اثرات اندوفیت‌های آویشن (Thyme) لردگان روی باکتری شیگلا سونئی و قارچ کاندیدا آلبیکنس
محورهای موضوعی :
علوم و صنایع غذایی
سمیه شاهرخ شهرکی
1
(
گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
محمد خدادادی
2
(
گروه پاتوبیولوژی دانشکده دامپزشکی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
اعظم مختاری
3
(
گروه پاتوبیولوژی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1401/11/05
تاریخ پذیرش : 1402/02/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/12/01
کلید واژه:
اندوفیت,
کاندیدا آلبیکنس,
شیگلا سونئی,
آویشن لردگان,
چکیده مقاله :
این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات اندوفیت‌های گیاه دارویی آویشن لردگان بر باکتری شیگلا سونئی و قارچ کاندیدا آلبیکنس طراحی و انجام گردید. اجزای گیاه آویشن بعد از جمع‌آوری و انتقال به آزمایشگاه به ترتیب در اتانول ۷0 درصد (۲ دقیقه)، هیپوکلریت سدیم ۵/۳ درصد (۵دقیقه) و اتانول ۷5 درصد (30 ثانیه) غوطه‌ور و توسط آب مقطر استریل شستشو داده شد. سپس آنها را بر روی محیط YEA و PA کشت داده و اندوفیت‌ها جدا گشتند. از قسمت‌های مختلف گیاه آویشن لردگان (ساقه، برگ و ریشه) در مجموع 8 اندوفیت باکتریایی جدا شده و مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. اندوفیت‌های جدا شده از گیاه آویشن از نوع باسیل، کوکوباسیل و کوکسی بودند. خواص ضد‌میکروبی و مهاری اندوفیت‌های جدا شده از گیاه آویشن لردگان در دو روش بررسی عوامل ساختاری و روش بررسی متابولیت‌های ترشحی اندوفیت‌ها مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. نتایجی که از این پژوهش حاصل گردید نشان‌دهنده تأثیرات مطلوب اندوفیت‌های گیاه آویشن لردگان بر باکتری شیگلا سونئی و قارچ کاندیدا آلبیکنس بوده است. در بررسی عوامل ساختاری، اندوفیت‌های جدا شده از ریشه، ساقه و برگ آویشن لردگان، اثرات مهاری قوی‌تری نسبت به متابولیت‌های ترشحی اندوفیت‌های باکتریایی آویشن برعلیه باکتری شیگلا سونئی و قارچ نشانگر کاندیدا آلبیکنس از خود نشان دادند. بطور کلی گیاه دارویی آویشن جایگزین مناسبی برای داروهای شیمیایی در درمان عفونت‌های کاندیدایی به ویژه کاندیدیازیس جلدی مخاطی و شیگلوزیس بوده و می‌تواند در موارد کلینیکی و درمانی، صنایع غذایی، بهداشتی و داروسازی به کار گرفته شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thyme endophytes belonging to the Lordegan region on Shigella sonnei and Candida albicans. Thyme components were immersed in 70% ethanol (2 minutes), 3.5% sodium hypochlorite (5 minutes), and 75% ethanol (30 seconds), respectively, and lastly washed with sterile distilled water. Subsequently, they were cultured on YEA and PA medium, and the endophytes were isolated. A total of 8 bacterial endophytes were taken from different parts of the Lordegan thyme plant (stem, leaves, and roots) and examined. The endophytes isolated from thyme were bacilli, coccobacilli, and cocci. Antimicrobial and inhibitory properties of endophytes isolated from Lordegan thyme were studied in two methods: structural factors and secretory metabolites of endophytes. The results of this study showed the beneficial effects of thyme endophytes on Shigella sonnei and Candida albicans. Bacterial endophytes isolated from thyme (roots stems and leaves) showed stronger inhibitory effects than the study of secretory metabolites against S. sonnei and C. albicans. In general, thyme could be a good alternative to chemical drugs in the treatment of Candida infections, especially cutaneous mucosal candidiasis, and shigellosis, and can be used in therapeutic cases, food, health, and pharmaceutical industries.
