مطالعه گذشته‌نگر بر روی میزان شیوع کیست‌هیداتید، گونه‌های فاسیولا و دیکروسلیوم‌دندریتیکوم در کبد گوسفند و بزهای کشتار شده در کشتارگاه ساوه، استان مرکزی و برآورد خسارت‌های اقتصادی ناشی از ضبط کبد از سال 1394 تا 1400
محورهای موضوعی : بهداشت مواد غذایی
1 - دانشیارگروه بهداشت مواد غذایی و آبزیان، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران
کلید واژه: گوسفند, ساوه, بز, کیست هیداتید, فاسیولا, دیکروسلیوم دندریتیکوم,
چکیده مقاله :
برخی از انگل‌های زئونوتیک از جمله کیست هیداتید، گونه‌های فاسیولا و دیکروسلیوم دندریتیکوم موجب مرگ‌ومیر و خسارت‌های اقتصادی زیادی در نشخوارکنندگان می‌شوند. هدف از این تحقیق بررسی میزان آلودگی انگل های کبد در گوسفندان و بزهای کشتار شده در کشتارگاه ساوه و برآورد خسارت های اقتصادی ناشی از ضبط آن ها بود. در یک مطالعه گذشته نگر از فروردین ماه 1394 تا فروردین ماه 1400 در مجموع 58699 راس حیوان شامل 13044 راس بز و 45655 راس گوسفند در کشتارگاه ساوه از نظر آلودگی کبد به کیست هیداتید، گونه های فاسیولا و دیکروسلیوم دندریتیکوم مورد بازرسی قرارگرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که 85/72 درصد از حیوانات آلوده به انگل بودند که 18/41 درصد به دیکروسلیوم دندریتیکوم، 08/28 درصد به کیست هیداتید، 58/3 درصد به گونه های فاسیولا آلوده بودند که از لحاظ آماری ارتباط معنی داری وجود داشت. میزان آلودگی به دیکروسلیوم دندریتیکوم، کیست هیداتید و گونه های فاسیولا به ترتیب در گوسفندان 70/21 ، 44/17 و 33/1 درصد و در بزها 48/16، 64/10 و 25/2 درصد بودند. ارتباط بین میزان آلودگی انگلی کبد در فصول مختلف سال‌های مورد مطالعه بجز سال 1394 در گوسفند معنی دار مشاهده نشد. خسارت های اقتصادی ناشی از ضبط کبد گوسفندان و بزهای کشتار شده 23324560000 ریال (24133016 دلار) برآورد شد. بالا بودن میزان شیوع بیماری‌های انگلی در نشخوارکنندگان کوچک منطقه و خسارت های اقتصادی ناشی از ضبط کبدهای آلوده و نیز به دلیل زئونوز بودن اینگونه بیماری ها، به کارگیری روش‌های مدیریتی مناسب جهت پیشگیری و یا کنترل بیماری توسط مراجع ذی صلاح بسیارحائز اهمیت می‌باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Some zoonotic parasites such as Hydatid cyst, Fasciola species and Dicrocelium dendriticum cause death and economic losses in ruminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate of liver parasites in sheep and goats slaughtered in Saveh slaughterhouse and to estimate the economic losses caused by their condemnation. In a retrospective study, from April 2014 to April 2020, a total of 58,699 animals including 13,044 goats and 45,655 sheep were inspected in Saveh slaughterhouse for liver contamination with Hydatid cyst, Fasciola species and Dicrocelium dendriticum. The results showed that 72.85% of the animals were infected with parasites, 41.18%, 28.08%, and, 3.58% were infected with Dicrocelium dendriticum, Hydatid cyst, and Fasciola species, respectively. There was a statistically significant. The rate of infection with Dicrocelium dendriticum, Hydatid cyst and Fasciola species was 21.70%, 17.44%, and 1.33% in sheep and 16.48%, 10.64%, and 2.25% in goats, respectively. Statistically, the prevalence rate of liver infection with seasons was not significant except for 2015. The economic losses caused by the condemnation of the liver of slaughtered sheep and goats were estimated at 23,324,560,000 Rials ($241,330.16). With the high prevalence of parasitic diseases in small ruminants in the region and the economic losses caused by the condemnation of infected livers, and due to the fact that these diseases are zoonotic, it is crucial to use appropriate management methods to prevent or control the disease by competent authorities.
