بررسی برخی صفات فیزیومورفولوژیکی توده‌های مختلف خرفه ( Portulaca oleracea L) تحت شرایط تنش خشکی
محورهای موضوعی : ژنتیکالهام عزیزی 1 , یونس رضاپور جغال 2 , منصوره کرمانی 3 , علی معصومی 4
1 - گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
2 - گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
3 - گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
4 - گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران
کلید واژه: پرولین, وزن خشک, شاخص کلروفیل برگ, شاخص پایداری غشاء, مقدار نسبی آب, هیدرات کربن,
چکیده مقاله :
گیاه خرفه (Portulaca Oleracea L.) از گیاهان دارویی ارزشمند مناطق گرم و خشک است. با توجه به این که تنش خشکی یکی از مهمترین عوامل محدودکننده تولید محصولات کشاورزی در این مناطق است، تحقیقی با هدف ارزیابی تحمل توده‌های مختلف گیاه دارویی خرفه به تنش خشکی، در بهار سال 1395 در گلخانه دانشگاه پیام نور شهرستان درگز اجرا شد. این آزمایش، بصورت فاکتوریل درقالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی، با چهار سطح تنش خشکی (حد ظرفیت زراعی، 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی، 50 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و 5 توده بومی خرفه (قم، کلات، سبزوار، یزد، گچساران) با سه تکرارانجام شد. صفات مورد بررسی شامل محتوای آب نسبی برگ، ضریب ثبات غشاء، میزان رنگدانه‌های فتوسنتزی، ضریب ثبات کلروفیل (سنجش میزان کلروفیل‌ها وکاروتنوئیدها)، میزان پرولین، میزان کربوهیدرات محلول برگی، وزن تروخشک به تفکیک اندام‌های ریشه، برگ، ساقه، قطرتاج خرفه، تعداد برگ، تعداد انشعابات و ارتفاع بوته در دو مرحله رشد رویشی و زایشی بودند. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که افزایش تنش خشکی سبب کاهش مقدار نسبی آب گیاه، شاخص پایداری غشاء سلول و افزایش معنی داری در شاخص کلروفیل برگ، مقدارکاروتنوئیدها، پرولین و کربوهیدرات‌های توده‌های مختلف خرفه گردید. ارقام گچساران و یزد تحت شرایط تنش رطوبتی از شاخص پایداری غشاء بالاتر، محتوای آب نسبی برگ کمتر و عدد کلروفیل متر پائین تری برخوردار بودند. همچنین در بین توده‌های مورد بررسی، توده‌های قم و کلات برتری معنی داری نسبت به توده‌های سبزوار، یزد و گچساران از نظر انباشت پرولین و کربوهیدرات‌های محلول نشان دادند. با افزایش تنش خشکی، وزن تر و خشک ریشه، برگ و ساقه در مراحل رویشی و زایشی کاهش یافت، به‌طوری که بیشترین مقدار این صفات، به‌ترتیب درسطوح 100 و 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی و کمترین مقدار این پارامترها در آبیاری تحت شرایط 25 درصد ظرفیت زراعی حاصل گردید. بنابراین طبق نتایج به‌دست آمده از این پژوهش، بترتیب دو توده قم وکلات در مقایسه با سایرتوده‌ها ازحساسیت کمتری نسبت به تنش خشـکی برخوردار بودند و بـه‌عنوان توده‌های متحمل به خشکی انتخـاب شـدند. تـوده‌های گچساران، یزد و سبزوار نیز به‌دلیل داشتن عکس العمل نسبتاً ضعیف در برابر تنش خشکی در بیشتر صفات اندازه گیری شده، به‌عنوان توده‌های حسـاس به تنش خشکی ارزیابی شدند.
