آلودگی فلزات سنگین و ارزیابی سلامتی برخی برنج‌های وارداتی و کشت شده پایین‌دست رودخانه کارون (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان شادگان)
محورهای موضوعی :
علوم و صنایع غذایی
آتنا اسکندری
1
(
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه محیط‌زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
مریم محمدی روزبهانی
2
(
استادیار گروه محیط زیست، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
خوشناز پاینده
3
(
استادیار گروه خاک‌شناسی، واحد اهواز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اهواز، ایران
)
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/10/27
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/08/21
تاریخ انتشار : 1398/09/01
کلید واژه:
برنج,
فلزات سنگین,
آلودگی خاک,
رودخانه کارون,
ارزیابی ریسک,
چکیده مقاله :
فلزات سنگین از جمله مهم‌ترین آلاینده ها هستند که از راه های مختلف به خاک نفوذ کرده و از آن طریق به محصولات کشاورزی راه پیدا می‌کنند. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین غلظت فلزات سنگین در برنج کشت شده پایین دست رودخانه کارون واقع در شهرستان شادگان و ارزیابی ریسک مصرف آن‌ها با برنج های وارداتی هندی انجام شد. بدین منظور 4 مزرعه در روستای ام الغزلان (حدفاصل اهواز ـ دارخوین) در نظر گرفته شد. نمونه های خاک و برنج محلی در آذرماه 1396 از دو نقطه موجود در هر مزرعه با 3 تکرار جمع آوری شدند و در مجموع جامعه آماری تعداد 24 نمونه برنج کشت شده و 24 نمونه خاک را در برگرفت. دو نوع برنج وارداتی هندی نیز با 3 تکرار مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. میانگین غلظت فلزات سنگین سرب، نیکل، آرسنیک و کادمیوم در برنج های مزارع پایین‌دست رودخانه کارون به‌ترتیب 40/60، 05/28، 43/23 و 26/14 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم و در برنج های وارداتی به‌ترتیب با مقدار 77/57، 24/23، 79/15 و 76/9 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم وزن خشک به‌دست آمد. مقادیر جذب روزانه فلزات سرب، کادمیوم، نیکل و آرسنیک در چهار مزرعه آزمایش شده، بالاتر از برنج وارداتی بود. بالاترین شاخص جذب روزانه در برنج وارداتی مربوط به فلز سرب (70/90) و کمترین میزان این شاخص با (33/15) به فلز کادمیوم اختصاص داشت. مقادیر جذب روزانه فلزات نیکل و آرسنیک در رتبه های دوم و سوم قرار داشتند. در برنج مزارع مورد بررسی کمترین میزان جذب روزانه مربوط به فلز کادمیوم و در مزرعه شماره 1 (16/17) و بالاترین میزان این شاخص مربوط به فلز سرب و در مزرعه شماره 4 (31/98) اختصاص داشت. در مجموع مخاطره مصرف برنج های محلی نسبت به برنج های وارداتی هندی بیشتر برآورد شد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Heavy metals are one of the most important pollutants that enter the soil in various ways and thus reach agricultural crops. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in rice grown in farms of Karoon River (from Shadegan city) and to compare their risk assessment with Indian imported rices. To this end, four farms were studied in the village of Umme-Ghazlan (Ahvaz-Darkhovein), and the samples were taken during December 2017. Local soil and rice samples were collected from two points in each farm and three replications were used to determine the concentrations of heavy metals. A total of 24 cultivated rice samples together with 24 soil samples were obtained. Two samples of imported Indian rice, were also tested with 18 replications. The mean concentrations of heavy metals of lead, nickel, arsenic and cadmium in rice samples of downstream farms of Karoon River were 60.40, 28.05, 23.44 and 14.26 mg/Kg, respectively. The contamination levels in the case of imported rice samples were 57.77, 23.24, 15.79 and 9.76 mg/Kg dry weight, respectively. EDI values of lead, cadmium, nickel and arsenic metals among the four tested farms were higher than imported rice. The highest index of EDI in imported rice was related to lead (90.70) and the lowest one was to cadmium (15.33). EDI values of nickel and arsenic were in the second and third ranks. Among the farms, the lowest index of EDI (17.16) was related to cadmium (farm 1) and the highest level (98.31) was related to lead (farm 4). Based on the results, the risk of local rice samples were estimated higher than India's imported ones.
