Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of bitter vetch. Experiment 1 was conducted to determine the metabolisable energy content of bitter vetch. Sixteen adult Leghorn roosters were used. Forty grams of bitter vetch were precision-fed individually to 12 roosters. In addition, 4 birds were not fed and served as a control treatment in the measurement of metabolic fecal and endogenous urinary energy output. Experiment 2 was a broiler chick bioassay carried out with 24 male boiler chickens (21-d-old) to determine apparent amino acid digestibilities of bitter vetch. Experiment 3 was conducted to evaluate the effect of bitter vetch on performance and egg quality of two strains of laying hens. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and diets containing 50, 100 and 150 g kg-1 bitter vetch were fed to the Leghorn layers, ISA-Babcock strain, and the native strain. All eggs produced during the last 3 d of each month were collected to evaluate egg quality. True metabolisable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolisable energy (TMEn) values of bitter vetch were 3396 and 3852 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Second experiment showed that the average amino aciddigestibility of bitter vetch (12 amino acids) was 66.65%. Feed intake, egg weight, egg production, and egg mass, were higher and feed conversion ratio was lower in the Leghorn than the native strain. Feed intake and egg production were lower and feed conversion ratio was higher by all bitter vetch diets compared with the control diet. Haugh unit and yolk color were lower (P<0.001) in the Leghorn than the native strain and vice versa in egg shell weight (P<0.001). Eggshell thickness and shape index were not affected by strain (P>0.05). It was concluded that 5% of bitter vetch can be used in laying hen diets without any adverse effect. پرونده مقاله

In this experiment, the effect of prebiotic Bio-Mos® (MOS) and types of feed formulation (total and digestible amino acids) were evaluated on performance and the small intestine microflora in laying hens for a duration of 10 wks. A total of 168 Hy line W-36 laying hens, with an initial age of 73 wks, were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, 7 replicates and 6 birds in each replicate. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including 2 preboitic levels (0, 0.5 kg/ton of diet) and 2 types of AA feed formulation (total and digestible). Egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), egg mass (EM), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not affected significantly by MOS, types of AA feed formulation and their interaction. Egg quality parameters including, specific gravity (SG), shell thickness (ST), shell weight (SW), haugh unit (HU) and yolk color (YC) did not affected by P-BM and types of AA feed formulation (P>0.05). No significant effects were observed on ileum Lactobacillus count by MOS, types of AA feed formulation and their interaction (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the rate and gas production volume of experimental treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, feed additive used in this study did not significantly affect the laying hens performance; intestinal Lactobacillus count, cecum gas production and microbial population. پرونده مقاله

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of restaurant residuals (RR) on blood parameters, intestinal morphology, eggs characteristics and performance of layers Japanese quails. This experiment included 300 layers Japanese quails (age 10-18 weeks) arranged in 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 15 quails in each in a completely randomized design. The treatments consist of control diet (corn-soybean meal) and supplementation of control diet by 5, 10, 15 and 20% RR, respectively. Feed intake was significantly higher by 5% RR than 20% RR treatment (P<0.05). Egg weight was increased by receiving 20% RR compared with control group (P<0.05). Also, yolk weight of treatments containing 10, 15 and 20% of the RR were significantly higher than control (P<0.05). The serum cholesterol concentration of control group was significantly higher than 5, 10 and 15% RR-fed groups (P<0.05). However, quail egg yolk cholesterol increased significantly by treatments 15 and 20% RR. At the end of the experiment, intestinal contents viscosity was significantly higher by 10 and 15% RR group than control. Based on this study, RR could be replaced by some parts of the quail diet without adverse effects on egg quantity and quality with reducing effect on the diet cost. پرونده مقاله

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of pomegranate by- product (PBP) on performance, egg quality and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 144 Bobze layer hens from 44 to 56 weeks during 12 weeks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments including 0 (control, corn and soy bean meal), 4, 8 and 12% of PBP, with 4 replicates and 9 layers in each. Results have indicated thatthere was a significant increase in egg mass, egg production the decrease in feed intake and feed conversion ratio by 4% PBP in comparison to other treatments (P<0.05). Significantly increased egg weight by inclusion of 8% PBP compared with 0 and 12% PBP. There was no significant effect of PBP levels on external and internal egg characteristics. The lowest cholesterol and the higher high-density lipoprotein and malondialdehyde have shown by 4% PBP (P<0.05). The highest amount of iron in egg yolk was observed respectively by treatments 4 and 12% PBP. It was concluded that egg yolk iron and production rate were increased by 4% PBP supplementation in diet. پرونده مقاله