منابع و مأخذ:
Abdelshafy Mohamad OA, Ma JB, Liu YH, Zhang D, Hua S, Bhute S, et al. (2020). Beneficial endophytic bacterial populations associated with medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris alleviate salt stress and confer resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Frontiers In Plant Science, 11:47.
Alajbeg I, Challacombe SJ, Holmstrup P, Jontell M. (2021). Red and white lesions of the oral mucosa. Burket's Oral Medicine, 30:85-138.
Almirante B, Rodríguez D, Park BJ, Cuenca-Estrella M, Planes AM, Almela M, et al. (2005). Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(4):1829-35.
Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P. (2011). Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises. Applied Microbiology And Biotechnology, 90(6):1829-45.
Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. (2016). Shigella diversity and changing landscape: insights for the twenty-first century. Frontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology, 6:45.
Anžlovar S, Likar M, Dolenc Koce J. (2017). Antifungal potential of thyme essential oil as a preservative for storage of wheat seeds. Acta Botanica Croatica, 76(1): 64-71.
Arendrup MC, Fuursted K, Gahrn-Hansen B, Jensen IM, Knudsen JD, Lundgren B, et al. (2005). Seminational surveillance of fungemia in Denmark: notably high rates of fungemia and numbers of isolates with reduced azole susceptibility. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, 43(9):4434-40.
Arnold AE and Herre EA. (2003). Canopy cover and leaf age affect colonization by tropical fungal endophytes: ecological pattern and process in Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Mycologia, 95(3):388-98.
Arnold AE, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS. (2001). Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity. Mycological Research, 105(12):1502.
Arora D, Midha N, Ichhpujani R. (1982). Drug resistant shigellosis in north India. The Indian Journal Of Medical Research, 76:74-9.
Atesh DA and Turgay O. (2003). Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27(3):157-62.
Azevedo JL, Maccheroni Jr W, Pereira JO, De Araújo WL. (2000). Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants. Electronic Journal Of Biotechnology, 3(1):15-6.
Azimpour S, Pourtaghi H. (2016). A case report of fungal diarrhea in a preweaned calf in Iran. International Journal Of Enteric Pathogens, 4(2):11-34199.
Bandara W, Seneviratne G, Kulasooriya SA. (2006). Interactions among endophytic bacteria and fungi: effects and potentials. Journal Of Biosciences, 31(5):645-50.
Bentley J, Romana LJ, Horton LL, McHargue CJ. (1991). Distribution and characterization of iron in implanted silicon carbide. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 235(1):363-8.
Blanchard PC. (2012). Diagnostics of dairy and beef cattle diarrhea. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 28(3):443-64.
Blocker A, Gounon P, Larquet E, Niebuhr K, Cabiaux V, Parsot C, et al. (1999). The tripartite type III secreton of Shigella flexneri inserts IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. The Journal Of Cell Biology, 147(3):683-93.
Borgers M, Degreef H, Cauwenbergh G. (2005). Fungal infections of the skin: infection process and antimycotic therapy. Current Drug Targets, 6(8):849-62.
Boucher H, Mercure S, Montplaisir S, Lemay G. (1996). A novel group I intron in Candida dubliniensis is homologous to a Candida albicans Gene, 180(1-2):189-96.
Buchrieser C, Glaser P, Rusniok C, Nedjari H, d'Hauteville H, Kunst F, et al. (2000). The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretion apparatus of Shigella flexneri. Molecular Microbiology, 38(4):760-71.
Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal Of Food Microbiology, 94(3):223-53.
Calderone RA, Braun PC. (1991). Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiological Reviews, 55(1):1-20.
Calderone RA, Fonzi WA. (2001). Virulence factors of Candida albicans. Trends In Microbiology, 9(7):327-35.
Carroll G. (1986). The biology of endophytism in plants with particular reference to woody perennials. Microbiology Of The Phyllosphere, 203 – 22.
Cassone A. (2015). Vulvovaginal Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG: An International Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology, 122(6):785-94.
