تأثیر روش پخت و زمان خیساندن بر غلظت فلزات سنگین (سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل و کروم) در برنج
محورهای موضوعی :
علوم و صنایع غذایی
آذر عباسی
1
,
سید مصطفی صادقی
2
,
ماندانا طایفه
3
1 - دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران
2 - دانشیار گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران
3 - مربی گروه علوم و مهندسی صنایع غذایی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد لاهیجان، لاهیجان، ایران
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/08/24
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/10/29
تاریخ انتشار : 1399/10/01
کلید واژه:
برنج,
فلزات سنگین,
پخت برنج,
خیساندن برنج,
چکیده مقاله :
برنج یکی از پرمصرف‌ترین غلات در جهان است. به‌همین دلیل بررسی میزان آلودگی آن به آلاینده‌های غذایی از جمله فلزات سنگین باید مورد توجه قرار گیرد. هدف از انجام این مطالعه در مرحله اول، تعیین میزان آلودگی به فلزات سنگین در نمونه‌های برنج رقم هاشمی برداشت‌شده به‌صورت تصادفی از سه منطقه ماسال، شاندرمن و صومعه‌سرا در غرب استان گیلان بود. در مرحله دوم تأثیر شرایط عمل‌آوری بر برنج استحصالی از منطقه آلوده، شامل دو عامل مدت‌زمان خیساندن برنج قبل از پخت و نحوه پخت (کته و آبکش) بر تغییرات فلزات سنگین (سرب، کادمیوم، کروم و نیکل) در برنج مصرفی مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. پس از اعمال مراحل آماده‌سازی و هضم، با به‌کارگیری دستگاه طیف‌سنجی جرمی پلاسمایی القایی (ICP-MS) غلظت فلزات سنگین اندازه‌گیری گردید. نتایج نشان داد که غلظت‌های کروم و نیکل در برنج برداشت شده از منطقه شاندرمن به‌ترتیب با1/2 و ppm 35/1، اختلاف معنی‌داری را با دو منطقه دیگر و مقدار استاندارد داشت. طبق نتایج، شستشو و خیساندن برنج به نحو چشمگیری در کاهش محتوای فلزات سنگین مؤثر بود. همچنین پخت برنج به روش آبکش در مقایسه با روش کته در کاهش غلظت فلزات سنگین کارآمدتر عمل نمود. با توجه به تفاوت تأثیر تیمارهای خیساندن و روش‌های پخت مختلف در کاهش غلظت فلزات، به‌کارگیری
چکیده انگلیسی:
Rice is one of the world's most commonly consumed cereals. Consequently, its contamination by food contaminants, including heavy metals, should be taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of heavy metal contamination in rice samples of Hashemi cultivar harvested randomly from three areas of Masal, Shanderman, and Soomehsara in the west of Gilan province. In the second stage, the effect of two factors of soaking time of rice before cooking and cooking method (drained and boiled) on changes of heavy metals in consumed rice was evaluated. Following the preparation and digestion steps, the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel) was determined using induced plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that in comparison with the other two regions and the standard limit, the concentrations of Cr and Ni in rice harvested from the Shanderman region (with 2.1 and 1.35 ppm, respectively), were significantly higher contamination. The results showed that washing and soaking the rice were very effective in reducing the heavy metal content. Moreover, cooking rice using the drainage method was more effective in reducing the concentration of heavy metals than the boiled method. Due to the difference in the effect of soaking treatments and different sintering methods in reducing the concentration of metals, using a combination of 3 consecutive washes and 6 hours of soaking and cooking in both methods is introduced as the most effective treatment in reducing the concentration of heavy metals.
منابع و مأخذ:
· Abtahi, M., Fakhri, Y., OliveriConti, G., Keramati, H., Zandsalimi, Y., Bahmani, Z. et al., (2017). Heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) concentrations in rice (Oryza sativa) from Iran and associated risk assessment: a systematic review. Toxin Reviews, 36(4): 331-341.