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fennel hydro alcoholic extract and chelated manganese-glycine on performance and bone status in broiler chickens. A total of 360 of day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly arranged according to a completely randomized experimental design (CRD) in a 2 × 3 factorial management with 6 treatments 6 replicates and 10 birds each. Treatments consisted of basal diets as control (include corn and soy bean meal), three levels of fennel (0, 100, or 200 mg/kg diet), and two levels of chelated manganese-glycine (0 or 150 mg/kg diet). Two similar weight of broilers were selected in each replicate and sacrificed by neck dislocation then tibia bones were removed, and freeze-dried and carcass yield and relative weights of internal organs were expressed as the percentages of live body weight. The results have shown that broiler performance was not affected (P>0.05) by the supplementation of fennel extract and chelated manganese glycine (150 mg/kg) in broilers diet but increased the tibia manganese content in this respect. However, the bone manganese reduced significantly (P<0.05) by fennel hydroalcoholic extract at 42 days of age. The result of this study has suggested that improved broiler tibia manganese content by manganese chelated-glycine supplementation. پرونده مقاله

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation different levels of pomegranate seed pulp (PSP) on performance and blood parameters in laying hens. A total of 96 layers hens (Hy-line W-36) at 24 week of age were randomly assigned into 4 treatments including 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15% of PSP, with 4 replicates containing 6 layers in each. Results showed no significant effect of PSP levels on feed intake, egg mass, egg weight, feed conversion ratio and body weight gain. Supplementation of PSP at 5% increased egg production and is significantly different (P<0.05) to 15% PSP but not in control group, suggesting negative effect of high level PSP in layers diet. Haugh unit, yolk and albumen indexes as well as eggshell weight, eggshell ratio and breaking strength were not significantly affected by dietary PSP. There was no significant effect of PSP on serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and total antioxidant. In contrast, the serum malondialdehyde was significantly (P<0.05) increased using 5% PSP in diet,with cholesterol level significantly (P<0.05) increased in all inclusion level of PSP compared to the control. The results shown that supplementation of PSP up to 15% improve egg production but higher concentration has detrimental effects on laying performance. Supplementation of PSP increased (P<0.05) cholesterol in the layers blood. پرونده مقاله

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different sources of insoluble fiber on perform-ance, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in the broiler's ileum, and cecum. A total of 380-day-old chickens of ross 308 unsexed were arranged into 5 treatments, 4 replicates, and 19 chickens in each, by completely randomized design (CRD). Experimental treatments included 1: control (corn-soybean meal) 2: arbocel (synthetic fiber) 1% in diet, 3: sunflower hulls (3% in diet), 4: soybean hull (3% in diet), 5: processed wheat straw (3%in diet). Observed parameter include: performance (feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body weight gain), gastrointestinal pH, gastrointestinal viscosity and digestibility of dry matter and protein in ileum and cecum and microbial population in ileum and cecum. The results have shown that the inclusion of 3% sunflower hulls in diets leads to the higher average feed intake from 1 to 10 days of age rather than control (P<0.05). In comparison between the ileum and cecum showed that the higher viscosity by Arbocel® in the cecum and the lowest viscosity showed by wheat straw in the ileum (P<0.05). On the other hand, the digestibility of protein and dry matter in the ileum was higher than the cecum (P<0.05). According to the results of this study, it could be noted that all fibers are considered in-soluble fibers and their different behavior in the gastrointestinal tract. The diet Arbocel® has generally led to physicochemical changes (digesta pH and viscosity) and microbial populations. It could be the most im-portant reason for these observations which is related to insoluble fiber particle size and their processing. In addition, reduced dry matter and protein digestibility in the cecum in comparison to the ileum status. Fi-nally, digest pH, viscosity, dry matter and protein digestibility were reduced by insoluble fiber in cecum in comparison to ileum. پرونده مقاله