مدل توسعه ورزش سالمندی عراق: مطالعه کیفی نظریه زمینه ای
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات جامعه شناسی ورزشی
علی عباس حسن
1
,
وحید شجاعی
2
*
,
میثم جبار مطر
3
1 - دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اصفهان، ایران.
2 - دانشیار مدیریت ورزشی، واحد ساری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ساری، ایران
3 - استادیار، دانشگاه میسان، عراق
کلید واژه: ورزش, سالمندی, سلامت‌محور, نشاط اجتماعی.,
چکیده مقاله :
افزایش شمار سالمندان در عراق موجب توجه به موضوعهایی جدید دربارة آنها شده است. ازآنجاییکه ناتوانایی‌های دورة سالمندی با افزایش سن شایعتر می‌شود، در این شرایط نقش ورزش در حفظ و بهبود سلامت سالمندان و شور و نشاط اجتماعی پررنگ می‌گردد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائة الگوی ورزش سالمندی عراق انجام شده است. این پژوهش در چهارچوب رویکرد کیفی و با بهکارگیري روش پژوهش دادهبنیاد انجام شده است. شرکتکنندگان در این پژوهش متخصصان و صاحب‌نظران مدیریت ورزشی، پیشکسوتان ورزشی، اعضای هیئتعلمی (گـروههای عـلـوم ورزشـی، روان‌شناسی، جامعهشناسی، مددکاری و پرستاری) و همچنین، مسئولان ادارات درگیر در سالمندی اعم از بهداشت، بهزیستی و سازمان امور اجتماعی شهرداری اصفهان بودند که بهصورت نمونهگیری هدفمند و نظری برای مصاحبة نیمه‌ساختاریافته انتخاب شدند. مصاحبهها تا مرحلة اشباع نظری ادامه یافتند. داده‌ها همزمان با جمع‌آوری اطلاعات با استفاده از روش استراس و کوربین تحلیل شدند. اعتبار داده‌ها براساس معیارهای پیشنهادی لینکولن و گوبا تأیید شد. نتایج نشان داد که 276 گزارة مفهومی اولیه با 11 مقولة اصلی و 50 مقولة فرعی درقالب ابعاد ششگانة مدل پارادایمی شامل موجبات علّی (سه مقوله)، پدیدة اصلی (یک مقوله)، راهبرد (دو مقوله)، ویژگیهای زمینهای (دو مقوله)، شرایط محیطی (دو مقوله) و پیامد (یک مقوله)، الگوی ورزش سالمندی عراق را تشکیل دادند. یکپارچهسازی مقولهها برمبنای روابط موجود بین آنها حول محور ورزش سالمندی عراق، شکلدهندة مدل پارادایمی است که الگوی مدیران درگیر در امور سالمندان را منعکس میکند
The increase in the number of elderly people in Iraq has caused attention to new issues about them. Since the disabilities of old age become more common with increasing age, in this situation, the role of exercise in maintaining and improving the health of the elderly and social vitality becomes prominent. The current research was conducted with the aim of providing a model of exercise for elderly people in Iraq. This research was carried out in the framework of a qualitative approach and using the data-based research method. The participants in this research are experts and experts in sports management, sports veterans, faculty members (sports science, psychology, sociology, social work and nursing groups) as well as the officials of departments involved in old age, including health, welfare and Organization of Social Affairs of Isfahan Municipality, who were selected for semi-structured interviews through purposive sampling. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation. Data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection using the Strauss and Corbin method. The validity of the data was confirmed based on the criteria proposed by Lincoln and Goba. The results showed that 276 primary conceptual propositions with 11 main categories and 50 sub-categories in the form of six dimensions of the paradigm model including causal factors (three categories), main phenomenon (one category), strategy (two categories), background characteristics. (two categories), environmental conditions (two categories) and outcome (one category), formed the pattern of sports for the elderly in Iraq.
2. Alizadeh, M., Fakhrzadeh, H., Sharifi, F., Mohamadi, A., & Nazari, N. (2013). A review of the performance of organizations in the old country, salmand, 13(1), 74-81. (Persian).
3. Al-Kaabi, J., Al-Maskari, F., Saadi, H., Afandi, B., Parkar, H., & Nagelkerke, N. (2009). Physical activity and reported barriers to activityamong type 2 diabetic patients in the United Arab Emirates. Rev Diabet Stud, 6(4), 271-278.
