بررسی تغییر جنسیت در فقه جزایی(مطالعه موردی ابواب حدود، قصاص و دیات)
محورهای موضوعی : فقه و حقوق جزا و جرم شناسی
محمدباقر محمدی لائینی
1
(استادیارگروه معارف اسلامی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی مازندران،ساری، مازندران.)
سید محتبی حسین نژاد
2
(دانشیار پژوهشگاه قوه قضائیه، تهران، ایران.)
کلید واژه: تغییر جنسیت, بنای عقلا, قاعده درء, قاعده احتیاط در دماء, بنای حدود بر تخفیفات, تفسیر به نفع متهم,
چکیده مقاله :
بدون شک مسئله تغییر جنسیت از مسائل رایج و مبتلابه در جامعه امروزی است. در این تحقیق به بررسی این پدیده نوظهور در فقه و حقوق کیفری پرداخته می شود. با توجه به وجود فروض متعدد، تنها حکم مساله تغییر جنسیت قبل از رخ دادن جرم، آن هم در ابواب حدود، قصاص و دیات مورد بررسی قرار می گیرد. پس از فحص و بررسی ادله، می توان گفت: اگرچه مقتضای اطلاق، عمل به احکام مطابق با حالت پس از تغییر جنسیت است، منتها با توجه به شک در انعقاد موضوع در حالت پس از تغییر جنسیت، تمسک به اطلاق صحیح نیست. همچنین اگرچه ممکن است مقتضای دلیلی چون بنای عقلا، در نظر گرفتن حالت پس از تغییر جنسیت باشد، منتها در ابواب حدود و قصاص، قواعد اختصاصی این ابواب همچون قاعده احتیاط در دماء، بنای حدود بر تخفیفات و قاعده درء به خاطر اهمیت باب حدود و قصاص و خطیر بودن آن و نیز حساسیت ویژه شارع به این ابواب خصوصاً زمانی که به خون منتهی می شوند، حاکم بر بنای عقلا بوده و از باب تضییق، موضوع دلیلی چون بنای عقلا را در این ابواب به موارد قطعی مضیق می کند و به تبع آن مقتضای این قواعد اختصاصی، اجرای مجازات اخف و اقل در این مسئله است. این حکومت مطابق با مذاق شریعت در این ابواب است. در باب دیات نیز با توجه به عدم جریان سه قاعده فوق، مقتضای بنای عقلا مد نظر قرار دادن حالت پس از تغییر جنسیت و به تبع آن استنتاج حکم بر اساس آن حالت است. در صورت پافشاری در عدم پذیرش بنای عقلا، مقتضای قاعده اولیه، جریان استصحاب است که به تبع آن حالت قبل از تغییر جنسیت(خلقت اولیه) استصحاب شده و حکم بر اساس آن استنتاج می شود. در تمامی این موارد نمی توان به تبادر و صحت حمل به عنوان علائم حقیقت و پی بردن به مراد تمسک نمود، چرا که در دلالت آنها خدشه است.
Undoubtedly, the issue of gender change is one of the common and problematic issues in today's society. This research examines this emerging phenomenon in jurisprudence and criminal law. Due to the existence of many assumptions, the only ruling on the issue of gender change before the crime occurs is examined in the chapters of Hudud, Qisas and Dayat. After examining and examining the evidence, it can be said: Although the application is necessary to follow the rulings in accordance with the state after gender change, but due to the doubt in concluding the matter in the state after gender change, it is not correct to adhere to the application. Also, although it may be necessary for a reason such as rational basis, to consider the state after gender change, but in the chapters of Hudud and Qisas, the specific rules of these chapters such as the rule of caution in temperature, the basis of Hudud on discounts and the rule of Dara due to the importance of the chapter of Hudud and Its retribution and seriousness, as well as the special sensitivity of the Shariah to these chapters, especially when they lead to blood, govern the foundation of rationality, and because of narrowing, it narrows the subject of reason, such as the foundation of rationality, to definite cases in these chapters, and accordingly The requirement of these special rules is the implementation of the least punishment in this matter. This government is in accordance with the taste of Sharia in these chapters. In the matter of diet, considering the non-flow of the above three rules, it is necessary to consider the condition after the change of gender and, accordingly, infer the verdict based on that condition. In case of insisting on not accepting the rational basis, the basic rule is the process of assihab, according to which the state before gender change (primary creation) is assihab and the ruling is deduced based on it. In all of these cases, it is not possible to insist on the signs and correctness of carrying as signs of truth and understanding of the meaning, because there is a flaw in their meaning.
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