منابع و مأخذ:
Adel Sardcoei, M., Khayati, B. and Badakhshan, Y. (2015). Financial loss estimation of cystic echinococcosis of sheep in south of Kerman province abattoirs (2011-2014). Journal of Animal Research, 25 )4(: 158–68.
Ahmadi, N.A. and Meshkehkar, M. (2010). Prevalence and Long Term Trend of Liver Fluke Infections in Sheep, Goats and Cattle Slaughtered in Khuzestan, Southwestern Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences, 1(2): 26–31.
Ahmadi, N.A. and Meshkehkar, M. (2011). An abattoir-based study on the prevalence and economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores in Ahwaz, south-western Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 85(1): 33–39.
Ahmadi, R., Sikejor, E.M. and Maleki, M. (2010). Prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in cattle, sheep and goat in Gilan province, Northern Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (21): 2723–2724.
Amin Pour, A., Hosseini, S.H. and Shayan, P. (2012). The prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes from Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 86(3): 373.
Ansari-Lari, M. (2005). A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Shiraz, Iran, based on abattoir data during 1999–2004. Veterinary Parasitology, 133( 1): 119–123.
Ansari-Lari, M. and Moazzeni, M. (2006). A retrospective survey of liver fluke disease in livestock based on abattoir data in Shiraz, south of Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 73(1): 93–96.
Arbabi, M., Nezami, E., Hooshyar, H. and Delavari, M. (2018). Epidemiology and economic loss of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in Arak, Iran. Veterinary World, 11(12): 1648-1652.
Azami, M., Anvarinejad, M., Ezatpour, B. and Alirezaei, M. (2013). Prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered animals in Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 37(2). 102–106.
Bari, S., Sarvi, S., Daryani, A., Ziaeei Hezarjaribi, H., Arbabi, M., Pirestani, M. and Mizani, A. (2016). Dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animals in iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 25(132): 367–375. [In Persian]
Borji, H., Azizzadeh, M. and Afsai, A. (2011). An abattoir-based study of hydatidosis in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 85(4): 478–479.
Borji, H., Azizzadeh, M. and Afsai, A. (2012). An abattoir-based study on the prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 86(2): 233–236.
Borji, H. and Parandeh, S. (2010). The abattoir condemnation of meat because of parasitic infection, and its economic importance: results of a retrospective study in north–eastern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 104(8): 641–647.
Daryani, A., Alaei, R., Arab, R., Sharif, M., Dehghan, M. and Ziaei, H. (2006). Prevalence of liver fluke infections in slaughtered animals in Ardabil province, Northwestern Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(5): 408–411.
Daryani, A., Alaei, R., Arab, R., Sharif, M., Dehghan, M.H. and Ziaei, H. (2007). The prevalence, intensity and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Ardabil province of Northwest Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 81(1): 13–17.
Dhaliwal, B.B.S. and Dutt Juyal, P. (2015). Parasitic Zoonoses, New York.
Eckert, J. and Deplazes, P. (2004). Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(1): 107–135.
Esmaeilzadeh, S., Sabbagh, A., Mohammadian, B., Alborzi, A.R., Ghorbanpoor, M. and Pourmehdi Borujeni, M. (2014). Frequency of ovine pulmonary lesions in Ahvaz slaughterhouse: pathological, bacteriological and parasitological study. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(4): 14–24. [In Persian]
Fallah, M., Matini, M., Beygomkia, E. and Mobedi, I. (2010). Study of zoonotic tissue parasites (Hydatid cyst, Fasciola, Dicrocoelium and Sarcocystis) in Hamadan abattoir. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine, 17(3). 5–12.
