M., Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M. and Fujita, M. (2014). Exogenous jasmonic acid modulates the physiology, antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system in imparting drought stress tolerance in different Brassica species. Plant Biotechnology Report.8:279-293.
Ali, B., Hasan, S.A. and Hayat, S. (2008). A role for brassinosteroids in the amelioration of aluminium stress through antioxidant system in mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Environmental and Experimental Botany.62:153-159.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M. and Athar, H.R. (2007). Exogenously applied proline at different growth stages enhances growth of two maize cultivars grown under water deficit conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 39:1133-1144.
Arora, A.S., Umer, S. and Mishra, S.N.(2012). Boron and zinc response on growth in Vigna radiata L. Wilczek var. Pusa Vishal under salinity. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences.2:131-138.
Ayub, N., Bano, A., Ramzan, S. and Usman, M. (2000). Effect of VAM on drought tolerance and growth of plant in comparison with the effect of growth regulators. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 3:957-959.
Azooz, M.M. and Ahmad, P. (2015). Legumes under Environmental Stress: Yield, Improvement and Adaptations. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Azzedine, F., Gherroucha, H. and Baka, M. (2011). Improvement of salt tolerance in durum wheat by ascorbic acid application. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:27-37.
Bafeel, S.O. and Ibrahim, M.M.(2008). Antioxidants and accumulation of α-tocopherol induce chilling tolerance in Medicago sativa. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology.10:593-598.
Bellaloui, N. (2011). Effect of water stress and foliar boron application on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and nitrogen metabolism in soybean. American Journal of Plant Sciences.2:692-701.
Broadley, M., Brown, P., Cakmak, I., Ma, J.F., Rengel, Z. and Zhao, F. (2012). Beneficial Elements. In: Marschner, P. (Ed.), Marschner’s Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd edition Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 249-269.
Bybordi, A. (2012). Effect of ascorbic acid and silicium on photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and fatty acid contents in canola exposure to salt stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 11:1610-1620.
Chai, Y.Y., Jiang, C.D., Shi, L., Shi, T.S. and Gu, W.B.(2010). Effects of exogenous spermine on sweet sorghum during germination under salinity. Biologia Plantarum. 54:145-148.
Chu, I., Yao, X. and Zhang, Z.(2010). Responses of wheat seedlings to exogenous selenium supply under cold stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 136:355-363.
Davies, P.J.(2004). Plant Hormones, Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Deivanai, S., Xavier, R., Vinod, V., Timalata, K. and Lim. O.F. (2011). Role of exogenous proline in ameliorating salt stress at early stage in two rice cultivars. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:157-174.
Djanaguiraman, M., Prasad, P.V.V. and Seppanen, M. (2010). Selenium protects sorghum leaves from oxidative damage under high temperature stress by enhancing antioxidant defense system. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 48:999-1007.
Dolatabadian, A. and Jouneghani, R.S. (2009). Impact of exogenous ascorbic acid on antioxidant activity and some physiological traits of common bean subjected to salinity stress. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca.37:165-172.
El-Bassiony, A.M., Ghoname, A.A., El-Awadi, M.E., Fawzy, Z.F. and Gruda, N. (2012). Ameliorative effects of brassinosteroids on growth and productivity of snap beans grown under high temperature. Gesunde Pflanzen.64:175-182.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A. and Lee, D.J. (2009). Exogenously applied polyamines increase drought tolerance of rice by improving leaf water status, photosynthesis and membrane properties. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 31, 937-945.
Farouk, S. (2011). Ascorbic acid and Tocopherol minimize salt-induced wheat leaf senescence. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 7:58-79.
Feng, R., Wei, C. and Tu, S. (2013). The roles of selenium in protecting plants against abiotic stresses. Environmental and Experimental Botany.87:58-68.
Foyer, C.H. and Noctor, G. (2011). Ascorbate and glutathione: The heart of the redox hub. PlantPhysiology. 155:2-18.
