Humic acid affects some growth parameters, chlorophyll, flavonoids, antioxidant enzymes and essential oil of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad under salinity stress
Subject Areas : Stress PhysiologyHadis Zaremanesh 1 , Hamid Reza Eisvand 2 , Naser Akbari 3 , Ahmad Ismaili 4 , Mohammad Feizian 5
1 - Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Iran
2 - Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Iran
3 - Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University, Iran
4 - Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Lorestan University,Iran
5 - Department of Soil Science, Lorestan University, Iran
Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Antioxidant, environmental stress, Secondary metabolites, Organic essential oil,
Abstract :
Salinity stress is a limiting factor for plant growth and production. To reduce the salinity effects, humic acid was applied in soil, and its mitigation effect was studied on Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. The research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized block design with four replications at Lorestan University. The factors included salinity stress (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl) and humic acid (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg soil). Results showed that salinity stress decreased plant height, dry weight, leaf number, root length, chlorophyll, and carotenoids. However, it significantly increased flavonoid contents and SOD, CAT, and GR activities. Essential oil (EO) quantity and quality were affected by salinity. The EO percentage and yield decreased by salinity. Forty-three constituents were identified, among which carvacrol, γ-terpinene, α-terpinene, myrcene, p-cymene, α-thujene, citronellol, and α-pinene were the major compounds according to their contents and formed more than 94% of the EO. The percentage of some of the other constituents decreased to zero under specific salinity and humic acid treatments. The application of humic acid could mitigate salinity effects on growth and EO production. However, there was an interaction between salinity and humic acid on EO yield and quality. It seems that the application of humic acid is useful for improvement EO yield of S. khuzestani, but the amount of its application depends on the EO consumers’ favorite.
Abdelgawad, H., G. Zinta, M. M. Hegab, R. Pandey, H. Asard and W. Abuelsoud, 2016. 'High salinity induces different oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in maize seedlings organs'. Frontiers in plant science.7, 276-276.
Ahmadi, S., F. Sefidkon, P. Babakhanlo, F. Asgari, K. Khademi, N. Valizadeh and M. A. Karimifar, 2009. 'Comparing essential oil composition of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge before and full flowering stages in field and provenance'. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research.25, (2) 159-169.
Akcin, A. and E. Yalcin, 2016. 'Effect of salinity stress on chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and proline in Salicornia prostrata Pall. and Suaeda prostrata Pall. subsp. prostrata (Amaranthaceae) '. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 39, 101-106.
Alizadeh, A., F. Nadjafi, J. Hadian and P. Salehi, 2016. 'Effect of different levels of humic-acid and vermicompost extract on growth, yield, morphological and phytochemical properties of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad'. Agroecology.10(1), 69-80.
Amiri, H. and L. Moazzeni, 2016. ' Interaction of salinity and ascorbic acid with some biochemical features in Satureja khuzestanica'. Nova Biologica Reperta.3, (1) 69-79.
Anoshee, M. and M. Farzami Sepehr, 2016. ' The effect of salinity pretreatment of Glomus mosseae on induction of salinity tolerance in Lycopersicum esculentum L. ' Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology, 6(4), 1815-1824.
Arnon, A. N., 1967. 'Method of extraction of chlorophyll in the plants'. Agronomy Journal.23, 112-121.
Beauchamp, C. and I. Fridovich, 1971. ' Superoxide dismutase: Improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels'. Annals of Biochemistry.44 276-287.
Bradford, M. M., 1976. 'A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding'. Annals of Biochemistry.72, 248-254.
British Pharmacopoeia. 1993. HMSO: London .
Chance, B. and A. Maehly, 1955. 'Assay of catalases and peroxidases'. Methods in Enzymology.2, 764-775.
Chang, C., M. Yang, H. Wen and J. Chern, 2002. 'Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods'. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis.10, 178-182.
Chen, S., F. Wu, Y. Li, Y. Qian, X. Pan, F. Li, Y. Wang, Z. Wu, C. Fu, H. Lin and A. Yang, 2019. 'NtMYB4 and NtCHS1 are critical factors in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and are involved in salinity responsiveness'. Frontiers in Plant Science.10, 178.