Castillo UF, Strobel GA, Mullenberg K, Condron MM, Teplow DB, Folgiano V, et al. (2006). Munumbicins E-4 and E-5: novel broad-spectrum antibiotics from Streptomyces NRRL 3052. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 255(2):296-300.
Chaichi M, Mohammadi A, Badii F, Hashemi M. (2021). Triple synergistic essential oils prevent pathogenic and spoilage bacteria growth in the refrigerated chicken breast meat. Biocatalysis And Agricultural Biotechnology, 1;32:101926.
Chen C, Bauske EM, Musson G, Rodriguezkabana R, Kloepper JW. (1995). Biological control of fusarium wilt on cotton by use of endophytic bacteria. Biological Control, 5(1):83-91.
Chiou CS, Hsu WB, Wei HL, Chen JH. (2001). Molecular epidemiology of a Shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in Taiwan, Republic of China. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, 39(3):1048-56.
Christopher LG, Cieslak LT, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM. (1997). Biological warfare: a historical perspective. Jama Network, 278(5):412-7.
Farsiani H, Sasan MS. (2020). High rate of resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin among Shigella spp. isolates at three children's referral hospitals in Northeast Iran. Journal Of Infection And Chemotherapy, 26(9):955-8.
Feng B, Shen H, Yang F, Yan J, Yang S, Gan N, et al. (2022). Efficient classification of Escherichia coli and Shigella using FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 279:121369.
Hardoim PR. (2019). Biologically active compounds from bacterial endophytes. InEndophytes and secondary Metabolites. Springer, Cham, 3-31.
Jabborova D, Davranov K, Egamberdieva D. (2019). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of medical plants. Medically Important Plant Biomes: Source of Secondary Metabolites, 51-65.
Jalil MT, Hairudin NH, Ibrahim D. (2020). Muscodor sp. IBRL OS-94, A promising endophytic fungus of ocimum sanctum with antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(2):268-80.
Kachur K, Suntres Z. (2020). The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Critical Reviews In Food Science And Nutrition, 60(18):3042-53.
Kandasamy GD, Kathirvel P. (2022). Insights into bacterial endophytic diversity and isolation with a focus on their potential applications–A review. Microbiological Research, 13:127256.
Kebede T, Gadisa E, Tufa A. (2021). Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: A possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. PLoS One, 16(3):0249253.
Kong F, Wang J, Han R, Ji S, Yue J, Wang Y, et al. (2020). Antifungal activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles: effect on the growth and key virulence factors of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia, 185(3):485-94.
Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I. (2020). Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules, 25(18):4125.
Krishnapura, P.R. and Belur, P.D. (2016). Isolation and screening of endophytes from the rhizomes of some Zingiberaceae plants for L-asparaginase production. Preparative Biochemistry And Biotechnology, 46(3): 281-287.
Mandal S, DebMandal M. (2016). Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety . Academic Press, 1: 825-834.
Mirzaei S, Masumi S. (2022). The antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Thymus Journal Of Medicinal Plants And By-product, 27.
Mollea C, Bosco F, Fissore D. (2022). Agar plate methods for assessing the antibacterial activity of Thyme and oregano essential oils against epidermidis and E.coli. Antibiotics, 11(12):1809.
Musa Z, Ma J, Egamberdieva D, Abdelshafy Mohamad OA, Abaydulla G, Liu Y, et al. (2020). Diversity and antimicrobial potential of cultivable endophytic actinobacteria associated with the medicinal plant Thymus roseus. Frontiers In Microbiology, 12;11:191.
Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Stevens MJ, Cernela N, Müller A, Biggel M, Stephan R. (2021). Distribution of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and phylogenetic relatedness among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup O91 from human infections. International Journal Of Medical Microbiology, 311(8):151541.
Prasanth Reddy V, Ravi Vital K, Varsha PV, Satyam S. (2014). Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Med Aromat Plants, 3(164):2167-0412.
Qadri H, Shah AH, Andrabi SM, Alshehri B, Almilaibary A, Mir MA. (2022). Natural products and their semi-synthetic derivatives against antimicrobial-resistant human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Saudi Journal Of Biological Sciences, 18:103376.
