اندازهگیری میزان عناصر سمی موجود در مکملهای غذای نوزاد عرضه شده در ایران (مقاله کوتاه)
محورهای موضوعی : علوم و صنایع غذاییمحمدامین مهرنیا 1 , آیگین باشتی 2 , فخرالدین صالحی 3
1 - استادیار گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر، ایران
2 - استادیار گروه شیمی، واحد شوشتر، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شوشتر، ایران
3 - استادیار گروه علوم و صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان، ایران
کلید واژه: فلزات سنگین, سرب, نیکل, شاخص جذب روزانه قابل تحمل, غذای نوزاد,
چکیده مقاله :
غذای نوزاد بهدلیل شبیهسازی آن با شیر مادر به عنوان یک جایگزین نسبی یا کامل برای شیر مادر برای نوزادان 6 تا 12 ماه مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد. در این پژوهش پنج نمونه مکمل غذای نوزاد شامل سه مکمل غذایی از شرکت غنچه (برنجین با شیر، گندمین با شیر، و حریره بادام) و دو مکمل غذایی از شرکت نستله (گندم و شیر، و موز و گندم با شیر) که در ایران مصرف زیادی دارند، تهیه شد. نمونهها توسط اسید نیتریک هضم و سپس مقدار عناصر سمی شامل کادمیم، سرب، منگنز، مولیبدن و نیکل موجود در آنها آنالیز و بهطور کمی اندازهگیری شد. همچنین شاخص تخمین روزانه جذب (EDI) برای تمامی نمونهها محاسبه و با شاخص جذب روزانه قابل تحمل (TDI) مقایسه گردید. کمترین و بیشترین مقدار کادمیم به ترتیب متعلق به مکمل غذای کودک برنجین با شیر (3/40 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم) و مکمل غذای کودک گندمین با شیر (0/58 میکروگرم بر کیلوگرم) شرکت غنچه بود. مقدار عناصر کادمیم، سرب، منگنز، مولیبدن و نیکل موجود در مکملها به ترتیب در محدوده ppb 0/58-3/40؛ ppb 85/31؛ ppm 9/4-3/2؛ ppb 8/518-9/417 و ppb 0/6415-1/4479 بدست آمد. در مجموع مقدار عناصر سمی موجود در مکملهای غذای نوزاد عرضه شده در ایران کمتر از مقدار مجاز گزارش اعلام شده بهدست آمد.
Due to similarities with breast-feeding, baby food is used as a partial replacement for babies between 6 to 12 months of age. In this study, five samples of famous infant food supplement consisting of three types from Ghoncheh company (rice with milk, wheat with milk, almond porridge) and two types from Nestle company (wheat and milk, and banana and wheat with milk) were prepared. Samples were digested with nitric acid and the concentrations of cadmium, lead, manganese, molybdenum and nickel were analyzed. In addition, the estimated daily intake (EDI) index for all samples was calculated and compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) index. The minimum and maximum concentration of cadmium was found in the sample with rice + milk formula (40.3 µg/kg) and infant food supplements containing wheat + milk (58.0 µgr/kg), respectively. The amount of cadmium, lead, manganese, molybdenum and nickel were estimated in the range of 40.3-58.0 ppb, 31.85 ppb, 2.3-4.9 ppm, 417.9-518.8 ppb and 4479.1-6415.0 ppb, respectively. In was concluded that the amount of toxic elements in infant foods marketed in Iran were found below the maximum limit.
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● Castro, C.S.P.D., Arruda, A.F., Cunha, L.R.D., DeSouza, J.R., Braga, J.W.B. and Dórea, J.G. (2010). Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(11): 4062–4077.
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● Fox, L.J., Struik, P.C., Appleton, B.L. and Rule, J.H. (2008). Nitrogen phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 194: 199–207.
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● Hawkins, N.M., Coffey, S., Lawson, M.S. and Delves, H.T. (1994). Potential aluminium toxicity in infants fed special infant formula. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 19(4): 377.