Colla, G., Y. Rouphael, M. Cardarelli, E. Svecova, E. Rea and L. Lucini, 2013. 'Effects of saline stress on mineral composition, phenolic acids and flavonoids in leaves of artichoke and cardoon genotypes grown in floating system'. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture.93(5), 1119-1127
Cordeiro, F. C., C. Santa-Catarina, V. Silveira and S. R. D. Souza, 2011. ' Humic acid effect on catalase activity and the generation of reactive oxygen species in corn (Zea mays). ' Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.75, (1) 70-74.
Dhindsa, R. S., P. Plumb-Dhindsa and T. A. Thorpe, 1981. 'Leaf senescence: correlated with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase'. Journal of Experimental Botany.32, 93-101.
Essawi, T. and M. Srour, 2000. 'Screening of some Palestinian medicinal plants for antibacterial activity'. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.70, 343-349.
Estaji, A., H. R. Roosta, S. Rezaei, S. Hosseini and F. Niknam, 2018. 'Morphological, physiological and phytochemical response of different Satureja hortensis L. accessions to salinity in a greenhouse experiment'. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.
Gaafar, R. M. and M. M. Seyam, 2018. ' Ascorbate-glutathione cycle confers salt tolerance in Egyptian lentil cultivars'. Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology.24, (6) 1083-1092.
Haddadi, B. S., H. Hassanpour and V. Niknam, 2016. 'Effect of salinity and waterlogging on growth, anatomical and antioxidative responses in Mentha aquatica L. ' Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.38,
Hadian, J., S. Nejad Ebrahimi and P. Salehi, 2010. 'Variability of morphological and phytochemical characteristics among Satureja hortensis L. accessions of Iran'. Industrial Crops and Products.32, 62-69.
Haghighi, M., M. Kafi and P. Fang, 2012. 'Photosynthetic activity and N metabolism of lettuce as affected by humic acid. ' International Journal of Vegetable Science. 18, 182-189.
Jabbarzadeh, Z. and P. Talebi, 2018. 'Effect of humic acid application on some physiological characteristics of Miniature Rose (Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Baby Masquerade’). ' Journal of Plant Process and Function.7, (23) 263-272.
Karakut, Y., H. Unlu and H. Padem, 2009. 'The influence of foliar and soil fertilization humic acid on yield and quality of pepper'. Plant Soil science.59, (3) 233-237.
Kaya, C., N. A. Akram, M. Ashraf and O. Sonmez, 2018. 'Exogenous application of humic acid mitigates salinity stress in maize (Zea mays L.) plants by improving some key physico-biochemical attributes'. Cereal Research Communications.46, (1) 67-78.
Khadivi-Khub, A., H. Salehi-Arjmand and J. Hadian, 2014. 'Morphological and phytochemical variation of Satureja bachtiarica populations from Iran'. Industrial Crops and Products.54, 257-265.
Khattak, R. A., K. Haroon and D. Muhammad, 2013. ' Mechanism(s) of humic acid induce beneficial effects in salt affected soils'. Science Research Essays.8, 932-939.
Khosropour, M., H. Sodaeizadeh and M. A. Hakimzadeh. 2015. 'The role of humic acid in reducing the effect of salinity stress on two savory species'. ACONF04_118.html. In Fourth National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable Natural Resources. Tehran, Iran Environmentalists Extension Group, Mehr Arvand Institute of Higher Education
Mehdizadeh, L., M. Moghaddam and A. Lakzian, 2019. 'Alleviating negative effects of salinity stress in summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) by biochar application. ' Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.41,
Mozafarian, V. 1996. Lexicon of Iranian Plant Names Publishing Contemporary Vocabulary. pp 234-251 (in Farsi). Tehran Press, Tehran
Naiji, M. and M. K. Souri, 2015. 'Evaluation of growth and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis) under organic and biological fertilizers toward organic production'. The Plant Production (Scientific Journal of Agriculture).38, (3) 93-103.