· Alfaraas, A.J., Khairiah, J., Ismail, B.S. and Noraini, T. (2016). Effects of heavy metal exposure on the morphological and microscopical characteristics of the paddy plant. Journal of Environmental Biology, 37(5): 955-967.
· Arunakumara, K.K.I.U., Walpola, B.C. and Yoon, M.H. (2013).Current status of heavy metal contamination in Asia’s rice lands. Review in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 12:355–377.
· Behrouzi, R., Marhamatizadeh, M.H., Shoeibi, S., Razavilar, V., Rastegar, H. and Karimane, K. (2014). Study of the Concentration of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Heavy Metals in Various Domestic and Imported Rice of Iran. Archive of Hygine Sciences, 7(3): 150-156.
· Cheraghi, M., Afshari Bahmanbeigloo, Z. and Seif, A. (2013). Health assessment of arsenic and zinc in rice cultivated in Fars Province (case study: Firoozabad Fields). Journal of food hygiene, 3(3):67-74. [In Persian]
· Cheng, F., Zhao, N., Xu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, W. and Zhu, Z. (2006). Cadmium and lead contamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations in southeast China. The Science of the Total Environment, 359(1-3): 156-166.
· Commission of the European Communities (CEC). 2006/1881/ EC Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities. Dec 19, 2006; L364/5.
· Dehghani, M., Mosaferi, F. and Alipour, V. (2016). Heavy Metals in the Imported and Iranian Rice Consumed in Hormozgan Province. Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System, 4(3): 106-110.
· Fan, Y., Zhu, T., Li, M., He, J. and Huang, R. (2017). Heavy metal contamination in soil and brown rice and human health risk assessment near three mining areas in central China. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. 2017(3):1-9.
· FAO Rice Market Monitor (RMM), 2018. Available on: http://www.fao.org/economic/est/publications/rice-publications/rice-market-monitor-rmm/en/
· Gomes, M.A.D., Hauser-Davis, R.A., Suzuki, M.S. and Vitoria, A.P. (2017). Plant chromium uptake and transport, physiological effects and recent advances in molecular investigations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 140: 55-64.
Hashemi, M., Salehi, T., Aminzare, M., Raeisi, M. and Afshari, A. (2017). Contamination of toxic heavy metals in various foods in Iran: A Review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(10): 1692-1697.
· Ihedioha J.N, Ujam O.T., Nwuche C.O., Ekere N.R. and Chime C.C. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field, Enugu, Nigeria: Estimating the human health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 22(8): 1665-1677.
· Jafari, A., Kamarehie, B., Ghaderpoori, M., Khoshnamvand, N. and Birjandi, M. (2018). The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment. Data in brief, 16: 453-459.
· Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programmer Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011). Thirty-fourth Session Geneva, Switzerland. The Risk Analysis Principles Applied by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. Section 3, para. 20.
· Jorhem, L., Åstrand, C., Sundström, B., Baxter, M., Stokes, P., Lewis, J. and Grawe, K.P. (2008). Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic). Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(3): 284-292.
· Kong, X., Liu, T., Yu, Z., Chen, Z., Lei, Da., Wang, Z. & et al. (2018). Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Rice from a High Geological Background Area in Guizhou Province,China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10): 2281.
· Laparra, JM., Vélez, D., Barberá, R., Farré, R. and Montoro, R. (2005). Bioavailability of inorganic arsenic in cooked rice: practical aspects for human health risk assessments. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (22): 8829–8833.
· Layosa, M., Atienza, L. and Felix, A. (2018). Cadmium and lead contents and potential health risk of brown rice (NSIC Rc222 Tubigan 18) cultivated in selected provinces in the Philippines. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 24(2): 287-292.
· Li, H., Xu, H., Zhou, S., Yu, Y., Li, H., Zhou, C. et al., (2018). Distribution and transformation of lead in rice plants grown in contaminated soil amended with bio char and lime. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165: 589-596.