Ratti RP, Serrano NF, Hokka CO, Sousa CP. (2008). Antagonistic properties of some microorganisms isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah plants against Staphylococcus coagulase-positive strain. Journal Of Venomous Animals And Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 14(2):294-302.
Sabour S, Azimi T, Nasser A, Hadi N, Mohsenzadeh A, Shariati A. (2022). A global overview of the most important zoonotic bacteria pathogens transmitted from Rattus norvegicus to humans in urban environments: Running title: Bacterial pathogens transmitted from wild rats to human. Infectious Medicine, 1(3):192-207.
Shad AA, Shad WA. (2021). Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Archives Of Microbiology, 203(1):45-58.
Sharma A, Malhotra B, Kharkwal H, Kulkarni GT, Kaushik N. (2020). Therapeutic agents from endophytes harbored in Asian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(3):691-720.
Shoukat M, Ullah F, Tariq MN, Din G, Khadija B, Faryal R. (2023). Profiling of potential pathogenic candida species in obesity. Microbial Pathogenesis, 174:105894.
Venugopal D, Husain K, Mustafa SA, Sabeen S. (2021). Epidemiology, risk factors and antimicrobial profile of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC): a study among women in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Journal Of Medical Mycology, 31(2):101049.
Zachariah OH, Lizzy MA, Rose K, Angela MM. (2021). Multiple drug resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella isolated from diarrhoeic children at Kapsabet County referral hospital, Kenya. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1):1-8.
Zhao F, Chen YP, Salmaki Y, Drew BT, Wilson TC, Scheen AC, et al. (2021). An updated tribal classification of Lamiaceae based on plastome phylogenomics. BMC Biology,19(1):1-27.
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Abdelshafy Mohamad OA, Ma JB, Liu YH, Zhang D, Hua S, Bhute S, et al. (2020). Beneficial endophytic bacterial populations associated with medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris alleviate salt stress and confer resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Frontiers In Plant Science, 11:47.
Alajbeg I, Challacombe SJ, Holmstrup P, Jontell M. (2021). Red and white lesions of the oral mucosa. Burket's Oral Medicine, 30:85-138.
Almirante B, Rodríguez D, Park BJ, Cuenca-Estrella M, Planes AM, Almela M, et al. (2005). Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 43(4):1829-35.
Aly AH, Debbab A, Proksch P. (2011). Fungal endophytes: unique plant inhabitants with great promises. Applied Microbiology And Biotechnology, 90(6):1829-45.
Anderson M, Sansonetti PJ, Marteyn BS. (2016). Shigella diversity and changing landscape: insights for the twenty-first century. Frontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology, 6:45.
Anžlovar S, Likar M, Dolenc Koce J. (2017). Antifungal potential of thyme essential oil as a preservative for storage of wheat seeds. Acta Botanica Croatica, 76(1): 64-71.
Arendrup MC, Fuursted K, Gahrn-Hansen B, Jensen IM, Knudsen JD, Lundgren B, et al. (2005). Seminational surveillance of fungemia in Denmark: notably high rates of fungemia and numbers of isolates with reduced azole susceptibility. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, 43(9):4434-40.
Arnold AE and Herre EA. (2003). Canopy cover and leaf age affect colonization by tropical fungal endophytes: ecological pattern and process in Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Mycologia, 95(3):388-98.
Arnold AE, Maynard Z, Gilbert GS. (2001). Fungal endophytes in dicotyledonous neotropical trees: patterns of abundance and diversity. Mycological Research, 105(12):1502.
Arora D, Midha N, Ichhpujani R. (1982). Drug resistant shigellosis in north India. The Indian Journal Of Medical Research, 76:74-9.
Atesh DA and Turgay O. (2003). Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, 27(3):157-62.
Azevedo JL, Maccheroni Jr W, Pereira JO, De Araújo WL. (2000). Endophytic microorganisms: a review on insect control and recent advances on tropical plants. Electronic Journal Of Biotechnology, 3(1):15-6.