Najafi, F., R. A. Khanvari-Nejad and M. Siah Ali, 2010. 'The effect of salt stress on certain physiological parameters in summer savory (Satureja hortensis) plant'. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry.6, 13-21.
Nakabayashi, R. and K. Saito, 2015. 'Integrated metabolomics for abiotic stress responses in plants'. Current Opinion in Plant Biology.24, 6-10.
Nardi, S., P. Carletti, D. Pizzeghello and A. Muscolo, 2009. 'Biological activities of humic substances'. In Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems, ed. Senesi N, Xing BandPM Huang:305-339: Wiley, Hoboken Number of 305-339 pp.
Narimani, R., M. Moghaddam, A. Ghasemi Pirbalouti and S. H. Nemati, 2018. 'Effect of humic acid and ascorbate on growth and biochemical traits of Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) under salinity stress'. Journal of Plant Process and Function.7, (23) 297-312.
Niakan, M., R. A. Khavarynejad and M. B. Rezaee, 2004. ' Effect of different rates of N/P/K fertilizer on leaf freash weight, dry weight, leaf area and oil content in Menth piperita L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research.20, (2) 131-148.
Nimir Eltyb, A. N., S. Lu, G. Zhou, W. Guo, B. Ma and Y. Wang, 2015. 'Comparative effects of gibberellic acid, kinetin and salicylicacid on emergence, seedling growth and the antioxidantdefence system of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) under salinity and temperature stresses' Crop and Pasture Science 66, 145-157.
Nooshkam, A., N. Majnoon Hosseini, J. Hadian and M. R. Jahansooz, 2015. ' Study the effects of biological and chemical fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of savory specie (Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad) '. Journal of Crop Production.8, (4) 87-103.
Ouni, Y., T. Ghnaya, F. Montemurro, C. Abdelly and A. Lakhdar, 2014. 'The role of humic substances in mitigating the harmful effects of soil salinity and improve plant productivity'. International Journal of Plant Production.8, (3) 353-374.
Pandey, S., D. Fartyal, A. Agarwal, T. Shukla, D. James, T. Kaul, Y. K. Negi, S. Arora and M. K. Reddy, 2017. 'Abiotic stress tolerance in plants: Myriad roles of ascorbate peroxidase'. Frontiers in plant science.8, 581-581.
Quaggiotti, S., B. Ruperti, D. Pizzeghello, O. Francioso, V. Tugnoli and S. Nardi, 2004. 'Effect of low molecular size humic substances on nitrate uptake and expression of genes involved in nitrate transport in maize (Zea mays L.) '. Journal of Experimental Botany.55, (398) 803-813.
Rahal, A., A. Kumar, V. Singh, B. Yadav, R. Tiwari, S. Chakraborty and K. Dhama, 2014. ' Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay'. BioMed Research International.2014, 761264.
Rahimian, F. and H. R. Eisvand, 2016. 'Effects of savory essential oil on germination parameters of Fusarium infected seeds of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) '. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 6, (3) 1745-1750.
Rechinger, K. 1982.'Satureja. Flora Desiranischen Hoclandes and der Umrah-menden Gebirge'. Akademische Druku Verlags Antalt Graz, Austria. 495-504 pp.
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., A. Aminghafori, S. Bakhshaie and L. Jafari, 2013. 'The effect of organic and biofertilizers on some quantitative characteristics and essential oil content of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) '. Agroecology.5, (2) 105-112.
Rios-Gonzalez, K., L. Erdei and S. H. Lips, 2002. 'The activity of antioxidant enzymes in maize and sunflower seedlings as affected by salinity and different nitrogen sources'. Plant Science.162, 923-930.
Saei-Dehkordi, S. S., A. Fallah, M. Heidari-Nasirabad and M. Moradi, 2012. 'Chemical composition, antioxidative capacity and interactive antimicrobial potency of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad essential oil and antimicrobial agents against selected food-related microorganisms'. International Journal of Food Science and Technology.
