Abstract Several studies in the temperate region have indicated that biofertilizer have the potential to improve soil properties but may also cause serious reduction in soil productivity. We studied the effects of biofertilizer and nutrient solution application on soil properties and yield of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) on four soil types of Chengdu, Hunan, Shannxi and Xiaotangshan, Beijing, China. Two profile pits were sited on each of the location of the soil unit and were described before soil samples collection from the genetic horizons of each pit for analysis of soil properties. Soil total nitrogen, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and CEC were significantly (p<0.05) enhanced with biofertilizer treated soils of Chengdu and Hunan and spinach performance was significant compared to nutrient solution treated soils. The growth of salt-sensitive spinach was very poor on Shannxi and Xiaotangshan soils with biofertilizer. Spinach height and dry matter yield after six weeks were significantly improved (p<0.05) on the biofertilizer treated soils of Chengdu and Hunan compared to Shannxi and Xiaotangshan soils and soil with nutrient solution. These results indicated that the application of biofertilizer and nutrient solution application should done with better understanding of soil properties because of its negative effects on soils and crops. Keywords: Biofertilizer, Nutrients solution, Spinach, Soil properties. پرونده مقاله

Abstract The effects of intercropping row ratio and rotation on forage yield and quality of oat and common vetch were studied to understand the possibility intercrop advantages. Oat and common vetch were intercropped twice a year for three years in the field of Baicheng Academy of Agricultural Science in Jilin Province, China. The oat to common vetch intercropping rates expressed as the ratio of the numbers of rows were 0:1, 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 1:0. The intercropping advantage became significant over the years. In 2009 and 2010, intercrop sown at the row rate of 1:1, showed 97% and 23% of forage yield increase mono-cropped common vetch; and 42% and 54% increase compare to mono-cropped oat, respectively. Nitrogen yield of the intercrop was 24% and 20% lower than mono-cropped common vetch in 2009 and 2010, but it was 79% and 93% higher than mono-cropped oat, respectively. Compared with mono-crop, intercropping presented positive effects on oat growth and dry matter accumulation, but negative effects on common vetch growth. Intercropping advantages exist when this positive effects surpluses the negative effects. Compared with continuous cropping, rotation has positive effects on oat. The effects of rotation on common vetch depended on soil nitrogen content. Higher soil N led to positive effects, while rotation on low soil N may inhibit common vetch growth. Intercropping oat with common vetch at row ratio of 1:1 under relatively low soil N content and rotation can produce the highest forage and N yield. Keywords: Intercropping, Rotation, Oat, Common Vetch. پرونده مقاله

Optimum Planting Density of Mung Bean for Lordegan Region Lotfali Lotfi* and Ali Molaei Horticulture Crops Research Department, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahrekord, Iran *Corresponding address Email: lotfiali48@yahoo.com Received: 25 July 2018 Accepted: 10 January 2019 Abstract Mung bean is one of the important beans in human nutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate planting density for the highest yield of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cultivars in Lordegan region. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors included four mung bean cultivars namely Parto, VC6173A, VC637194 and Lordegan Local mung bean plus three different planting densities of 30, 40 and 50 plants per square meter. Flowering date, physiological maturity date, plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight and seed yield were measured. Results of combined analysis of variance over two years showed that genotypes were significantly different in studied traits (except for number of seeds per pod). The effect of planting density was significant on all traits (except for 100-seed weight and the number of days to maturity). The interaction between genotype and density was not significant for any of the traits. The highest grain yield (1357.8 kg/ha) was obtained from VC6173A line a density of 40 plants per square meter. Keywords: Planting density, Variety, Yield, Mung bean پرونده مقاله