Azimpour S, Pourtaghi H. (2016). A case report of fungal diarrhea in a preweaned calf in Iran. International Journal Of Enteric Pathogens, 4(2):11-34199.
Bandara W, Seneviratne G, Kulasooriya SA. (2006). Interactions among endophytic bacteria and fungi: effects and potentials. Journal Of Biosciences, 31(5):645-50.
Bentley J, Romana LJ, Horton LL, McHargue CJ. (1991). Distribution and characterization of iron in implanted silicon carbide. MRS Online Proceedings Library, 235(1):363-8.
Blanchard PC. (2012). Diagnostics of dairy and beef cattle diarrhea. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 28(3):443-64.
Blocker A, Gounon P, Larquet E, Niebuhr K, Cabiaux V, Parsot C, et al. (1999). The tripartite type III secreton of Shigella flexneri inserts IpaB and IpaC into host membranes. The Journal Of Cell Biology, 147(3):683-93.
Borgers M, Degreef H, Cauwenbergh G. (2005). Fungal infections of the skin: infection process and antimycotic therapy. Current Drug Targets, 6(8):849-62.
Boucher H, Mercure S, Montplaisir S, Lemay G. (1996). A novel group I intron in Candida dubliniensis is homologous to a Candida albicans Gene, 180(1-2):189-96.
Buchrieser C, Glaser P, Rusniok C, Nedjari H, d'Hauteville H, Kunst F, et al. (2000). The virulence plasmid pWR100 and the repertoire of proteins secreted by the type III secretion apparatus of Shigella flexneri. Molecular Microbiology, 38(4):760-71.
Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal Of Food Microbiology, 94(3):223-53.
Calderone RA, Braun PC. (1991). Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiological Reviews, 55(1):1-20.
Calderone RA, Fonzi WA. (2001). Virulence factors of Candida albicans. Trends In Microbiology, 9(7):327-35.
Carroll G. (1986). The biology of endophytism in plants with particular reference to woody perennials. Microbiology Of The Phyllosphere, 203 – 22.
Cassone A. (2015). Vulvovaginal Candida albicans infections: pathogenesis, immunity and vaccine prospects. BJOG: An International Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology, 122(6):785-94.
Castillo UF, Strobel GA, Mullenberg K, Condron MM, Teplow DB, Folgiano V, et al. (2006). Munumbicins E-4 and E-5: novel broad-spectrum antibiotics from Streptomyces NRRL 3052. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 255(2):296-300.
Chaichi M, Mohammadi A, Badii F, Hashemi M. (2021). Triple synergistic essential oils prevent pathogenic and spoilage bacteria growth in the refrigerated chicken breast meat. Biocatalysis And Agricultural Biotechnology, 1;32:101926.
Chen C, Bauske EM, Musson G, Rodriguezkabana R, Kloepper JW. (1995). Biological control of fusarium wilt on cotton by use of endophytic bacteria. Biological Control, 5(1):83-91.
Chiou CS, Hsu WB, Wei HL, Chen JH. (2001). Molecular epidemiology of a Shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in Taiwan, Republic of China. Journal Of Clinical Microbiology, 39(3):1048-56.
Christopher LG, Cieslak LT, Pavlin JA, Eitzen EM. (1997). Biological warfare: a historical perspective. Jama Network, 278(5):412-7.
Farsiani H, Sasan MS. (2020). High rate of resistance to ceftriaxone and azithromycin among Shigella spp. isolates at three children's referral hospitals in Northeast Iran. Journal Of Infection And Chemotherapy, 26(9):955-8.
Feng B, Shen H, Yang F, Yan J, Yang S, Gan N, et al. (2022). Efficient classification of Escherichia coli and Shigella using FT-IR spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular And Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 279:121369.
Hardoim PR. (2019). Biologically active compounds from bacterial endophytes. InEndophytes and secondary Metabolites. Springer, Cham, 3-31.
Jabborova D, Davranov K, Egamberdieva D. (2019). Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties of medical plants. Medically Important Plant Biomes: Source of Secondary Metabolites, 51-65.