Ghazani, M.H.M., Valilou, M.R., Ahmadzadeh, A.R., Karami, A.R. and Zirak, K. (2008). The Prevalence of Sheep Liver Trematodes in the Northwest Region of Iran”, Turkish Journal of Veterinary And Animal Sciences, 32(4): 305-307.
Hajipour, N., Ketzis, J.K. and Mirshekar, F. (2023). Hydatid cysts fertility and Echinococcus protoscoleces viability in buffalos, cattle and sheep carcasses at a slaughterhouse, Tabriz, Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 54(2): 60–70.
Hajipour, N., Rashidzadeh, H.A., Montazeri, R., Sabzi, M. and Ketzis, J. (2021). Causes of dromedary (Camelus dromedaries) carcass and organ condemnation at slaughter and its economic importance: 5-year retrospective study, Isfahan province, Iran. Small Ruminant Research, 201(1): 1-6.
Hajipour, N., Valizadeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, P. (2021). Study on the role of age , sex and season on the prevalence of fascioliasis and dicrocoeliasis in animals slaughtered in Tabriz slaughterhouse. Food Hygiene, 11(42): 69-79. [In Persian]
Hajizadeh, M., Ahmadpour, E., Sadat, A.T.E. and Spotin, A. (2013). Hydatidosis as a cause of acute appendicitis: a case report, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(1): 71–73.
Hamzavi, Y., Nazari, N., Mikaeili, A., Parandin, F., Faizei, F. and Sardari, M. (2016). Prevalence of Hydatid Cyst in slaughtered livestock in Asadabad Slaughterhouse during 2014-2015. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 14(3): 58–66. [In Persian]
Khanjari, A., Partovi, R., Abbaszadeh, S., Nemati, G., Bahonar, A., Misaghi, A., Akhondzadeh-Basti, A., et al. (2010). A retrospective survey of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in slaughtered animals in Meisam abattoir, Tehran, Iran (2005-2008). Veterinary Research Forum, 1(3):174–178.
Khoramian, H., Arbabi, M., Osqoi, M.M., Delavari, M., Hooshyar, H. and Asgari, M. (2014). Prevalence of ruminants fascioliasis and their economic effects in Kashan, center of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(11): 918–922.
Mahami-Oskouei, M., Dalimi, A., Forouzandeh- Moghadam, M. and Mb, R. (2012). Prevalence and severity of animal Fasciolosis in six provinces of Iran. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 16(3): 254–260.
Mirzaei, M., Rezaei, H. and Nematollahi, A. (2015). Role of ruminants in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Tabriz area, Northwest of Iran. Tropical Biomedicine, 32(2): 269–275.
Molazadeh, P. and Zohoor, A. (2002). Prevalence of liver Trematodes and hydatid cyst in animals in the Jiroft slaughterhouse. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 1(3): 17–22. [In Persian]
Moshfe, A., Bagheri, M. and Mohebi Nobandeghany, Z. (2005). Prevalence of Fasciola Hepatica in Slaughtered livestock in Yasuj’s Slaughterhouse 1381- 1382. Armaghan-e-Danesh, 12(45): 23–29. [In Persian]
Nonga, H.E. and Karimuribo, E.D. (2009). A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Arusha, Tanzania, based on abattoir data during 2005-2007. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(7): 1253.
Nyirenda, S.S., Sakala, M., Moonde, L., Kayesa, E., Fandamu, P., Banda, F. and Sinkala, Y. (2019). Prevalence of bovine fascioliasis and economic impact associated with liver condemnation in abattoirs in Mongu district of Zambia. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1): 33-37.
Oryan, A., Mansourian, M., Moazeni, M., Nikahval, B. and Barband, S. (2011), “Liver distomatosis in cattle, sheep and goats of Northeastern Iran”, Global Veterinaria, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 241–246.