منابع و مأخذ:
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· Ihedioha, J., Ujam, O., Nwuche, C. and Chime, C. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice rains (Oryza sativa) and soil from ada fiel, Enugn, Nigeria: Estimating the human health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22 (8): 1665-1677.
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· Sargoli, M.R., Shams, K. and Kobraee, S. (2018). Measurement of Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Imported Rice Consumed in Dezful. Scientific Research Applied Biology, 8 (29): 31-38. [In Persian]
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· Zambelli, B., Sadan, S. and Jian, N. (2016). Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective. Journal of Human and Health, 2(5):89-95.
· Zazouli, M.A., Mohsenibandpei, A., Ebrahimi, M. and Izanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranianrice cultivated in Babol Region. Asian Journal Chemistry, 22 (2):1369-1376.
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· Abdul, K., Mangala, P. and Desilva, C. (2015). Arsenic and human health Effects: A review. Journal of environmental Toxicology and pharmacology, 40(3): 828-846.
· Bilo, F.,Lodolo, M., Borgese, L., Bosio, A. andBontempi, E. (2015). Evaluation of heavy metals contamination from environment to food matrix by txrf: the case of rice and rice husk. Journal of Chemistry, 34:81-92.
· Hindarwati, Y., Retnaningsih, T. and Sudarno, M. (2018). Heavy metal content in terraced rice fields at srawen tengran Semarang Indonesia. Journal of Accumulation in foods and crops, 31: 99-104.
· Holdway, J.,Wuyi,W. and Halm, S. (2018). From soil pollution to "cadmium Rice"to public health Impacts: An international analysis of influencing factors and possible responses. Journal of Resource and Ecology, 5 (1): 1-2.
· Ihedioha, J., Ujam, O., Nwuche, C. and Chime, C. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of rice rains (Oryza sativa) and soil from ada fiel, Enugn, Nigeria: Estimating the human health risk. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 22 (8): 1665-1677.
· Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran )ISIRI(, (2016). ISIRI No. 12968. [In Persian]
· Liu, Z., zhang, Q., Han,T., Ding, Y. and Zhu, C. (2016).Heavy metal pollution in a soil-rice system in the Yangtze River Region of china.International Journal of Environmental Research and public health, 13:63-71.
· Rastmanesh, F., Hosna, Z. and Zarasvandi, A. (2017). Evaluation of Heavy Metals Pollution in Soil Field of Agriculture of Ahwaz and Bawi, Proceedings of the Fourth Scientific-Research Congress on the Development and Promotion of Agricultural Sciences, Natural Resources and Environment of Iran, Tehran: Tehran University, pp. 762-753. [In Persian].
· Rezai Tabar S., Esmaili Sari A. and Bahrami Far, N. (2015). Investigation of mercury concentration in soil and most cultured rice of Mazandaran province and most consumed imported rice and assess potential health risk. Food Science and Technology, 13 (53): 25-32. [In Persian]
· Sargoli, M.R., Shams, K. and Kobraee, S. (2018). Measurement of Heavy Metals, Lead, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Imported Rice Consumed in Dezful. Scientific Research Applied Biology, 8 (29): 31-38. [In Persian]
· Shraim, A., Amjad,M. and Dana, S. (2017). Rice is Potential dietary source of not only arsenic but also other toxic elements like lead and chromium. Arabian Journal of chemistry, 10(2):3434-3443.
· United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1996). Method 3050B: Acid digestion of sediments, Aludges and Soils (Revision 2).
· United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (2011). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (Part E, Part F); EPA: Washington, DC, USA.
· World Health organization (WHO). (1993). Evaluation of certain foodadditives and contamination (41 st report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives). WHO tech.report series. No 837.
· Yan, X., Liu, M., Zhong, J. and Wu, W. (2018). How human activities affect heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment in a long term reclaimed area of the liaohe river delta, North china. Journal of Sustainability, 2:46-53.
· Zambelli, B., Sadan, S. and Jian, N. (2016). Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective. Journal of Human and Health, 2(5):89-95.
· Zazouli, M.A., Mohsenibandpei, A., Ebrahimi, M. and Izanloo, H. (2010). Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranianrice cultivated in Babol Region. Asian Journal Chemistry, 22 (2):1369-1376.
· Ziarati, P. and Moslehisahd, M. (2017). Determination of Heavy Metals (Cd, Pb, Ni) in Iranian and Imported Rice Consumed in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 12 (2): 97-104. [In Persian]