Jalil MT, Hairudin NH, Ibrahim D. (2020). Muscodor sp. IBRL OS-94, A promising endophytic fungus of ocimum sanctum with antimicrobial activity. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(2):268-80.
Kachur K, Suntres Z. (2020). The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Critical Reviews In Food Science And Nutrition, 60(18):3042-53.
Kandasamy GD, Kathirvel P. (2022). Insights into bacterial endophytic diversity and isolation with a focus on their potential applications–A review. Microbiological Research, 13:127256.
Kebede T, Gadisa E, Tufa A. (2021). Antimicrobial activities evaluation and phytochemical screening of some selected medicinal plants: A possible alternative in the treatment of multidrug-resistant microbes. PLoS One, 16(3):0249253.
Kong F, Wang J, Han R, Ji S, Yue J, Wang Y, et al. (2020). Antifungal activity of magnesium oxide nanoparticles: effect on the growth and key virulence factors of Candida albicans. Mycopathologia, 185(3):485-94.
Kowalczyk A, Przychodna M, Sopata S, Bodalska A, Fecka I. (2020). Thymol and thyme essential oil—new insights into selected therapeutic applications. Molecules, 25(18):4125.
Krishnapura, P.R. and Belur, P.D. (2016). Isolation and screening of endophytes from the rhizomes of some Zingiberaceae plants for L-asparaginase production. Preparative Biochemistry And Biotechnology, 46(3): 281-287.
Mandal S, DebMandal M. (2016). Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oils. In Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety . Academic Press, 1: 825-834.
Mirzaei S, Masumi S. (2022). The antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Thymus Journal Of Medicinal Plants And By-product, 27.
Mollea C, Bosco F, Fissore D. (2022). Agar plate methods for assessing the antibacterial activity of Thyme and oregano essential oils against epidermidis and E.coli. Antibiotics, 11(12):1809.
Musa Z, Ma J, Egamberdieva D, Abdelshafy Mohamad OA, Abaydulla G, Liu Y, et al. (2020). Diversity and antimicrobial potential of cultivable endophytic actinobacteria associated with the medicinal plant Thymus roseus. Frontiers In Microbiology, 12;11:191.
Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Stevens MJ, Cernela N, Müller A, Biggel M, Stephan R. (2021). Distribution of virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes and phylogenetic relatedness among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroup O91 from human infections. International Journal Of Medical Microbiology, 311(8):151541.
Prasanth Reddy V, Ravi Vital K, Varsha PV, Satyam S. (2014). Review on Thymus vulgaris traditional uses and pharmacological properties. Med Aromat Plants, 3(164):2167-0412.
Qadri H, Shah AH, Andrabi SM, Alshehri B, Almilaibary A, Mir MA. (2022). Natural products and their semi-synthetic derivatives against antimicrobial-resistant human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Saudi Journal Of Biological Sciences, 18:103376.
Ratti RP, Serrano NF, Hokka CO, Sousa CP. (2008). Antagonistic properties of some microorganisms isolated from Brazilian tropical savannah plants against Staphylococcus coagulase-positive strain. Journal Of Venomous Animals And Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 14(2):294-302.
Sabour S, Azimi T, Nasser A, Hadi N, Mohsenzadeh A, Shariati A. (2022). A global overview of the most important zoonotic bacteria pathogens transmitted from Rattus norvegicus to humans in urban environments: Running title: Bacterial pathogens transmitted from wild rats to human. Infectious Medicine, 1(3):192-207.
Shad AA, Shad WA. (2021). Shigella sonnei: virulence and antibiotic resistance. Archives Of Microbiology, 203(1):45-58.
Sharma A, Malhotra B, Kharkwal H, Kulkarni GT, Kaushik N. (2020). Therapeutic agents from endophytes harbored in Asian medicinal plants. Phytochemistry Reviews, 19(3):691-720.
Shoukat M, Ullah F, Tariq MN, Din G, Khadija B, Faryal R. (2023). Profiling of potential pathogenic candida species in obesity. Microbial Pathogenesis, 174:105894.
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