Fricke, W., Akhiyarova, G., Veselov, D. and Kudoyarova, G. (2004). Rapid and tissue-specific changes in ABA and in growth rate in response to salinity in barley leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany. 55:1115-1123.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A. and Fujita, M. (2011). Selenium-induced up-regulation of the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system reduces salinity-induced damage in rapeseed seedlings. Biological Trace Element Research. 143:1704-1721.
Hasanuzzaman, M., Hossain, M.A. and Fujita, M. (2012). Exogenous selenium pretreatment protects rapeseed seedlings from cadmium-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems. Biological Trace Element Research. 149:248-261.
Hussain, M., Malik, M.A., Farooq, M., Ashraf, M.Y. and Cheema, M.A. (2008). Improving drought tolerance by exogenous application of glycinebetaine and salicylic acid in sunflower. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Sciences. 194:193-199.
Imami, S., Jamshidi, S. and Shahrokhi, S. (2011). Salicylic acid foliar and soil application effect on chickpea resistance to chilling stress. International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. 24:403-407.
Kamran, M., Shahbaz, M., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2009). Alleviation of drought induced adverse effects in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using proline as a presowing seed treatment. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41:621-632.
Kattab, H. (2007). Role of glutathione and polyadenylic acid on the oxidative defense systems of two different cultivars of canola seedlings grown under saline condition. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 1:323-334.
Kaya, C., Tuna, A.L. and Yokas, I. (2009). The role of plant hormones in plants under salinity stress. In: Ashraf, M., Ozturk, M., Athar, HR. (eds) Salinity and water stress: improving crop efficiency. Springer, Berlin.
Kumar, S., Kaushal, N., Nayyar, H. and Gaur, P. (2012). Abscisic acid induces heat tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seedlings by facilitated accumulation of osmoprotectants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34:1651-1658.
Kumar, S., Singh, R. and Nayyar, H. (2013). α-Tocopherol application modulates the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings to elevated temperatures by mitigation of stress injury and enhancement of antioxidants. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 32(2):307-314.
Kumari, M., Sinhal, V.K., Srivastava, A. and Singh, V.P. (2011). Zinc alleviates cadmium induced toxicity in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek. Journal of Phytology.3:43-46.
Li, S.W., Leng, Y., Feng, L. and Zeng, Z.Y. (2014). Involvement of abscisic acid in regulating antioxidative defense systems and IAA oxidase activity and improving adventitious rooting in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] seedlings under cadmium stress. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 21:525-537.
Liang, Y., Zhu, J., Li, Z., Chu, G., Ding, Y. and Zhang, J., (2008). Role of silicon in enhancing resistance to freezing stress in two contrasting winter wheat cultivars. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 64:286-294.
Lu, S., Sub, W., Li, H., and Guo, Z. (2009). Abscisic acid improves drought tolerance of triploid bermudagrass and involves H2O2-and NO-induced antioxidant enzyme activities. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. 47:132-138.
Lushchak, V.I. and Semchuk, N.M. (2012). Tocopherol biosynthesis: chemistry, regulation and effects of environmental factors. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 34:1607-1628.
Ma, J.F. and Yamaji, N. (2008). Functions and transport of silicon in plants. Cellular and molecular life sciences. 65:3049-3057.
Ma, X.L., Wang, Y.J., Xie, S.L., Wang, C. and Wang, W. (2007). Glycinebetaine application ameliorates negative effects of drought stress in tobacco. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 54:472-479.
Malik J.A., Goel, S., Kaur, N., Sharma, S., Singh, I. and Nayyar, H. (2012). Selenium antagonises the toxic effects of arsenic on mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) plants by restricting its uptake and enhancing the antioxidative and detoxification mechanisms. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 77:242-248.
Mansoor, S. and Naqvi, F.N. (2012). Effect of gibberellic acid on amylase activity in heat stressed mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) seedlings. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11: 11414-11419.