· Liu, K., Zheng, J. and Chen, F. (2018). Effects of washing, soaking, and domestic cooking on cadmium, arsenic, and lead bio accessibilities in rice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(10): 3829-3835.
· Mihucz, V., Silversmit, G., Szalóki, I., Samber, BD., Schoonjans, T., Tatár, E. and Záray, G. (2010). Removal of some elements from washed and cooked rice studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron based confocal micro-X-ray fluorescence. Food Chemistry, 121(1): 290-297.
· Mohammadi, M., RiyahiBakhtiari, A. and Khodabandeh, S. (2014). Concentration of Cd, Pb, Hg, and Se in different parts of human breast cancer tissues. Journal of Toxicology, 2014: 1-12.
· Nacke, H., Goncalves, A.C., Schwantes, D., Nava, I.A., Strey, L. and Coelho, G.F. (2013). Availability of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cr) in agriculture from commercial fertilizers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64(4): 537-544.
· Naghipour, D., Amouei, A. and Nazmara, S. (2016). A comparative evaluation of heavy metals in the different breads in Iran: A case study of Rasht city. Health Scope Journal, 3(4): 57-70.
· Naseri, M., Rahmanikhah, Z., Beiygloo, V. and Ranjbar, S. (2014). Effects of two cooking methods on the concentrations of some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt) in some rice brands available in Iranian market. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 4(2): 65–72.
· Naseri, M., Vazirzadeh, A., Kazemi, R. and Zaheri, F. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chemistry, 175(2015): 243–248.
· Neeratanaphan, L., Khamma, S., Benchawattananon, R., Ruchuwararak, P., Appamaraka, S. and Intamat, S. (2017). Heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) near electronic waste dumps and related human health risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 23(5): 1086-1098.
· Morekian, R., Rezaee, E., Azadbakht, L., Mirlohi, M. (2013). Cooking elements affecting on heavy metal concentration in rice. Journal of Health System Research, 9(13): 1394-1405. [In Persian]
· Otitoju, O., Otitoju, G.T.O., Iyeghe, L.U. and Onwurah, I.N.E. (2014). Quantification of heavy metals in some locally produced rice (Oryza Sativa) from the northern region of Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(1):1-13.
· Panda, S.K. and Choudhury, S. (2005). Chromium stress in plants. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol, 17(1):95-102.
· Otitoju, G., Otitoju, O., Omale, E., Abdussalaam, RO. and Ali, JE. (2019). Heavy metal levels in locally produced rice in the south west region of Nigeria. ACTA Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(2), 120-124.
· Parth, V., Murthy, N.N. and Saxena, P.R. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil around hazardous waste disposal sites in Hyderabad city (India): natural and anthropogenic implications. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 2(2): 27-34.
· Rahman, A.K.M.R., Hossain, SM. and Akramuzzaman, MM. (2010). Distribution of heavy metals in rice plant cultivated in industrial effluent receiving soil. Environment Asia, 3(2):15-19.
· Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H. and Miah M.M. (2006). Influence of cooking method on arsenic retention in cooked rice related to dietary exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 370(1): 51-60.
· Rezaei, M., Shokrzadeh, M., Khasi, B., Rouhi, S. and Zaboli, F. (2016). Survey and comparison of different processes effect, rinsing and baking on remaining amount of heavy metals lead and cadmium in cultivated Tarom rice in Qhaemshahrcity paddies in northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 2 (1): 52-59. [In Persian]
· Satpathy, D., Reddy, M.V. and Dhal, SP. (2014). Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativa L.) at the East Coast of India. BioMed Research International, 2014: 1-11.
· SharafatiChaleshtori, F., RafieianKopaei, M., SharafatiChaleshtori, R. (2016). A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran. Toxin reviews, 36 (2): 147–153.
· Tariq, S.R. and Rashid, N. (2013). Multivariate analysis of metal levels in paddy soil, rice plants, and rice grains: a case study from Shakargarh, Pakistan. Journal of Chemistry, 2013: 1-11.