Purslane (Portulaca Oleracea L.) is a valuable medicinal plant growing in hot and dry conditions. Since drought stress is one of the most important factors limiting the production of agricultural products in these regions, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of different purslane landraces to drought stress in the greenhouse of Payame Noor University of Daregaz during the spring 2016. The experiment was as factorial based on completely randomized design with four levels of drought stress (field capacity, 75% FC, 50% FC and 25% FC), 5 landraces of purslane (Qom, Kalat, Sabzevar, Yazd, Gachsaran), and with three replications. The studied traits were relative water content, membrane sustainability index, photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll sustainability index (the amount of chlorophylls and carotenoids), proline content, soluble carbohydrates, and fresh and dry weight of roots in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth. Results showed that an increase in water stress level decreased the relative water content and cell membrane stability index while increasing the leaf chlorophyll index, carotenoid content, proline, and carbohydrates in different landraces of purslane. Results also indicated that the landraces of Gachsaran and Yazd had higher membrane stability index, lower RWC, and lower chlorophyll content under stress. Among the studied landraces, Qom and Kalat showed significant superiority compared to Sabzevar, Yazd and Gachsaran landraces in terms of proline and soluble carbohydrates. Also, the results showed that with increasing drought stress, fresh and dry weight of roots, leaves, and stems reduced at vegetative and generative stages of plant development such that the highest morphological and physiological traits in two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth were observed in 75% and 100% of field capacity and the minimum levels of these traits were obtained in 25% of field capacity. In general, Qom and Kalat landraces were more tolerant to drought stress compared to other landraces while Gachsaran, Yazd, and Sabzevar due to the relatively weak response to drought stress in most of the measured traits, were evaluated as susceptible landraces to drought stress.
Abdalla, M.M., and El-Khoshiban, N.H. (2007). The influence of water stress on growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, some metabolic and hormonal contents of two Triticum aestivum cultivars. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(12): 2062-2074.
Ahmad, S., R, Ahmad., M.Y, Ashraf. and Waraich, E.A, (2006). Sunflower (Hellanthus aunulus.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Pakistan Journal of Bootany. 41(2):647-654.
Mohammadi, M., Rezai, A.M. and Mirmohammadi Maibodi, S.A.M. (2009). Investigation some of physiological characteristics and yield in ten cultivars of bread wheat in two irrigation regimes. Journal Of Science And Technology Of Agriculture And Natural Resources. 48:107-120. (In Persian)
Ardakani, M. R., Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi Ashvraba D,A., Lbaschy, M.H., Moaveni, P. and Mohebbati, F. (2008). The effect of water shortages Quantity and quality of Melissa officinalis (Melissa officinalis L.) Vmtrayran Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 23: 261-251 (In Persian).
Arshi, A., Zainul Abdin, M. and Iqbal, M. (2005). Effect of CaCl2 on growth performance, photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation of Cichorium intybus L grown under NaCl stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 28(2): 137-147.
Azizi, E. (2008). A collection of articles physiology, agronomy, biotechnology, University of Mashhad page 258.)In Persian(.
Babaei, A., Amynydhqy, M., Modarres Sanavi, M. and Jabbari, the. (2010). Effect of drought stress on morphological traits, proline and thymol in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), Iran Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 26: 239-251.(In Persian(.
Barrs, HD. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15: 413–428.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, S.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayoumi, T.Y., Eid, M.H. and Metwali, E.M. (2008). Application of physiological and biochemical indices as a screening technique for drought tolerance in wheat genotypes. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7: 2341-2352.
Behnamnia, M., Kalantari, Kh. M. and Rezanejad, F. (2009). Exogenous application of brassinosteroid alleviates drought-induced oxidativestress in Lycopersicon esculentum L. General and Applied Plant Physiology. 35: 22–34.
Boyer, J.S. (1992). Plant Productivity and environments Science. Plant Physiol. 218: 443-447.
Bray, A.E. (1997). Plant responses to water deficit. Trends in Plant Science. 2: 45-54.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 54 (3): 183-91.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M. (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29:185-212. (In Persian with English abstract).
Gupta, S.N., Dahiya, B.S., Malik, B.P.S. and Bishnol, N.R. (1995). Response of chickpea to water deficits and drought stress. Haryana Agriculture university journal of Research 25(1/2):11-19.
Kafi, M.V.D. and Damghani Mahdavi, A.S. (2000). Mechanisms of plant tolerance to environmental stresses (Translation). University of Mashhad. . in Persian).
Khakwani, A.A., Dennett, M. D. and Munir, M. (2011). Early growth response of six wheat varieties under artificial osmotic stress condition. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 119-123
Khazaei, H. and kafi, M. (2003). The Role of relative water content (RWC) and stomatal resistance to drought resistance in wheat and their relationship with grain yield under greenhouse and field. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. 16(2):125- 115. In Persian).
Kocheva, K. and Georgive, G. (2003). Evaluation of the reaction of two contrasting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars in response to osmotic stress with PEG6000. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 49: 290-294.