Sánchez-Sánchez, A., J. Sánchez-Andreu, M. Juárez, J. Jordá and D. Bermúdez, 2006. 'Improvement of iron uptake in table grape by addition of humic substances'. Journal of Plant Nutrition.29, (2) 259-272.
Santos, C. V., 2004. 'Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves'. Scientia Horticulturae.103, 93-99.
Sebastiano, D., Roberto, T., Ersilio, D. and Arturo, A., 2005. 'Effect of foliar application of N and humic acids on growth and yield of durum wheat'. Agronomy For Sustainable Development.25, (2) 183-191.
Sefidkon, F., Z. Jamzad and M. Mirza, 2004. 'Chemical variation in the essential oil of Satureja sahandica from Iran'. Journal of Food Chemistry.88, 32-328.
Shahbazi, A. and P. Golkar, 2017. ' Effects of salt Stress on antioxidants activity and seedling traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes'. Journal of Plant Production Sciences.7, (1) 10-21.
Shahnazi, S., F. Khalighi - Sigaroodi, Y. Ajani, D. Yazdani, R. Taghizad - Farid, M. Ahvazi and M. Abdoli, 2008. 'The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Satureja intermedia C. A. Mey'. Journal of Medicinal Plants.7, (25) 85-92.
Sivritepe, N., O. Sivritepe, H. Celik and V. Katkat, 2010. 'Salinity responses of grafted grapevines: effects of scion and rootstock genotypes'. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca.38, (3) 193-201.
Sokovic, M., O. Tzakouo, D. Pitarokili and M. Couladis, 2002. 'Antifangal activities of selected aromatic plants growing wild in Greece'. Nahrung. Nahrung.46, 317-320.
Sudhakar, P. L., P. and P. V. Reddy, 2016. 'Phenotyping Crop Plants for Physiological and Biochemical Traits'. BSP, Hyderabad; Academic press. 196 pp.
Taïbi, K., F. Taïbi, L. A. Abderrahim, A. Ennajah, M. Belkhodja and J. M. Mulet, 2016. 'Effect of salt stress on growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence systems in Phaseolus vulgaris L'. South African Journal of Botany.105, 306-312.
Taiz, L., E. Zeiger, I. M. Moller and A. Murphy. 2015. Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, CT.
Vojodi Mehrabani, L., M. B. Hassanpour Aghdam and R. Valizadeh Kamran, 2017. 'Growth and some physiological characteristics of Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) as affected by salinity stress'. Scientific Journal Management System.11, (41) 99-110.
Yang, Y., S. Xue, H. Du, Y. Wang and Y. Li, 2004. 'The influence of humic acid fertilizer on the content of the flavonoids in the Ginkgo biloba leaf'. Journal of Hebei Agricultural University 27, (6) 22-25.
Yazdanpanah, L., M. Amini, B. Panahi, M. Emamifar and M. Mahdian, 2010. 'Effect of Antifungal Essential oil From Satureja hortensis on Alternaria citri'. Technology of Plant Production. 10, 84-90.
Yildiztekin, M., A. L. Tuna and C. Kaya, 2018. 'Physiological effects of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum) and humic substances on plant growth, enzyme activities of certain pepper plants grown under salt stress'. Acta biologica Hungarica. 69(3), 325-335.
Yu, X., C. Liang, J. Chen, X. Qi, Y. Liu and W. Li, 2015. 'The effects of salinity stress on morphological characteristics, mineral nutrient accumulation and essential oil yield and composition in Mentha canadensis L'. Scientia Horticulturae.197, 579–583.
Zaremanesh, H., N. Akbari, H. R. Eisvand, A. Ismaili and M. Feizian, 2020. 'The effect of humic acid on soil physicochemical and biological properties under salinity stress conditions in pot culture of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad'. Ecopersia.8, (3) 147-154.
Zaremanesh, H., H. R. Eisvand, N. Akbari, A. Ismaili and M. Feizian, 2019. 'Effects of different humic acid and salinity levels on some traits of Khuzestani savory (Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad) '. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 27, 5409-5433.