BACKGROUND: Under water deficit conditions, use of growth-promoting bacteria and salicylic acid as a plant growth stimulant is very useful. OBJECTIVES: This research was conducted to assess effects of biological fertilizers and salicylic acid under non-irrigation conditions at different growth stages on growth indices and crop production of corn during 2016 cropping season. METHODS: The study was done via split-plot experiment, based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The treatments included full irrigation (control), non-irrigation from flowering stage to the end of growth period, non-irrigation from the beginning of the grain filling stage to the end of the growth period, belonged to main plots and biological fertilizers and salicylic acid treatment were placed in sub-plots [control treatment, 1 mM salicylic acid, nitroxin + biophosphorus bacteria grain rub, nitroxin + biophosphorus bacteria grain rub along with salicylic acid spraying]. RESULT: The results showed that the full irrigation treatment significantly improved the growth physiological indices such as the leaf area index. The combination of nitroxin, biophosphorus and salicylic acid had a positive and significant effect on the examined indicators. The effects of non-irrigation treatments, biological fertilizers, salicylic acid and their interaction effect on grain yield were significant. Non-irrigation from flowering stage reduced the grain yield by 58.3% compared to the control. The combined application of biological fertilizers + salicylic acid in treatments of non-irrigation and full irrigation significantly increased the grain yield. In the treatment of non-irrigation from flowering and early grain filling, the nitroxin + biophosphorus + salicylic acid bacteria treatment increased the grain yield by 22.7% and 19.3%, respectively, compared to the control. The maximum grain yield (6552 kg.ha-1) belonged to the full irrigation treatment and nitroxin + biophosphorus + salicylic acid foliar application. CONCLUSION: In case of non-irrigation during grain filling stage, by use Nitroxin + biophosphorus bacteria grain rub treatment along with salicylic acid foliar application, also to provide suitable conditions for corn growth, a significant amount of drought stress effect can be reduced and obtained yield under normal conditions. پرونده مقاله

BACKGROUND: salicylic acid and gibberellic acid plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, plant development, ion absorption, photosynthesis and germination depending on the desired concentration, plant species, growth period and environmental conditions.OBJECTIVES: This study was investigated the effect of duration and combination of seed priming on the germination indices and yield of wheat cultivar (Mehregan).METHODS: Current research was conducted in two field and laboratory experiments in Khorramshahr in 2019-20. The first experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications and the second experiment was carried out as a factorial based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in the laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz branch. Experimental factors included seed priming duration at three levels (including 2, 4 and 6 hours) and priming types at 4 levels including Hydropriming (distilled water), salicylic acid hormone priming at 50 ppm, gibberellic acid hormonal priming at 100 ppm, and urban tap water (control)) were performed.RESULT: The results showed that the effect of seed priming duration and composition on germination percentage and rate, root length, grain yield, number of spikes per m2 and number of grains per spike influenced these traits. The highest percentage and rate of seed germination was related to hormonal compounds from 6 hours of seed priming and priming. Interaction duration and seed priming composition had a significant effect on germination rate, seed yield and spike number per m2. The highest grain yield in soaking the seeds for 6 hours in hormonal substances (average 445.02 gr per m2) and the lowest yield (with an average 322.41 gr per m2) to soaking the seeds for 2 hours in tap water allocation Found.CONCLUSION: In general, in vitro and field priming of wheat seed with hormonal compounds (gibberellic and salicylic acid) for 6 hours can be effective in increasing germination indices and grain yield and the plant responds better than to other treatments applied. پرونده مقاله