Movahhedy-Dehnavy, M., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M. and Mokhtassi-Bidgolia, A. (2009). Foliar application of zinc and manganese improves seed yield and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) grown under water deficit stress. Industrial Crops Production. 30:82-92.
Munir, N. and Aftab, F.(2011). Enhancement of salt tolerance in sugarcane by ascorbic acid pretreatment. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10:18362-18370.
Munne´-Bosch, S.(2005). The role of α-tocopherol in plant stress tolerance. Journal of Plant Physiology. 162:743-748.
Nahar, K., Hasanuzzaman, M., Alam, M.M. and Fujita, M.(2012). Exogenous glutathione alleviates short-term abiotic stress by modulating antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification system in V. radiata seedlings. Annual Meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology, June 29–July 02, 2012. Salzburg, Austria.
Navneet, K., Sharma, Sh., Kaur, S. and Nayyar, H.(2014). Selenium in agriculture: a nutrient or contaminant for crops? Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science. 60(12):1593-1624.
Pandey, D.M., Goswami, C. and Kumar, B.(2003). Physiological effects of plant hormones in cotton under drought. Biologia Plantarum. 47:535-540.
Parveen, N. and Ashraf, M.(2010). Role of silicon in mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress on growth and photosynthetic attributes of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars grown hydroponically. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 42: 1675-1684.
Patel, H.V., Parmar, S.R., Chudasama, C.J. and Mangrola, A.V.(2013). Interactive studies of zinc with cadmium & arsenic on seed germination and antioxidant properties of Phaseolus aureus Roxb. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences. 3:166-174.
Pessarakli, M.(2002). Hand book of Plant and Crop Physiology, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Pessarakli, M.(2011). Hand book of Plant and Crop Stress, 3rd edn. Published by Taylor & Francis Group.
Poonam, S., Kaur, H. and Geetika, S.(2013). Effect of jasmonic acid on photosynthetic pigments and stress markers in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. seedlings under copper stress. American Journal of Plant Science.4:817-823.
Radhakrishnan, R. and Lee, I.J.(2013). Ameliorative effects of spermine against osmotic stress through antioxidants and abscisic acid changes in soybean pods and seeds. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 35:263-269.
Rady, M.M., Sadak, M.S., El-Bassiouny, H.M.S. and Abd El-Monem, A.A.(2011). Alleviation the adverse effects of salinity stress in sun flower cultivars using nicotinamide and Tocopherol. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 5:342-355.
Rahman, M.S., Miyake, H. and Takeoka, Y.(2012). Effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on growth and ultrastructure of salt-stressed rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Production Science. 5:33-44.
Saleethong, P., Sanitchon, J., Kong-ngern, K. and Theerakulpisut, P.(2011). Pretreatment with spermidine reverses inhibitory effects of salt stress in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Asian Journal of Plant Science. 10:245-254.
Saleh, A.A.H.(2007). Amelioration of chilling injuries in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) seedlings by paclobutrazol, abscicic acid and hydrogen peroxide. American Journal of Plant Physiology.2:318-322.
Samira, IM-H., Dridi-Mouhandes, B., ben Mansour-Gueddes, S. and Denden, M.(2012). 24-Epibrassinolide ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress (NaCl) on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry. 8:232-240.
Sasse, J.M.(2003). Physiological actions of brassinosteroids: an update. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 22:276-288.
Shafiq, S., Akram, N.A., Ashraf, M. and Arshad, A.(2014). Synergistic effects of drought and ascorbic acid on growth, mineral nutrients and oxidative defense system in canola (Brassica napus L.) plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 36:1539-1553.
Sharaf, A.E.M., Farghal, I.I. and Sofy, M.R.(2009). Role of gibberellic acid in abolishing the detrimental effects of Cd and Pb on broad bean and lupin plants. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences.5: 668-673.