Korine, C., Kalko, E.K.V. and Herre, E.A. (2000). Fruit characteristics and factors affecting fruit removal in a Panamanian community of strangler figs. Oecologia, 123:560–568.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology. 148: 350-382
Luvha, E., Netondo, G.W. and Ouma, G. (2008). Effect of water deficit on physiological and Morphological characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica) rootstock seedlings. American Jornal of Plant Physiology 3:1-15.
Mahdinezhad, N., Jamal Poor, H., Fakheri, B., Khajeh, M. (2019). The investigation of Response of some physiological traits and seed yield of purslane cultivars to
drought stress and foliar application of nano-iron chelate. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 14(54): 74-89.
Malek, M.M., galavi, M., Ramroudi, M., and Nakhzari Moghaddam, A. (2019). Evaluation of drought tolerance of wheat cultivars under water deficiency stress after flowering. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 12(2): 123-136.
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 45 (1):1-9. (In Persian with English abstract).
Mohamedin, A. A. M., Kader, A.A. and N. M. Badran. (2006). Response of sunflower to plants salt stress under different water table depths. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(12): 1175- 1184.
Nabors, M.W. (1990). Environmental stress resistance procedure and applications: 167-185. In: Philip J.D., (Ed.). Plant Cell Line Selection, VCH, Weinhcim, 379 p.
Nayyar, H. (2003). Accumulation of osmolytes and osmotic adjustment in water stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) as affected by calcium and its antagonists. Journal Environmental and Experimental Botany. 50: 253-264.
Okcu, G., Kaya, M.D. and Atak, M. (2005). Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 29: 237-242.
Parry, O., Okwuasaba, F.K. and Ejike, C. (1987). Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 19 (3): 247-253.
Prado, F.E., Boero, C., Gallardo, M. and Gonzalez, J.A. (2000). Effect of NaCl on germination, growth, and soluble sugar content in Chenopodium quinoa (Wild.) seeds. Botanical Bulletin- Academia Sinica Taipei. 41: 27-34.
Premachandra, G.S., Saneoka, H., Fujita, K. and Ogata, S. (1990). Cell membrane stability and leaf water relations as affected by nitrogen nutrition under water stress in maize. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 36:653-659
Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. and Disi, A.M. (2003). Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 88: 131-136.
Ronco, M.G., Ruscitti, M.F., Arango, M.C. and Beltrano, J. (2008). Glyphosate and mycorrhization induce changes in plant growth and in root morphology and architecture in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.)The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 83: 497-505.
Safikhani, F., Heydarye sharifabadi, H., Syadat, A., Sharifi ashorabadi, A., Syednedjad, M. and Abbazadeh, B. (2007). The effect of drought on yield and morphologic characteristics of Deracoceohalum moldarical. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(2): 183-194. (In Persian).
Sairam, R.K. and Saxena, D.C. (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidant in wheat genotypes : possible mechanism of water stress tolerance . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 184: 55-61.
Salehi Arjomand, H. (2006). The effect of environmental stresses on increasing secondary metabolites in plants. Proceedings of the National Conference on Sustainable Development medicinal plants. Publishing Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. 305-307. )In Persian).
Schussler, J.R. and Westgate, M.E. (1991). Maize kernel set at low water potential : II. Sensitivity to reduced assimilates at pollination. Crop Science. 31:1196-1203.
Shrestha, R., Turner, N.C., Siddique, K.H.M., Tyrner, D.W. and Speijers, J. (2006). A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod number but not pod size. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57(4):427-438.
Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L. and Munjal, R. (2004). Effects of water deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum. 48(3): 445-448.
Sinclair, T.R., Shiraiwa, T. and Hammer, G.L. (1990). Variation in crop radiation- use efficiency with increased diffuse radiation. Crop Science. 32: 1281-1284.
Sing, T.N., Paleg, L.G. and Aspinol, D. (1983). Stress metabolism. III variation in response to water deficit in the barley plant. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 26: 55-76
Sivakumar MVK. and Singh P. (1987). Response of chickpea cultivars to water stress in semi-arid environment. Experimental Agriculture. 23: 53-61.
Vaezi, B., Borman, V. and Shiran, B. (2010). Screening of barley genotypes for drought tolerance by agrophysiological traits in field condition. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 881-892.