BACKGROUND: Vinasse, the effluent of ethanol alcohol factories, is one of the water sources that can be used well in agriculture. The management of this resource rich in nutrients is very important and necessary to supply plants with nutrients.OBJECTIVES: Current research investigated the effect of different levels of Vinasse on germination and absorption of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium by barley.METHODS: In the present study, an experiment was conducted at two levels of 10% and 25% Vinasse and a control in experimental plots with a randomized complete block design with four replications. Vinasse treatments with irrigation water included the first treatment without the use of Vinasse, the second treatment including 90% water and 10% Vinasse, and the third treatment including 75% irrigation water and 25% Vinasse.RESULT: The results showed that the increase of Vinasse in the germination stage of the seeds was effective at the level of 1% and caused a decrease in the average daily germination and germination percentage. So that the highest daily germination with an average of 0.90 corresponds to the control treatment, i.e., 100% water, and the lowest daily germination with an average of 0.74 corresponds to the third treatment of 25% Vinasse. The highest and lowest germination percentages were obtained in the control treatment and the 25% Vinasse treatment, respectively 100% and 88%. The amount of absorbed food elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) in vegetative parts of barley plant was significant compared to the control. Adding Vinasse to the soil increased fodder yield, so that by adding 25% Vinasse, a significant difference was observed with the control, the amount of fodder increased from 5.87 in the control to 9.19 tons per hectare in the 25% Vinasse treatment.CONCLUSION: Adding Vinasse to the soil caused a significant increase in the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed in the vegetative parts of the barley plant at the level of 1%. Adding Vinasse to the soil increased fodder yield and barley grain yield. The results showed that due to the abundance of Vinasse in food, adding it to the soil can be recommended as an alternative to chemical fertilizers in the cultivation of plants such as barley with proper management. پرونده مقاله

BACKGROUND: One of limitation factor in agricultural plants production in dry areas, supply requires water. Also nutrition crop management is a necessary strategy for achieve sustainable agriculture. OBJECTIVES: Current study was conducted to assessment the effects of different irrigation regimes and several amount of nitrogen fertilizer on seed nutrition content and qualitative trait of wheat. METHODS: This research was done via factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. The factors consisted different irrigation regime (I1=half of water demand, I2= equal of water demand and I3=1.5 water demand) and nitrogen fertilizer (N1=nonuse of nitrogen or control, N2=50%, N3=75% and N4=100% according soil test). RESULT: According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of nitrogen fertilizer, irrigation regime and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits (instead phosphorus concentration) was significant at 1% probability level. Mean comparison result of different level of irrigation regime indicated that maximum nitrogen concentration was noted for half of water demand and minimum of that belonged to 1.5 water demand treatment, so increasing the volume of consumed water led to decrease the seed nitrogen concentration from 1.73 mg.kg-1 to 1.49 mg.kg-1. Nitrogen fertilizer increased nitrogen content from 1.2 in control to 2 mg.kg-1 in 100% according soil test treatment but does not have significant effect on phosphorus content also led to increase potassium content. CONCLUSION: Comparison of different irrigation treatments showed that increasing the volume of water decreased seed nitrogen content, increase potassium content and don’t have significant effect on phosphorus content. Also increasing consumed water led to decreased ease seed protein content. The maximum protein concentration (15%) was noted for half of water demand and 100% according soil test. پرونده مقاله

BACKGROUND: Since several decades ago, many attempts have been made to increase crop production. Use of chemical fertilizers is one of these strategies that have increased crop production and fertilizers management is a necessary strategy for achieving sustainable agriculture.OBJECTIVES: Current study was done to soil application, use in irrigation water, and foliar application of Fe and Zn on grain yield and their absorption in maize of Dezful city.METHODS: A split plot experiment was conducted with the main factor in randomized complete block design to study various application methods of iron and zinc chelates on SC701 hybrid maize, and the extent of which they can be absorbed by plant in two years. The main plot treatment was fertilizer application methods (FAM) including soil application (SA), foliar application (FA) and use in irrigation water (IW). The subplot treatment was type of fertilizer used (TFU) including iron chelate (IC), zinc chelate (ZC), and control treatments (CT). Traits like plant height, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, number of grains per row, plant iron and zinc contents, and grain protein percentage were measured in the experimental and control treatments.RESULT: According result of ANOVA for Main factor FAM indicated that there were significant differences only on plant height at a probability level of 99%. For the subplot factor TFU except for grain raw protein content, had significant effects on plant height with probability level of 95% and on 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and plant iron and zinc contents with probability level of 99%. The highest iron content in the plant was obtained in the treatment SA, IC in the first and second year 30.25 and 38 mg.kg-1 respectively and the highest amount of zinc, in the SA, ZC in the second year was 33.25 mg.kg-1, 1000-grain weight FA, IC was 385 g and grain yield in the treatment of FA, ZC was obtained 5.22 kg.ha-1.CONCLUSION: The highest effect of fertilization was in the treatment FA, ZC amount of 163.33 compared to the control in the second year. The results showed that the addition of iron and zinc fertilizer in the soil due to time consuming, is absorbed at the end of plant growth time, which in turn will not increase the 1000-seed weight and grain yield. پرونده مقاله