Sharma, D.K., Dubey, A.K., Srivastav, M., Singh, A.K., Sairam, R.K., Pandey, R.N., Dahuja, A. and Kaur, C.(2011). Effect of putrescine and paclobutrazol on growth, physiochemical parameters, and nutrient acquisition of salt-sensitive citrus rootstock Karna khatta (Citrus karna Raf.) under NaCl Stress. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 30:301-311.
Shen, X., Zhou, Y., Duan, L., Li, Z., Eneji, A.E. and Li, Z.(2010). Silicon effects on photosynthesis and antioxidant parameters of soybean seedlings under drought and ultraviolet-B radiation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 167:1248-1252.
Sheteawi, S.(2007). Improving growth and yield of salt-stressed soybean by exogenous application of jasmonic acid and ascobin. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9:473-478.
Song, A., Li, Z., Zhang, J., Xue, G., Fan, F. and Liang, Y. (2009). Silicon-enhanced resistance to cadmium toxicity in Brassica chinensis L. is attributed to Si-suppressed cadmium uptake and transport and Si-enhanced antioxidant defense capacity. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 172:74-83.
Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E.(2006). Plant Physiology. 4th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland.
Thalooth, A.T., Tawfik, M.M. and Mohamed, H.M.(2006). A comparative study on the effect of foliar application of zinc, potassium and magnesium on growth, yield and some chemical constituents of mung bean plants grown under water stress conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Science. 2:37-46.
Tuteja, N. and Gill, S.S.(2013). Crop Improvement under Adverse Conditions. Published by Springer.
Umebese, C.E. and Bankole, A.E.(2013). Impact of salicylic acid on antioxidants, biomass and osmotic adjustments in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. during water deficit stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 12:5200-5207.
Wang, C.Q., Xu, H.J. and Liu, T.(2011). Effect of selenium on ascorbate-glutathione metabolism during PEG induced water deficit in Trifolium repens L. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 30:436-444.
Xiaoqin, Y., Jianzhou, C. and Guangyin, W. (2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 130:283-290.
Xu, J., Yin, H.X. and Li, X., (2009). Protective effects of proline against cadmium toxicity in micro propagated hyper accumulator, Solanum nigrum L. Plant Cell Reports.28:325-353.
Yan, Z., Guo, S., Shu, S., Sun, J. and Tezuka, T., (2011). Effects of proline on photosynthesis, root reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in two melon cultivars (Cucumis melo L.) under NaCl stress. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10:18381-18390.
Yao, X., Chu, J. and Wang, G.(2009). Effects of selenium on wheat seedlings under drought stress. Biological Trace Element Research. 130:283-290.
Yusuf, M., Fariduddin, Q., Varshney, P. and Ahmad, A.(2012). Salicylic acid minimizes nickel and/or salinity-induced toxicity in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) through an improved antioxidant system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 19:8-18.
Zeid, I.M. and Shedeed, Z.A., (2007). Alterations in nitrogen metabolites after putrescine treatment in alfalfa under drought stress. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. 10:1513-1518.
Zhang, F., Zhang, H., Xia, Y., Wang, G., Xu, L. and Shen, Z. (2011). Exogenous application of salicylic acid alleviates cadmium toxicity and reduces hydrogen peroxide accumulation in root apoplasts of Phaseolus aureus and Vicia sativa. Plant Cell Reports.30:1475-1483.
Zhang, M., Zhai, Z., Tian, X., Duan, L. and Li, Z.(2008). Brassinolide alleviated the adverse effect of water deficits on photosynthesis and the antioxidant of soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant Growth Regulation. 56:257-264.
Zhao, X.X., Ma, Q.Q., Liang, C., Fang, Y., Wang, Y.Q. and Wang, W.(2007). Effect of glycinebetaine on function of thylakoid membranes in wheat flag leaves under drought stress. Biologia Plantarum. 51:584-588.
Zhou, Z.S., Guo, K., Elbaz, A.A. and Yang, Z.M. (2009). Salicylic acid alleviates mercury toxicity by preventing oxidative stress in roots of Medicago sativa. Environmental and Experimental Botany.65:27-34.