Sabzvarinezjad, G. (2007). Prevalence of zoonotic liver trematodes in slaughtered animals in Khoramabad slaughterehouse. Journal Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 6(22): 51–54.
Sadeghi-dehkordi, Z. and Yaeghoubi, H. (2012). The survey of Prevalence of dicrocoeliosis in slaughtered sheep and goat in Pouria Abattoir, Tehran. Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research, 4(1): 187-189. [In Persian]
Soosaraei, M., Fakhar, M., Teshnizi, S.H., Emameh, R.Z., Hezarjaribi, H.Z., Asfaram, S., Faridnia, R., et al. (2020). Status of fasciolosis among domestic ruminants in Iran based on abattoir data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Parasitology, 66(1): 77–86.
Talari, S.A., Vakily, Z., Talari, M.R., Baghbani, A. and Targh, H. (2011). Prevalence of liver flukes infections in slaughtered animals in Kashan , Isfahan. Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, 2(5): 14–18.
Torgerson, P.R. and Budke, C.M. (2003). Echinococcosis–an international public health challenge. Research in Veterinary Science, 74(3): 191–202.
Vaisi-Raygani, A., Mohammadi, M., Jalali, R., Salari, N. and Hosseinian-Far, M. (2021). Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1): 1–10.
Yakhchali, M. and Ghobadi, K. (2005). Survey of liver helminthes infection rate and economic loss in sheep in Urmia slaughterhouse. Scientific Research Iranian Veterinary Journal, 8(9): 60–66. [In Persian]
Zewde, A., Bayu, Y. and Wondimu, A. (2019). Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and Its Economic Loss due to Liver Condemnation at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattair, Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine International, 2019, 1-7.
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Adel Sardcoei, M., Khayati, B. and Badakhshan, Y. (2015). Financial loss estimation of cystic echinococcosis of sheep in south of Kerman province abattoirs (2011-2014). Journal of Animal Research, 25 )4(: 158–68.
Ahmadi, N.A. and Meshkehkar, M. (2010). Prevalence and Long Term Trend of Liver Fluke Infections in Sheep, Goats and Cattle Slaughtered in Khuzestan, Southwestern Iran. Journal of Paramedical Sciences, 1(2): 26–31.
Ahmadi, N.A. and Meshkehkar, M. (2011). An abattoir-based study on the prevalence and economic losses due to cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered herbivores in Ahwaz, south-western Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 85(1): 33–39.
Ahmadi, R., Sikejor, E.M. and Maleki, M. (2010). Prevalence of Dicrocoelium dendriticum infection in cattle, sheep and goat in Gilan province, Northern Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (21): 2723–2724.
Amin Pour, A., Hosseini, S.H. and Shayan, P. (2012). The prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes from Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 86(3): 373.
Ansari-Lari, M. (2005). A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Shiraz, Iran, based on abattoir data during 1999–2004. Veterinary Parasitology, 133( 1): 119–123.
Ansari-Lari, M. and Moazzeni, M. (2006). A retrospective survey of liver fluke disease in livestock based on abattoir data in Shiraz, south of Iran. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 73(1): 93–96.
Arbabi, M., Nezami, E., Hooshyar, H. and Delavari, M. (2018). Epidemiology and economic loss of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in Arak, Iran. Veterinary World, 11(12): 1648-1652.
Azami, M., Anvarinejad, M., Ezatpour, B. and Alirezaei, M. (2013). Prevalence of hydatidosis in slaughtered animals in Iran. Turkiye Parazitol Derg, 37(2). 102–106.
Bari, S., Sarvi, S., Daryani, A., Ziaeei Hezarjaribi, H., Arbabi, M., Pirestani, M. and Mizani, A. (2016). Dicrocoelium dentriticum infection among domestic animals in iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 25(132): 367–375. [In Persian]
Borji, H., Azizzadeh, M. and Afsai, A. (2011). An abattoir-based study of hydatidosis in the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 85(4): 478–479.