To estimate the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), indirect manner used of Pedotransfer Functions (PTFs). CEC is one of the important soil fertility factors, and not measured directly because it is costly and time consuming. Thus, used from regression equations between easily and non-easily soil properties. The purpose of this research, is develop the PTFs for CEC, with use of easily available soil properties. For this purpose, measured for 100 sample of soil contain of 1000 data include soil particle size distribution, bulk density, organic matter, lime, pore space, geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation were done. After data normalization, were done PTFs with Multivariate Regression (MR) in SPSS and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for soil CEC in MATLAB software. The ANNs used in research are Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF). Education of ANNs are based on trial and error, until arrived suitable outputs with changes hidden layer number and neuron number. From all data were Selected 70% (700) data for training and 30% (300) for teste. Then were entered all data to software and test different networks with one hidden layer. The network was design with trial and error to maximum correlation coefficient and minimum mean square error (MSE). The results were shows MR is suitable for predict CEC (R2 =0.87) and for MLP network, were shows ANN can good estimated CEC with used of easily soil properties. MLP network able to estimate CEC with 9 neurons in input layer, 7 neurons in hidden layer and 1 neuron in output layer with tangent sigmoid transfer function, Linear transfer function and Bayesian learning algorithm with coefficient correlation 0.97 and MSE 0.013. For RBF networks to estimation CEC coefficient correlation and MSE were 0.55, 0.017 respectively. Results shows the MLP network with 1 hidden layer for estimation CEC with use of soil distribution, bulk density, organic matter and lime, is better than RBF network compared with of MSE and coefficient correlation. پرونده مقاله

هدف از این پژوهش بررسی تاثیر برگ پاشی آهن و روی از دو منبع سولفاتی و کلات شده با عامل کلات کننده EDTA بر عملکرد کمّی و کیفی دانه ذرت و مقایسه آنها با یکدیگر بود. بدین منظور آزمایشی در دزفول روی ذرت رقم سینگل کراس 701 در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه به صورت یک ساله و در کرت های آزمایشی با هفت تیمار شاهد، برگ پاشی با کلات یا سولفات آهن با غلظت 3میلی گرم بر لیتر، برگ پاشی کلات یا سولفات روی با غلظت یک میلی گرم بر لیتر، برگ پاشی توام سولفات یا کلات روی و آهن هرکدام با غلظت 1.5 میلی گرم بر لیتر صورت گرفت. بر اساس نتایج به دست آمده، تاثیر تیمارهای مختلف برگ پاشی بر کلیه صفات مورد بررسی، بجز وزن چوب بلال و غلظت منگنز دانه معنی دار شدند. تعداد ردیف در بلال، شاخص اقتصادی و درصد پروتئین دانه در سطح احتمال پنج درصد و سایر فاکتورها در سطح احتمال یک درصد از نظر آماری با هم اختلاف معنی داری داشتند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه (9520 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (37.73 تن در هکتار) در تیمار برگ پاشی توام آهن و روی با 13 درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد به دست آمد. بیشترین غلظت آهن و روی دانه به ترتیب در تیمار برگ پاشی با سولفات آهن و روی با غلظت 3 میلی گرم بر لیتر دیده شد. بیشترین درصد پروتئین نیز در تیمار برگ پاشی توام آهن و روی به دست آمد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که برگ پاشی ذرت با آهن و روی سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه و بهبود کیفیت آن می شود و بین دو منبع سولفاتی و کلاتی اختلاف قابل توجهی وجود نداشت و در برخی موارد منبع سولفاتی بهتر بود. پرونده مقاله

این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر تنش رطوبتی و سطوح مختلف سوپرجاذب بر اجزاء عملکرد ذرت رقم سینگل کراس 704 ، آزمایشی در یک خاک شنی در منطقه حمیدیه خوزستان در غالب طرح کرت‎های خرد شده بر پایه بلوک‎های کامل تصادفی در 12 تیمار و سه تکرار انجام شد. در این تحقیق عمق‌ آب آبیاری، شامل I1، I2 و I3 به ترتیب معادل 100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به عنوان تیمار اصلی و سوپرجاذب شامل S0، S1، S2 و S3 به ترتیب معادل 0 (شاهد)، 30.15 و 45 گرم در مترمربع به عنوان تیمار فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق اثر مستقل تیمارهای آبیاری در سطح 1 درصد بر تعداد دانه در ردیف بلال و در سطح 5 درصد بر طول بلال محصول ذرت معنی‎دار شد. اما این اثر در سطح 5 درصد بر تعداد ردیف دانه در بلال و درصد پروتئین دانه معنی‎دار نبود. اثر مستقل تیمارهای سوپرجاذب در سطح 1 درصد بر تعداد دانه در ردیف بلال معنی‎دار شد. اما این اثر در سطح 5 درصد بر تعداد ردیف دانه در بلال، طول بلال و درصد پروتئین دانه ذرت معنی‎دار نبود. در پایان نیز نتیجه گیری شد که با استفاده از سوپرجاذب می‎توان با کاربرد آب کمتر، اجزاء عملکرد قابل قبولی را بدست آورد. پرونده مقاله