4. Allender, S., Cowburn, G., & Foster, C. (2006). Understanding participation in sport and physical activity among children and adults: a review of qualitative studies. Health Education Research, 21(6), 826-835.
5. Antonio, P. (2018). Physical exercise and aging. Rehabilitation Medicine for Elderly Patients, 6, 35-41.
6. Bandeen-Roche, K., Seplaki, C. L., Huang, J., Buta, B., Kalyani, R. R., & Varadhan, R. (2015). Frailty in older adults: A nationally representative profile in the United States. Frailty in Older Adults: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 70(11), 1427-1434.
7. Bauman, A., Merom, D., & Bull, F. C. (2016). Updating the evidence for physical activity: Summative review of the epidemiological evidence, prevalence, and interventions to promote. Active aging. Gerontologist, 56, 268-280.
8. Bigzadeh, M., Parhodeh, Y., & Noudehi, M. A. (2013). Contrasting quality of life with health among active and inactive older adults of Islamabad Gharb town. World Applied Programming, 3(10), 482- 487. (Persian).
9. Bruland, D., Voß, M., Schulenkorf, T., & Latteck, Ä. D. (2019). Mit Schwung und Energie durch den Tag. Partizipative Forschung zur Förderung der bewegungsbezogenen Gesundheitskompetenz bei Menschen mit Lernschwierigkeiten. Prävention Und Gesundheitsförderung, 14(4), 368-374.
10.
11. Campbell, M., Li, Q., Gingrich, S., & Macfarlene, R. (2005). Should people be physically active outdoors on smog alert days? Canada J Public Health, 96(1), 24-28.
12. Caperchione, C. M., Kolt, G. S., & Mummery, W. K. (2009). Physical activity in culturally and linguistically diverse migrant groups to Western society. Sports Medicine, 39(3), 167-177.
13. Carl, J., Sudeck, G., & Pfeifer, K. (2020). Competencies for a healthy physically active lifestyle—reflections on the model of physical activity-related health competence. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 17(7), 688-697.
14. Chiu, M. C., Wu, H. C., Chang, L. Y., & Wu, M. H. (2013). Center of pressure progression characteristics under the plantar region for elderly adults. Gait & Posture, 37(3), 408-412.
15. Dionigi, R. A. (2016). The competitive older athlete: A review of psychosocial and sociological issues. Top Geriatr Rehabil, 32, 55-62.
16. Gholizadeh, A., & Shirani, E. (2010). The relation between personal, family, social and economic factors with the rate of life satisfaction of aged people of Isfahan. Applied Sociology, 21(1), 69-82. (Persian).
17. Glasgow, R. E., Eakin, E. G., Fisher, E. B., Bacak, S. J., & Brownson, R. C. (2001). Physician advice and support for physical activity: Results from a national survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 21(3), 189-196.
18. Goulding, C. (2002). Grounded theory: A practical guide for management, business & market researchers. London: Sage Publications.
19. Habibi, A., Savadpoor, M., Molaei, B., Shamshiri, M., & Ghorbani, M. (2009). Survey of physical functioning and prevalence chronic illnesses among the elderly people. Iran Journal of Ageing, 4(13), 67-77. (Persian).
20. Hosseini, R., Zabihi, A., & Bijani, A. (2009). Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in elderly population in Amirshahr 2007. Iran Journal of Ageing, 4(11), 46-52. (Persian).
21. Kahan, D. (2011). Arab American college students' physical activity and body composition: reconciling Middle East-West differences using the socioecological model. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 82(1), 118-128.
22. Kaur, H., Chaudhary, S., Mohanty, S., Sharma, G., Kumaran, S. S., Ghati, N., ... & Pandey, R. M. (2022). Comparing cognition, coping skills and vedic personality of individuals practicing yoga, physical exercise or sedentary lifestyle: a cross-sectional fMRI study. Integrative medicine research, 11(1), 100750.
23. Khataminya, F. (2014). Women, culture, sport and community health. Message Woman, 268- 269. (Persian).
24. Khezri, A., Arabameri, E., Hemayattalab, R., & Ebrahimi, R. (2014). The effects of exercise and physical activity on reaction time and the elderly. Iranian Journal of Aging, 9(1), 107-113. (Persian).
25. Kruger, J., Carlson, S. A., & Kohl, H. W. (2007). Fitness facilities for adults: Differences in perceived access and usage. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 32(6), 500-505.