Galactomannas and Diosgenin, Miracle of Natural Products Wenli Sun1, Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1, Hong Shen2, Mehdi Khoshkharam3 and Qi Cheng1,4* 1-Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 2-College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 3-Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran 4-College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China; Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China *Corresponding author E-mail: chengqi@caas.cn; hesamshahrajabian@gmail.com Received:10 June 2018 Accepted: 25 Desember 2018 Abstract Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual, self pollinating, legume crop believed to be native in the Mediterranean region and India. Major chemical constituents of fenugreek are polysaccharides, steroidal sapogenins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and etc. Among them, galactomannas and diosgenins are two important bio-actives. This study aimed to review the importance and health benefits of galactomannas and diosgenin in Fenugreek. Galactomannas are industrial polysaccharides next to cellulose and starch. Fenugreek galactomannan is a heteropolysaccharide which reduce level of blood glucose level, normalize the surface activities inside the small intestine; they are also used in food products in order to increase the thickness of the water content. The most important health benefits of galactomanna are reduction in LDL cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic, blood lipids, blood pressure and fibrinolysis. It displays a number of promising properties and attributes for future application as therapeutic agents in biotechnology and other pharmaceutical sciences. Diosgenin is an isospirostane derivative, it is a steroidal sapogenin and the product of acids or enzymes hydrolysis process of dioscin and protodioscin. Diosgenin shows different biological activity like anti-oxidant, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-adipogenic. Considering tremendous health benefits and pharmaceutical properties of fenugreek in modern and traditional science, fenugreek as one of the oldest is recommend for future studies. Keywords: Fenugreek, Health Benefits, Bioactive Components, Galactomannans, Diosgenin, Pharmaceutical Science. پرونده مقاله

Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian 1*, Ali Soleymani2, Mehdi Khoshkharam3 1- Assistant ProfessorSenior Researcher- Faculty of Agriculture- Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran 2- Associate ProfessorFaculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran 3- InstructorGreen house manager and senior researcher * Corresponding author email: hesamshahrajabian@gmail.com Received: 5 March 2017 Accepted: 12 May 20017 Abstract An appropriate sustainable agricultural technology system is an important technical support of the promotion of sustainable agricultural development. Properly management of residues can warrant the improvement of sustainability in crop productivity. The research was conducted in 2011 at Experimental Field of Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran. A strip layout randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The experiment was related to the effects of green manures of barley, rye, triticale and clover ,two levels of farm yard manure, namely, 30 and 60 t/ha and one treatment of chemical fertilizer as a control treatment were arranged in main strip and decomposition time of manures in two levels, one and four weeks after returning. Cover crop had significant influence on stem diameter, ear height, final plant height, leaf and stem fresh weights, stem and ear dry weights, fresh forage yield, nitrate leaf and protein content. Moreover, fresh forage yield, biological yield, of leaf nitrate, nitrate of stem, protein and ash were influenced by different managements. The highest plant height, leaf, stem fresh weight, ear and, stem and ear dry weight were related barley green manure treatment. The maximum stem diameter, plant height, ear fresh weight, leaf, stem and ear dry weights were obtained in the treatment of four weeks fo residue retention. The highest biological yield and fiber percentage of forage corn were observed in the treatment of residue retention for four weeks and crop residue incorporation, respectveily. Besides, there were no signfiicant differences for these both experimental characteristics between mentioned above treatments and residue burning. The highest fresh forage yield, protein and ash percentages were achieved in residue burning treatment. In conclusion, it seems that residue burning accompained with usage of triticale as a green manure was the best choice to achieve high quality, but for obtaining the highest fresh forage yield and biological yield of forage corn, triticale plantation can be replaced by barley. Keywords: Cover crops, Manure, Geen manure, Forage corn. پرونده مقاله

The Most Important Pharmaceutical Benefits of Sulforaphane, a Sulfur-Rich Compound in Cruciferous Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1,2, Wenli Sun1, and Qi Cheng1,2* 1-Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 2-College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China; Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China. *Corresponding author E-mail: chengqi@caas.cn; hesamshahrajabian@gmail.com Received: 10 March 2019 Accepted: 20 June 2019 Abstract Natural products have played a key role in drug discovery and development in modern days. Sulforaphane can be found in a wide variety of cruciferous vegetables, including cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, Chinese broccoli, broccoli sprouts, broccoli raab, Kohlrabi, collards, kohlrabi, mustard, turnip, kale and radish. The most important health benefits of sulforaphane is its effects again breast cancer, lung cancer cells, human liver cancer cells, gastric cancer cell lines, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cells cancer, treatment of cancer cell senescence, anti-inflammatory properties, antineoplastic agent, reduction of placental and endothelial oxidative stress, potential in mixed granulocyte asthma, treatment of various neurological disorders, protection again skeletal muscle disease, anti-allergic and its impact against oxidative stress. Keywords: Natural Compounds, Sulforaphane, Health Benefits, Cancer. پرونده مقاله