Yazdani Buicki, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khazaeii, H.R. Ghorbani. V. and Astaraei, A.R, (2009). Effect of salinity and drought stress on seed germination and untreated (marianum Silybum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(1): 12-19 (In Persian).
_||_Abdalla, M.M., and El-Khoshiban, N.H. (2007). The influence of water stress on growth, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments, some metabolic and hormonal contents of two Triticum aestivum cultivars. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(12): 2062-2074.
Ahmad, S., R, Ahmad., M.Y, Ashraf. and Waraich, E.A, (2006). Sunflower (Hellanthus aunulus.) response to drought stress at germination and seedling growth stages. Pakistan Journal of Bootany. 41(2):647-654.
Mohammadi, M., Rezai, A.M. and Mirmohammadi Maibodi, S.A.M. (2009). Investigation some of physiological characteristics and yield in ten cultivars of bread wheat in two irrigation regimes. Journal Of Science And Technology Of Agriculture And Natural Resources. 48:107-120. (In Persian)
Ardakani, M. R., Abbaszadeh, B., Sharifi Ashvraba D,A., Lbaschy, M.H., Moaveni, P. and Mohebbati, F. (2008). The effect of water shortages Quantity and quality of Melissa officinalis (Melissa officinalis L.) Vmtrayran Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 23: 261-251 (In Persian).
Arshi, A., Zainul Abdin, M. and Iqbal, M. (2005). Effect of CaCl2 on growth performance, photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen assimilation of Cichorium intybus L grown under NaCl stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 28(2): 137-147.
Azizi, E. (2008). A collection of articles physiology, agronomy, biotechnology, University of Mashhad page 258.)In Persian(.
Babaei, A., Amynydhqy, M., Modarres Sanavi, M. and Jabbari, the. (2010). Effect of drought stress on morphological traits, proline and thymol in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), Iran Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 26: 239-251.(In Persian(.
Barrs, HD. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15: 413–428.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, S.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 39: 205-207.
Bayoumi, T.Y., Eid, M.H. and Metwali, E.M. (2008). Application of physiological and biochemical indices as a screening technique for drought tolerance in wheat genotypes. African Journal of Biotechnology. 7: 2341-2352.
Behnamnia, M., Kalantari, Kh. M. and Rezanejad, F. (2009). Exogenous application of brassinosteroid alleviates drought-induced oxidativestress in Lycopersicon esculentum L. General and Applied Plant Physiology. 35: 22–34.
Boyer, J.S. (1992). Plant Productivity and environments Science. Plant Physiol. 218: 443-447.
Bray, A.E. (1997). Plant responses to water deficit. Trends in Plant Science. 2: 45-54.
Ezekwe, M.O., Omara-Alwala, T.R. and Membrahtu, T. (1999). Nutritive characterization of purslane accessions as influenced by planting date. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 54 (3): 183-91.
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M. (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29:185-212. (In Persian with English abstract).
Gupta, S.N., Dahiya, B.S., Malik, B.P.S. and Bishnol, N.R. (1995). Response of chickpea to water deficits and drought stress. Haryana Agriculture university journal of Research 25(1/2):11-19.
Kafi, M.V.D. and Damghani Mahdavi, A.S. (2000). Mechanisms of plant tolerance to environmental stresses (Translation). University of Mashhad. . in Persian).
Khakwani, A.A., Dennett, M. D. and Munir, M. (2011). Early growth response of six wheat varieties under artificial osmotic stress condition. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 48: 119-123
Khazaei, H. and kafi, M. (2003). The Role of relative water content (RWC) and stomatal resistance to drought resistance in wheat and their relationship with grain yield under greenhouse and field. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology. 16(2):125- 115. In Persian).
Kocheva, K. and Georgive, G. (2003). Evaluation of the reaction of two contrasting Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars in response to osmotic stress with PEG6000. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 49: 290-294.
Korine, C., Kalko, E.K.V. and Herre, E.A. (2000). Fruit characteristics and factors affecting fruit removal in a Panamanian community of strangler figs. Oecologia, 123:560–568.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. (1987). Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology. 148: 350-382
Luvha, E., Netondo, G.W. and Ouma, G. (2008). Effect of water deficit on physiological and Morphological characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica) rootstock seedlings. American Jornal of Plant Physiology 3:1-15.