26. Long-Term Care, Health and Welfare Services for the Elderly, Japan Ministry of Health, Labar and Welfare. (2012). Available at: http://www.mhlw.go.jp/english. (12 October 2012).
27. Maghsoudnia, Sh., & Shojaei, H. (2005). General medicine of elderly, senior medicine. Research Institute of Medical Sciences and Veterans of Veterans. Available at: http://www.jmerc.ac.ir/index.php/fa/.(24 September 2005). (Persian).
28. Maria, L., Rubio, S., Pilar Garzón Ayala, R.D., & et all. (2023).Chapter 9 - Environmental Diseases and Injuries.Field Guide to Global Health & Disaster Medicine,Elsevier,221-248.
29. Marioni, R. E., Ritchie, S. J., Joshi, P. K., Hagenaars, S. P., Okbay, A., Fischer, K., ... & LifeLines Cohort Study. (2016). Genetic variants linked to education predict longevity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(47), 13366-13371.
30. Mohaghegh, Sh., & Hajian, M. (2013). Sports and air pollution. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of Iran, 31(3), 237-249. (Persian).
31. Nabavi, Sh., Shoja, M., Mohammadi, S., & Rashedi, V. (2014). Health related quality of life in community dwelling older adults of Bojnourd. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 6(2), 433-439. (Persian).
32. Najimi, A., & Moazemi Goudarzi, A. (2012). Healthy lifestyle of the elderly: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health System Research, 8(4), 581-587. (Persian).
33. Nazem, F., Jalili, M., Heidarian, A., & Tavilani, H. (2012). Prediction of VO2max with Daily Step Counts in 40-65-Year-Old Men with Active Lifestyle. Journal of Sport Biosciences, 4(11), 55-73. (In persian).
34. Omidikia, K. (2011). Understanding organizational capabilities position the brand in the industry food using grounded theory. Journal of Strategic Management Thinking,9- 18. (Persian).
35. Palombo, R. (2005). Opportunities for collaboration: Linking public health and aging services networks. Generations, 29(2), 48-53.
36. Shirzaie, P. (2007). Place of culture and sports. Cultural Studies Journal Social Khorasan, 5, 87-98. (Persian).
37. Sanft, T., Harrigan, M., Cartmel, B., Ferrucci, L. M., Li, F. Y., McGowan, C., ... & Irwin, M. L. (2021). Effect of healthy diet and exercise on chemotherapy completion rate in women with breast cancer: The Lifestyle, Exercise and Nutrition Early after Diagnosis (LEANer) study: Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 109, 106508.
38. Sleap, M., & Tzormpatzakis, N. (2007). Participation in physical activity and exercise in Greece: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Public Health, 52(6), 360-371.
39. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Groundedtheory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
40. Strauss, A., & Corbin J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research. Newbury Park, CT: Sage.
41. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2011). Principles of qualitative research methods. ( B. Mohammadi, translator). Tehran: Humanities and Cultural Studies Institute. (Persian).
42. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1999). Qualitative research in nursing (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
43. Thongsomboon, J. (2005). Health promoting behaviors and quality of life among the elderly in Srisamrong district, Sukhothai province. (Master’s thesis). Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.
44. Turner, A., Wilkie, F., & Rosen, N. (2004). Virtual but visible: Developing a promotion strategy for an electronic library. New Library World, 105, 101-102.
45. United Nations Population Division. (2009). Press Release: The 2008 revision key findings. New York: United Nations.
46. Vella, S. A., Schweickle, M. J., Sutcliffe, J. T., & Swann, C. (2021). A systematic review and meta-synthesis of mental health position statements in sport: Scope, quality and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101946.
47. World Health Organization. (2019). Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: more active people for a healthier world. World Health Organization.
48. Zahmatkeshan, N., Bagherzadeh, R., Akabirian, H., Yazdankhah Fard, K., Yazdanpanah, S., & Jamand, T. (2011). Evaluation of quality of life and its related factors in elderly people in Bushehr. Fasa University of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 53-58. (Persian).
49. Zanjani, H., Edrisi, A., & Rahmani, E. (2012). The elderly structure of Iran and the exercise of the elderly. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 165-188. (Persian).
50. Zohrevandian, K., Asadi, H., Ebrahimi, F., & Samadi, M. (2015). Determine and prioritizing criteria for site selection of sport facilities for equality in access using analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Sport Management, 29, 795-814. (Persian).