· Thielecke, F. and Nugent, A. (2018). Contaminants in grain—a major risk for whole grain safety. Nutrients, 2018: 10(9): 1-23.
· Thomas, R., Wan-Nadiah, W.A. and Bhat, R. (2013). Physiochemical properties, proximate composition, and cooking qualities of locally grown and imported rice varieties marketed in Penang.Malaysian International Food Research Journal, 20(3): 1345-1356.
· Udemezue, J.C. (2018). Analysis of Rice Production and Consumption Trends in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, 1(3): 305-315.
· Vahaji, N., Tayefe, M. and Sadeghi, SM. (2020). Comparison of the concentration of heavy elements and their weekly absorption in consumed rice planted in different regions of Guilan province. Ebnesina - IRIAF Health Administration, 21(4): 51-58. [In Persian]
· World Health Organization (1985). Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants. World Health Organization Offset Publication. 1985; No. 87.
· Zeng, F., Wei, W., Li, M., Huang, R., Yang, F. and Duan, Y. (2015). Heavy metal contamination in rice-producing soils of Hunan province, China and potential health risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12): 15584-15593.
Zhang, X.Y., Lin, FF., Wong, MT., Feng, X.L. and Wang, K. (2009).Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154(1): pp.439-449.
· Ziarati, P. and Azizi, N. (2014). Consequences of cooking method in essential and heavy metal contents in brown and polished Alikazemi Rice. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 4(2): 280-287.
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· Abtahi, M., Fakhri, Y., OliveriConti, G., Keramati, H., Zandsalimi, Y., Bahmani, Z. et al., (2017). Heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni) concentrations in rice (Oryza sativa) from Iran and associated risk assessment: a systematic review. Toxin Reviews, 36(4): 331-341.
· Alfaraas, A.J., Khairiah, J., Ismail, B.S. and Noraini, T. (2016). Effects of heavy metal exposure on the morphological and microscopical characteristics of the paddy plant. Journal of Environmental Biology, 37(5): 955-967.
· Arunakumara, K.K.I.U., Walpola, B.C. and Yoon, M.H. (2013).Current status of heavy metal contamination in Asia’s rice lands. Review in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 12:355–377.
· Behrouzi, R., Marhamatizadeh, M.H., Shoeibi, S., Razavilar, V., Rastegar, H. and Karimane, K. (2014). Study of the Concentration of Arsenic, Cadmium and Lead Heavy Metals in Various Domestic and Imported Rice of Iran. Archive of Hygine Sciences, 7(3): 150-156.
· Cheraghi, M., Afshari Bahmanbeigloo, Z. and Seif, A. (2013). Health assessment of arsenic and zinc in rice cultivated in Fars Province (case study: Firoozabad Fields). Journal of food hygiene, 3(3):67-74. [In Persian]
· Cheng, F., Zhao, N., Xu, H., Li, Y., Zhang, W. and Zhu, Z. (2006). Cadmium and lead contamination in japonica rice grains and its variation among the different locations in southeast China. The Science of the Total Environment, 359(1-3): 156-166.
· Commission of the European Communities (CEC). 2006/1881/ EC Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Communities. Dec 19, 2006; L364/5.
· Dehghani, M., Mosaferi, F. and Alipour, V. (2016). Heavy Metals in the Imported and Iranian Rice Consumed in Hormozgan Province. Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System, 4(3): 106-110.
· Fan, Y., Zhu, T., Li, M., He, J. and Huang, R. (2017). Heavy metal contamination in soil and brown rice and human health risk assessment near three mining areas in central China. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. 2017(3):1-9.
· FAO Rice Market Monitor (RMM), 2018. Available on: http://www.fao.org/economic/est/publications/rice-publications/rice-market-monitor-rmm/en/
· Gomes, M.A.D., Hauser-Davis, R.A., Suzuki, M.S. and Vitoria, A.P. (2017). Plant chromium uptake and transport, physiological effects and recent advances in molecular investigations. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 140: 55-64.
