In this paper, an attempt has been made to provide a numerical method for investigating the mechanical properties of multilayer scaffolding. These scaffolds can be used as implants in bone fractures. For this purpose two numerical simulation methods are introduced to predict the elastic properties of multilayer cell scaffolds. These simulations are based on two models: a 3D model with a volumetric element, and a 1D model with a linear element. To compare the results of these models, three types of two- and three-layer titanium alloy scaffolds have been simulated by the two methods. Also, Young's modulus of the scaffolds has been compared with the experimental conclusions of earlier studies. The results confirm that simulations with 1D models are more cost-effective compared to 3D ones. Additionally, because of the more reliable agreement of Young's modulus results of numerical modeling with the linear element (1.8 to 5 times) compared to the volumetric element (11 to 23 times) compared to the experimental findings, the numerical method with the linear elements can be a reliable tool for studying multilayer scaffoldings. پرونده مقاله

The design and manufacturing cubic porous scaffolds are a considerable notion in tissue engineering (TE). From Additive manufacturing (AM) perspective, it has attained high appeal in the string of TE during the past decade. In the view of TE, the feasibility of manufacturing intricate porous scaffolds with high accuracy contrast to prominent producing methods has caused AM the outstanding option for manufacturing scaffold. From design perspective, porous scaffold structures play a crucial task in TE as scaffold design with an adequate geometries provide a route to required strength and porosity. The target of this paper is achieve of best geometry to become an optimum mechanical strength and porosity of TE scaffolds. Hence, the cubic geometry has been chosen for scaffold and Cube, Cylinder and Hexagonal prism geometries have been selected for pore of structures. In addition, for noticing the porosity effects, pore size has been chosen in three size, and a whole of nine scaffolds have been designed. Designed scaffolds were generated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer and dimensional specifications of scaffolds were evaluated by comparing the designed scaffolds with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The samples were subjected to mechanical compression test and the results were verified with the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The results showed that firstly, as the porosity increases, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity obviously decreased in all geometry pore scaffolds. Secondly, as the geometry changes in similar porosity, cubic pore scaffold achieved higher compressive strength and modulus of elasticity than cylinder and hexagonal prime. Experimental and FEM validated results proposed a privileged feasible pore geometry of cubic scaffold to be used in design and manufacturing of TE scaffolds. پرونده مقاله

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of segmented projectiles. A segmented projectile is a subset of kinetic energy projectiles. The segmented projectile is made of tungsten and the target is semi-infinite and is made of 4340 steels. Due to the disadvantages of segmented projectiles with, the simulation of segmented projectile with is discussed. Projectiles with aspect ratio greater than one are known as short-rod projectiles. This aspect ratio range forms both the primary and secondary phase of penetration. Numerical simulation was performed by AUTODYN software with Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH) method. The use of SPH approach is most consistent with the experimental results. In order to have effective segmented projectiles, greater speeds were used in the simulations. In this range of velocity, due to the hydrodynamic penetration and complete erosion of the rods, the maximum penetration depth is obtained. After a relatively good correlation between the simulation results and the experimental and Hydrocode results, the numerical analysis of the segmented projectiles is performed. The results show an increase in the penetration depth of segmented projectile relative to the continuous type. In the following, the relationship between velocity increase and penetration depth and crater diameter of this type of projectile is investigated. An increase in penetration depth of 40 to 60% has been observed in this type of projectile compared to the continuous projectiles. An increase in penetration depth and crater diameter is observed with increasing impact velocity. پرونده مقاله

Advances in the additive manufacturing technology have led to the production of complex microstructures with unprecedented accuracy and due todesigning an effective implant is a major scientific challenge in bone tissue regeneration and bone growth. In this research, titanium alloy cylindrical scaffolds with three-dimensional architectures have been simulated and compared for curing partial bone deficiencies. The cylindrical networks in the scaffold (outer diameter 15 and length 30 millimeters) were designed in 36 different convergent, two-layer and three-layer types with 50% and 70% porosity. In all the samples, outer layers were denser than the inner layers. Mechanical characteristics of these scaffolds have been determined by simulating uniform compression load. The stress-strain curve of the samples showed that Young’s modulus and yield stress in the scaffolds with constant porosity were related to a unit-cell and the two-layer scaffolds, without changing Young’s modulus, had higher yield stress. This advantage was more significant in high-density scaffolds. پرونده مقاله

جوشکاری مقاومتی نقطه‌ای کاربرد زیادی در صنعت و به خصوص در ساخت بدنه و برخی قطعات خودرو دارد. همچنین از روش جوشکاری مقاومتی در تولید لامپ‌های هالوژن خودرو نیز استفاده می‌شود. در این تحقیق، با هدف بهینه سازی راندمان خط تولید و نیز بهبود استحکام جوش مقاومت نقطه‌ای لامپ‌های خودرو، بررسی‌های تجربی روی عوامل موثر بر استحکام جوش دو قطعه وینگ(Wing) به بادی(Body) در لامپ‌های هالوژن H4 (نوربالا-پایین) خودرو انجام شده است. فرایند طراحی آزمایش‌ها و تحلیل نتایج به روش تاگوچی و با کمک نرم‌افزار Minitab صورت گرفت. میزان تاثیر عواملی همچون جریان جوش، زمان و جنس الکترود جوشکاری در نمونه‌های واقعی لامپ بررسی شد. نتایج آزمایش‌ها و تحلیل‌های آماری حاکی از وابستگی بالای استحکام جوش به زمان در درجه اول و با اختلاف کمی در درجه دوم به جریان جوشکاری است. نتایج نشان داد که با هر جنس الکترود به کار رفته در جوشکاری، در صورت افزایش زمان و جریان جوش تا حد متوسط (s4/0 و KA6 ) ، استحکام جوش بهبود پیدا می‌کند. ولی در مقادیر بالای زمان و جریان، تاثیر منفی بر استحکام جوش مشاهده می‌شود. اگرچه جنس الکترود جوشکاری سومین رتبه را در تاثیر بر استحکام جوش دارد، اما راندمان خط تولید در صورت استفاده از الکترودهای تنگستن به مقدار قابل توجه 29.17% نسبت به الکترودهای از جنس مس بیشتر بود. این در حالی است که استحکام جوش توسط الکترود تنگستن فقط به مقدار 5.5% کمتر از الکترود مس است که این استحکام هنوز در محدوده مجاز و قابل قبولی از استانداردهای مربوطه قرار گرفته است. پرونده مقاله