● Ikem, A., Nwankwoala, A., Odueyungbo, S., Nyavor, K. and Egiebor, N. (2002). Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chemistry, 77 (4): 439–447.
● Kazi, T.G. and Jalbani, N. (2009). Determination of toxic elements in infant formula by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food and Chemistry and Toxicology, 47: 1425–1429.
● Ljung, K. and Palm, B. (2011). High concentration of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods. Food Chemistry, 127: 943–951.
● Mania, M., Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M., Starska, K., Rebeniak, M., Szynal, T., Strzelecka, A. et al. (2015). Toxic elements in commercial infant food, estimated dietary intake, and risk assessment in Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(6): 2525–2536.
● Odhiambo, V.O., Wanjau, R., and Odundo, J.O. (2015). Toxic trace elements in different brands of milk infant formulae in Nairobi market, Kenya. African Journal of Food Science, 9(8): 437–440.
● Singh, H. (2005). Mycoremediation. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 283–285.
● Zand, N.and Babur, Z.C. (2011). Essential and trace elements content of commercial infant foods in UK. Food Chemistry, 128: 123–128.
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● Al Khalifa, A. and Ahmad, D. (2010). Determination of key elements by ICP-OES in commercially available infant formulae and baby foods in Saudi Arabia. Australian Journal of French Studies, 4 (7): 464–468.
● Atabey, E. (2005). Medical geology, Tmmob geology muhendisler odasi publisher, Anakara, page 194.
● Caballero, B. (2012). Encyclopedia of human nutrition. In: Allen, L.H. and Prentice, A. (Eds.). Academic Press, pp. 14–21.
● Castro, C.S.P.D., Arruda, A.F., Cunha, L.R.D., DeSouza, J.R., Braga, J.W.B. and Dórea, J.G. (2010). Toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and their respective antagonists (Ca and Zn) in infant formulas and milk marketed in Brasilia, Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(11): 4062–4077.
● Dabeka, R., Fouquet, A., Belisle, S. and Turcotte, S. (2011). Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food Additives & Contaminants, 28(6): 744–53.
● Fox, L.J., Struik, P.C., Appleton, B.L. and Rule, J.H. (2008). Nitrogen phytoremediation by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 194: 199–207.
● Ghazban, F. (2002). Environmental Geology, First Edition, Tehran University Press [In Persian].
● Hajalilou, B. and Vosough, B. (2010). Medical Geology, Payam Noor University Press, Tehran. p. 255 [In Persian].
● Hawkins, N.M., Coffey, S., Lawson, M.S. and Delves, H.T. (1994). Potential aluminium toxicity in infants fed special infant formula. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 19(4): 377.
● Ikem, A., Nwankwoala, A., Odueyungbo, S., Nyavor, K. and Egiebor, N. (2002). Levels of 26 elements in infant formula from USA, UK, and Nigeria by microwave digestion and ICP-OES. Food Chemistry, 77 (4): 439–447.
● Kazi, T.G. and Jalbani, N. (2009). Determination of toxic elements in infant formula by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. Food and Chemistry and Toxicology, 47: 1425–1429.
● Ljung, K. and Palm, B. (2011). High concentration of essential and toxic elements in infant formula and infant foods. Food Chemistry, 127: 943–951.
● Mania, M., Wojciechowska-Mazurek, M., Starska, K., Rebeniak, M., Szynal, T., Strzelecka, A. et al. (2015). Toxic elements in commercial infant food, estimated dietary intake, and risk assessment in Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(6): 2525–2536.
● Odhiambo, V.O., Wanjau, R., and Odundo, J.O. (2015). Toxic trace elements in different brands of milk infant formulae in Nairobi market, Kenya. African Journal of Food Science, 9(8): 437–440.
● Singh, H. (2005). Mycoremediation. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 283–285.
● Zand, N.and Babur, Z.C. (2011). Essential and trace elements content of commercial infant foods in UK. Food Chemistry, 128: 123–128.