Hashemi, M., Salehi, T., Aminzare, M., Raeisi, M. and Afshari, A. (2017). Contamination of toxic heavy metals in various foods in Iran: A Review, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 9(10): 1692-1697.
· Ihedioha J.N, Ujam O.T., Nwuche C.O., Ekere N.R. and Chime C.C. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice grains (Oryza sativa) and soil from Ada field, Enugu, Nigeria: Estimating the human health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 22(8): 1665-1677.
· Jafari, A., Kamarehie, B., Ghaderpoori, M., Khoshnamvand, N. and Birjandi, M. (2018). The concentration data of heavy metals in Iranian grown and imported rice and human health hazard assessment. Data in brief, 16: 453-459.
· Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programmer Codex Alimentarius Commission (2011). Thirty-fourth Session Geneva, Switzerland. The Risk Analysis Principles Applied by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and the Codex Committee on Contaminants in Foods. Section 3, para. 20.
· Jorhem, L., Åstrand, C., Sundström, B., Baxter, M., Stokes, P., Lewis, J. and Grawe, K.P. (2008). Elements in rice from the Swedish market: 1. Cadmium, lead and arsenic (total and inorganic). Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(3): 284-292.
· Kong, X., Liu, T., Yu, Z., Chen, Z., Lei, Da., Wang, Z. & et al. (2018). Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation in Rice from a High Geological Background Area in Guizhou Province,China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10): 2281.
· Laparra, JM., Vélez, D., Barberá, R., Farré, R. and Montoro, R. (2005). Bioavailability of inorganic arsenic in cooked rice: practical aspects for human health risk assessments. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53 (22): 8829–8833.
· Layosa, M., Atienza, L. and Felix, A. (2018). Cadmium and lead contents and potential health risk of brown rice (NSIC Rc222 Tubigan 18) cultivated in selected provinces in the Philippines. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 24(2): 287-292.
· Li, H., Xu, H., Zhou, S., Yu, Y., Li, H., Zhou, C. et al., (2018). Distribution and transformation of lead in rice plants grown in contaminated soil amended with bio char and lime. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 165: 589-596.
· Liu, K., Zheng, J. and Chen, F. (2018). Effects of washing, soaking, and domestic cooking on cadmium, arsenic, and lead bio accessibilities in rice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(10): 3829-3835.
· Mihucz, V., Silversmit, G., Szalóki, I., Samber, BD., Schoonjans, T., Tatár, E. and Záray, G. (2010). Removal of some elements from washed and cooked rice studied by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron based confocal micro-X-ray fluorescence. Food Chemistry, 121(1): 290-297.
· Mohammadi, M., RiyahiBakhtiari, A. and Khodabandeh, S. (2014). Concentration of Cd, Pb, Hg, and Se in different parts of human breast cancer tissues. Journal of Toxicology, 2014: 1-12.
· Nacke, H., Goncalves, A.C., Schwantes, D., Nava, I.A., Strey, L. and Coelho, G.F. (2013). Availability of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Cr) in agriculture from commercial fertilizers. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 64(4): 537-544.
· Naghipour, D., Amouei, A. and Nazmara, S. (2016). A comparative evaluation of heavy metals in the different breads in Iran: A case study of Rasht city. Health Scope Journal, 3(4): 57-70.
· Naseri, M., Rahmanikhah, Z., Beiygloo, V. and Ranjbar, S. (2014). Effects of two cooking methods on the concentrations of some heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel and cobalt) in some rice brands available in Iranian market. Journal of Chemical Health Risks, 4(2): 65–72.
· Naseri, M., Vazirzadeh, A., Kazemi, R. and Zaheri, F. (2015). Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chemistry, 175(2015): 243–248.
· Neeratanaphan, L., Khamma, S., Benchawattananon, R., Ruchuwararak, P., Appamaraka, S. and Intamat, S. (2017). Heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) near electronic waste dumps and related human health risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 23(5): 1086-1098.