Borji, H., Azizzadeh, M. and Afsai, A. (2012). An abattoir-based study on the prevalence of hydatidosis in livestock in Mashhad, Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 86(2): 233–236.
Borji, H. and Parandeh, S. (2010). The abattoir condemnation of meat because of parasitic infection, and its economic importance: results of a retrospective study in north–eastern Iran. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 104(8): 641–647.
Daryani, A., Alaei, R., Arab, R., Sharif, M., Dehghan, M. and Ziaei, H. (2006). Prevalence of liver fluke infections in slaughtered animals in Ardabil province, Northwestern Iran. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 5(5): 408–411.
Daryani, A., Alaei, R., Arab, R., Sharif, M., Dehghan, M.H. and Ziaei, H. (2007). The prevalence, intensity and viability of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in the Ardabil province of Northwest Iran. Journal of Helminthology, 81(1): 13–17.
Dhaliwal, B.B.S. and Dutt Juyal, P. (2015). Parasitic Zoonoses, New York.
Eckert, J. and Deplazes, P. (2004). Biological, epidemiological, and clinical aspects of echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 17(1): 107–135.
Esmaeilzadeh, S., Sabbagh, A., Mohammadian, B., Alborzi, A.R., Ghorbanpoor, M. and Pourmehdi Borujeni, M. (2014). Frequency of ovine pulmonary lesions in Ahvaz slaughterhouse: pathological, bacteriological and parasitological study. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 9(4): 14–24. [In Persian]
Fallah, M., Matini, M., Beygomkia, E. and Mobedi, I. (2010). Study of zoonotic tissue parasites (Hydatid cyst, Fasciola, Dicrocoelium and Sarcocystis) in Hamadan abattoir. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine, 17(3). 5–12.
Ghazani, M.H.M., Valilou, M.R., Ahmadzadeh, A.R., Karami, A.R. and Zirak, K. (2008). The Prevalence of Sheep Liver Trematodes in the Northwest Region of Iran”, Turkish Journal of Veterinary And Animal Sciences, 32(4): 305-307.
Hajipour, N., Ketzis, J.K. and Mirshekar, F. (2023). Hydatid cysts fertility and Echinococcus protoscoleces viability in buffalos, cattle and sheep carcasses at a slaughterhouse, Tabriz, Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 54(2): 60–70.
Hajipour, N., Rashidzadeh, H.A., Montazeri, R., Sabzi, M. and Ketzis, J. (2021). Causes of dromedary (Camelus dromedaries) carcass and organ condemnation at slaughter and its economic importance: 5-year retrospective study, Isfahan province, Iran. Small Ruminant Research, 201(1): 1-6.
Hajipour, N., Valizadeh, H. and Hassanzadeh, P. (2021). Study on the role of age , sex and season on the prevalence of fascioliasis and dicrocoeliasis in animals slaughtered in Tabriz slaughterhouse. Food Hygiene, 11(42): 69-79. [In Persian]
Hajizadeh, M., Ahmadpour, E., Sadat, A.T.E. and Spotin, A. (2013). Hydatidosis as a cause of acute appendicitis: a case report, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 3(1): 71–73.
Hamzavi, Y., Nazari, N., Mikaeili, A., Parandin, F., Faizei, F. and Sardari, M. (2016). Prevalence of Hydatid Cyst in slaughtered livestock in Asadabad Slaughterhouse during 2014-2015. Pajouhan Scientific Journal, 14(3): 58–66. [In Persian]
Khanjari, A., Partovi, R., Abbaszadeh, S., Nemati, G., Bahonar, A., Misaghi, A., Akhondzadeh-Basti, A., et al. (2010). A retrospective survey of fasciolosis and dicrocoeliosis in slaughtered animals in Meisam abattoir, Tehran, Iran (2005-2008). Veterinary Research Forum, 1(3):174–178.