کشاورزان برای آماده سازی سریع زمین اقدام به سوزاندن بقایای گیاهی میکنند که باعث انتشار انواع آلودگی با اثرات منفی زیست محیطی میشود. سوزاندن بقایا زراعی باعث تأثیر منفی طولانی مدت بر محیط زیست، مواد آلی خاک، بارندگی، آلودگی خاک و آب و خاصیت آبگریزی خاک می‌شود. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثر آتش‌سوزی بقایای گندم و خاک‌اره روی آبگریزی خاک میباشد. بدین منظور چهار تیمار خاک‌اره، بقایای گندم، خاستر خاک‌اره و خاکستر بقایای گندم در سه سطح 5، 10 و ۲۵ درصد وزنی و یک شاهد از خاک سطح به روش زﻣــﺎن ﻧﻔــﻮذ آب در ﺧــﺎک، آبگریزی اندازهگیری شد. نتایج نشان داد زمان نفوذ قطره آب به خاک برابر با 116.33 ثانیه است و خاک در کلاس آبگریز قرار دارد. اضافه کردن خاک‌اره و بقایای گندم زمان نفوذ را کاهش داد و در تیمار 25% به ترتیب به 62.67 و 47.67 ثانیه رسید و کلاس آبگریزی به نسبتا آبگریز تغییر کرد. اما خاکستر خاک‌اره و بقایای گندم زمان نفوذ را افزایش داد و به ترتیب در تیمار 25% به 923 و 1008.33 ثانیه رسید و کلاس آبگریزی به شدیدا آبگریز تغییر کرد. مقایسه میانگینها بین خاک‌اره و بقایای گندم در سطح 5 درصد نشان داد از نظر آماری تفاوت معنیداری وجود ندارد بلکه بین هر تیمار با خاکستر آن تفاوت معنیدار وجود دارد. پرونده مقاله

در این تحقیق اثر پلیمر سوپرجاذب بر عملکرد و برخی از فاکتورهای رشدی گیاه نخودفرنگی تحت شرایط تنش خشکی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. طرح آزمایشی به صورت طرح فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی بود. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل: تیمارهای آبیاری، که در دو سطح 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I1) و 70 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I2) بودند. فاکتور دوم سطوح کاربرد سوپرجاذب بود که در سه سطح تیمار کنترل (S0)، 1 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S1) و 2 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S2) بودند. فاکتور سوم محل کارگذاری سوپرجاذب درون گلدان بود که شامل کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در 10 سانتی‎متر اول خاک گلدان (O)، کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در طول محدوده ریشه در گلدان (M) و کارگذاری سوپرجاذب در 10 سانتی‎متر آخر خاک گلدان (U) بودند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق، بیشترین مقادیر طول ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک بوته، وزن خشک دانه و تعداد غلاف در بوته هنگامی که آبیاری به میزان 70 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه (I2) و سوپرجاذب به مقدار 1 درصد وزنی از خاک گلدان (S1) و در 10 سانتی‎متر آخر خاک گلدان (U) بود اتفاق افتاد و نیز بیشترین تعداد دانه در غلاف در تیمار I2S2U بود که همگی در سطح آماری 5 درصد معنی‎دار بودند. هم‎چنین نتیجه‎گیری شد که وجود سوپرجاذب در سطح و وسط گلدان تاثیر چندانی در فراهم‎سازی آب و مواد غذایی برای گیاه نداشت و تنها وجود سوپرجاذب در انتهای گلدان در فراهم‎سازی آب و مواد غذایی برای ریشه گیاه موثر بود. پرونده مقاله