· Morekian, R., Rezaee, E., Azadbakht, L., Mirlohi, M. (2013). Cooking elements affecting on heavy metal concentration in rice. Journal of Health System Research, 9(13): 1394-1405. [In Persian]
· Otitoju, O., Otitoju, G.T.O., Iyeghe, L.U. and Onwurah, I.N.E. (2014). Quantification of heavy metals in some locally produced rice (Oryza Sativa) from the northern region of Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 4(1):1-13.
· Panda, S.K. and Choudhury, S. (2005). Chromium stress in plants. Braz. J. Plant. Physiol, 17(1):95-102.
· Otitoju, G., Otitoju, O., Omale, E., Abdussalaam, RO. and Ali, JE. (2019). Heavy metal levels in locally produced rice in the south west region of Nigeria. ACTA Scientific Nutritional Health, 3(2), 120-124.
· Parth, V., Murthy, N.N. and Saxena, P.R. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil around hazardous waste disposal sites in Hyderabad city (India): natural and anthropogenic implications. Journal of Environmental Research and Management, 2(2): 27-34.
· Rahman, A.K.M.R., Hossain, SM. and Akramuzzaman, MM. (2010). Distribution of heavy metals in rice plant cultivated in industrial effluent receiving soil. Environment Asia, 3(2):15-19.
· Rahman, M.A., Hasegawa, H. and Miah M.M. (2006). Influence of cooking method on arsenic retention in cooked rice related to dietary exposure. Science of the Total Environment, 370(1): 51-60.
· Rezaei, M., Shokrzadeh, M., Khasi, B., Rouhi, S. and Zaboli, F. (2016). Survey and comparison of different processes effect, rinsing and baking on remaining amount of heavy metals lead and cadmium in cultivated Tarom rice in Qhaemshahrcity paddies in northern Iran. Iranian Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 2 (1): 52-59. [In Persian]
· Satpathy, D., Reddy, M.V. and Dhal, SP. (2014). Risk assessment of heavy metals contamination in paddy soil, plants, and grains (Oryza sativa L.) at the East Coast of India. BioMed Research International, 2014: 1-11.
· SharafatiChaleshtori, F., RafieianKopaei, M., SharafatiChaleshtori, R. (2016). A review of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa) of Iran. Toxin reviews, 36 (2): 147–153.
· Tariq, S.R. and Rashid, N. (2013). Multivariate analysis of metal levels in paddy soil, rice plants, and rice grains: a case study from Shakargarh, Pakistan. Journal of Chemistry, 2013: 1-11.
· Thielecke, F. and Nugent, A. (2018). Contaminants in grain—a major risk for whole grain safety. Nutrients, 2018: 10(9): 1-23.
· Thomas, R., Wan-Nadiah, W.A. and Bhat, R. (2013). Physiochemical properties, proximate composition, and cooking qualities of locally grown and imported rice varieties marketed in Penang.Malaysian International Food Research Journal, 20(3): 1345-1356.
· Udemezue, J.C. (2018). Analysis of Rice Production and Consumption Trends in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop Protection, 1(3): 305-315.
· Vahaji, N., Tayefe, M. and Sadeghi, SM. (2020). Comparison of the concentration of heavy elements and their weekly absorption in consumed rice planted in different regions of Guilan province. Ebnesina - IRIAF Health Administration, 21(4): 51-58. [In Persian]
· World Health Organization (1985). Guidelines for the study of dietary intakes of chemical contaminants. World Health Organization Offset Publication. 1985; No. 87.
· Zeng, F., Wei, W., Li, M., Huang, R., Yang, F. and Duan, Y. (2015). Heavy metal contamination in rice-producing soils of Hunan province, China and potential health risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(12): 15584-15593.
Zhang, X.Y., Lin, FF., Wong, MT., Feng, X.L. and Wang, K. (2009).Identification of soil heavy metal sources from anthropogenic activities and pollution assessment of Fuyang County China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 154(1): pp.439-449.
· Ziarati, P. and Azizi, N. (2014). Consequences of cooking method in essential and heavy metal contents in brown and polished Alikazemi Rice. International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 4(2): 280-287.