Khoramian, H., Arbabi, M., Osqoi, M.M., Delavari, M., Hooshyar, H. and Asgari, M. (2014). Prevalence of ruminants fascioliasis and their economic effects in Kashan, center of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(11): 918–922.
Mahami-Oskouei, M., Dalimi, A., Forouzandeh- Moghadam, M. and Mb, R. (2012). Prevalence and severity of animal Fasciolosis in six provinces of Iran. Journal of Kashan University of Medical Sciences, 16(3): 254–260.
Mirzaei, M., Rezaei, H. and Nematollahi, A. (2015). Role of ruminants in the epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus in Tabriz area, Northwest of Iran. Tropical Biomedicine, 32(2): 269–275.
Molazadeh, P. and Zohoor, A. (2002). Prevalence of liver Trematodes and hydatid cyst in animals in the Jiroft slaughterhouse. Journal of Research in Health Sciences, 1(3): 17–22. [In Persian]
Moshfe, A., Bagheri, M. and Mohebi Nobandeghany, Z. (2005). Prevalence of Fasciola Hepatica in Slaughtered livestock in Yasuj’s Slaughterhouse 1381- 1382. Armaghan-e-Danesh, 12(45): 23–29. [In Persian]
Nonga, H.E. and Karimuribo, E.D. (2009). A retrospective survey of hydatidosis in livestock in Arusha, Tanzania, based on abattoir data during 2005-2007. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 41(7): 1253.
Nyirenda, S.S., Sakala, M., Moonde, L., Kayesa, E., Fandamu, P., Banda, F. and Sinkala, Y. (2019). Prevalence of bovine fascioliasis and economic impact associated with liver condemnation in abattoirs in Mongu district of Zambia. BMC Veterinary Research, 15(1): 33-37.
Oryan, A., Mansourian, M., Moazeni, M., Nikahval, B. and Barband, S. (2011), “Liver distomatosis in cattle, sheep and goats of Northeastern Iran”, Global Veterinaria, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 241–246.
Sabzvarinezjad, G. (2007). Prevalence of zoonotic liver trematodes in slaughtered animals in Khoramabad slaughterehouse. Journal Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, 6(22): 51–54.
Sadeghi-dehkordi, Z. and Yaeghoubi, H. (2012). The survey of Prevalence of dicrocoeliosis in slaughtered sheep and goat in Pouria Abattoir, Tehran. Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research, 4(1): 187-189. [In Persian]
Soosaraei, M., Fakhar, M., Teshnizi, S.H., Emameh, R.Z., Hezarjaribi, H.Z., Asfaram, S., Faridnia, R., et al. (2020). Status of fasciolosis among domestic ruminants in Iran based on abattoir data: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Parasitology, 66(1): 77–86.
Talari, S.A., Vakily, Z., Talari, M.R., Baghbani, A. and Targh, H. (2011). Prevalence of liver flukes infections in slaughtered animals in Kashan , Isfahan. Journal of Multidisciplinary Science and Technology, 2(5): 14–18.
Torgerson, P.R. and Budke, C.M. (2003). Echinococcosis–an international public health challenge. Research in Veterinary Science, 74(3): 191–202.
Vaisi-Raygani, A., Mohammadi, M., Jalali, R., Salari, N. and Hosseinian-Far, M. (2021). Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered livestock in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1): 1–10.
Yakhchali, M. and Ghobadi, K. (2005). Survey of liver helminthes infection rate and economic loss in sheep in Urmia slaughterhouse. Scientific Research Iranian Veterinary Journal, 8(9): 60–66. [In Persian]
Zewde, A., Bayu, Y. and Wondimu, A. (2019). Prevalence of Bovine Fasciolosis and Its Economic Loss due to Liver Condemnation at Wolaita Sodo Municipal Abattair, Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine International, 2019, 1-7.
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