Mahdinezhad, N., Jamal Poor, H., Fakheri, B., Khajeh, M. (2019). The investigation of Response of some physiological traits and seed yield of purslane cultivars to
drought stress and foliar application of nano-iron chelate. Journal of Iranian Plant Ecophysiological Research. 14(54): 74-89.
Malek, M.M., galavi, M., Ramroudi, M., and Nakhzari Moghaddam, A. (2019). Evaluation of drought tolerance of wheat cultivars under water deficiency stress after flowering. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 12(2): 123-136.
Mohamed, A.I. and Hussein, A.S. (1994). Chemical composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 45 (1):1-9. (In Persian with English abstract).
Mohamedin, A. A. M., Kader, A.A. and N. M. Badran. (2006). Response of sunflower to plants salt stress under different water table depths. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(12): 1175- 1184.
Nabors, M.W. (1990). Environmental stress resistance procedure and applications: 167-185. In: Philip J.D., (Ed.). Plant Cell Line Selection, VCH, Weinhcim, 379 p.
Nayyar, H. (2003). Accumulation of osmolytes and osmotic adjustment in water stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) as affected by calcium and its antagonists. Journal Environmental and Experimental Botany. 50: 253-264.
Okcu, G., Kaya, M.D. and Atak, M. (2005). Effects of salt and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 29: 237-242.
Parry, O., Okwuasaba, F.K. and Ejike, C. (1987). Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 19 (3): 247-253.
Prado, F.E., Boero, C., Gallardo, M. and Gonzalez, J.A. (2000). Effect of NaCl on germination, growth, and soluble sugar content in Chenopodium quinoa (Wild.) seeds. Botanical Bulletin- Academia Sinica Taipei. 41: 27-34.
Premachandra, G.S., Saneoka, H., Fujita, K. and Ogata, S. (1990). Cell membrane stability and leaf water relations as affected by nitrogen nutrition under water stress in maize. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 36:653-659
Rashed, A.N., Afifi, F.U. and Disi, A.M. (2003). Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 88: 131-136.
Ronco, M.G., Ruscitti, M.F., Arango, M.C. and Beltrano, J. (2008). Glyphosate and mycorrhization induce changes in plant growth and in root morphology and architecture in pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.)The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology. 83: 497-505.
Safikhani, F., Heydarye sharifabadi, H., Syadat, A., Sharifi ashorabadi, A., Syednedjad, M. and Abbazadeh, B. (2007). The effect of drought on yield and morphologic characteristics of Deracoceohalum moldarical. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 23(2): 183-194. (In Persian).
Sairam, R.K. and Saxena, D.C. (2000). Oxidative stress and antioxidant in wheat genotypes : possible mechanism of water stress tolerance . Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 184: 55-61.
Salehi Arjomand, H. (2006). The effect of environmental stresses on increasing secondary metabolites in plants. Proceedings of the National Conference on Sustainable Development medicinal plants. Publishing Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. 305-307. )In Persian).
Schussler, J.R. and Westgate, M.E. (1991). Maize kernel set at low water potential : II. Sensitivity to reduced assimilates at pollination. Crop Science. 31:1196-1203.
Shrestha, R., Turner, N.C., Siddique, K.H.M., Tyrner, D.W. and Speijers, J. (2006). A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod number but not pod size. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 57(4):427-438.
Shubhra, K., Dayal, J., Goswami, C.L. and Munjal, R. (2004). Effects of water deficit on oil of Calendula aerial parts. Biologia Plantarum. 48(3): 445-448.
Sinclair, T.R., Shiraiwa, T. and Hammer, G.L. (1990). Variation in crop radiation- use efficiency with increased diffuse radiation. Crop Science. 32: 1281-1284.
Sing, T.N., Paleg, L.G. and Aspinol, D. (1983). Stress metabolism. III variation in response to water deficit in the barley plant. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences. 26: 55-76
Sivakumar MVK. and Singh P. (1987). Response of chickpea cultivars to water stress in semi-arid environment. Experimental Agriculture. 23: 53-61.
Vaezi, B., Borman, V. and Shiran, B. (2010). Screening of barley genotypes for drought tolerance by agrophysiological traits in field condition. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 5: 881-892.
Yazdani Buicki, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khazaeii, H.R. Ghorbani. V. and Astaraei, A.R, (2009). Effect of salinity and drought stress on seed germination and untreated (marianum Silybum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 8(1): 12-19 (In Persian).
