تجربه‌زیسته دانش‌آموزان مدارس خاص از کمال‌گرایی: مطالعه کیفی پدیدارشناسی
محورهای موضوعی : آموزش و پرورش
سعید وزیری
1
,
آزاده صادقیان
2
,
محمد حسین فلاح
3
1 - استادیار، گروه مشاوره، واحد یزد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یزد، ایران.
2 - دانشجوی دکتری مشاوره، گروه مشاوره، واحد یزد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یزد، ایران.
3 - دانشیار، گروه مشاوره، واحد یزد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یزد، ایران.
کلید واژه: کمال گرا, دانش‌آموز, تجربه زیسته, کمال‌گرایی,
چکیده مقاله :
شناخت (شخصیت) کمال‌گرا و مشکلات مربوط به آن در بین دانش‌آموزان از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. لذا هدف این پژوهش تدوین برنامه آموزشی مبتنی بر تجارب زیسته دانش‌آموزان کمال‌گرابود.جامعه آماری دانش‌آموزان کمال‌گرا مشغول به تحصیل در مدارس خاص ( مدارس خاص ترکیبی از دانش‌آموزان مدارس تیزهوشان، نمونه دولتی و غیر انتفاعی) استان یزد بودند که به صورت هدفمند ساده انتخاب شدند. فرایند نمونه گیری و مصاحبه ها تا زمان اشباع داده های نظری (15دانش‌آموز) ادامه یافت و مضامین اصلی تجربه‌ها از طریق روش کلایزی (Colaizzi) کشف شد. سپس بر اساس مضامین اصلی کشف شده به مطالعه مروری روش‌های آموزشی و درمانی مربوط به کمال گرایی پرداخته شد تا جلسات آموزشی ویژه کمال‌گرایی طراحی شود. در نهایت برنامه آموزشی طراحی شده با استفاده از روش گروه‌های کانونی متشکل از مشاوران تخصصی مدارس استان یزد مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 9 مضمون اصلی، برتری جویی، افکار و احساسات منفی، انزوای اجتماعی، هدف‌گذاری، تجربه سرزنش، دستاوردهای مثبت، عدم اعتماد به نفس، مشکلات رفتاری، اهمال کاریو 19 مضمون فرعی به دست آمد. برنامه آموزشیمبتنی بر تجارب زیسته دانش آموزان کمال گرا در9 جلسهتدوین شد و این محتوای آموزشی بر اساس ترکیبی از مؤلفه های درمان شناختی- رفتاری و خود شفقت ورزی طراحی شد. از آنجا که برای طراحی این برنامه از تجارب دانش‌آموزان کمال‌گرا به عنوان مخاطبان اصلی و همچنین مطالعه مروری منابع علمی برای پاسخگویی به نیازهای آنان استفاده شده است و کلیه جلسات آموزشی مورد تأیید متخصصان مربوطه قرار گرفته، به این نتیجه می رسیم که برنامه طراحی شده از روایی محتوایی/ صوری قابل قبولی برخوردار است و می تواند در جهت برطرف کردن مشکلات کمال‌گرایی دانش‌آموزان مؤثر باشد.
Familiarity with perfectionist personality and related problems are especially important among students.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to develop an educational program based on the lived experiences of perfectionist students studying in special schools.The statistical population of perfectionist students studying in special schools (a combination of students from gifted schools, public magnet schools and private schools) in Yazd province were selected through a simple purposeful method.The sampling process and interviews continued until the saturation of theoretical data (15 students) and the main themes of the experiments were discovered through the Colaizzi method.Then, based on the main themes discovered, a review study of educational and therapeutic methods related to perfectionism was conducted to design special training sessions on perfectionism.Finally, the educational program designed using the focus group method consisting of specialized counselors in schools in Yazd province was reviewed.9 main themes (superiority, negative thoughts and feelings, social isolation, goal setting, experience of blame, positive achievements, lack of self-confidence, behavioral problems, procrastination) and 19 sub-themes were obtained.The curriculum based on the lived experiences of perfectionist students was developed in 9 sessions and this educational content was designed based on a combination of components of cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-compassion. Since the design of this program uses the experiences of perfectionist students as the main audience as well as the review of scientific resources to meet their needs and all training sessions have been approved by the relevant experts, then we conclude that the designed program has acceptable content/face validity and it can be effective in solving the problems of student perfectionism.
References
- Abbaspour, Parasto.Ahmadi, Sara. Ahmady, SeyedMojtaba. SidiSeyedTimour.(2014). Therole of attachment styles and perfectionism in predicting students' mental health.Journal of Clinical Research in Paramedical Sciences, 3(3), 10-25. [In Persian]
- Ali, H. M.Z. (2021). Self-differentiation as an intermediate variable between anger management and neurotic perfectionism among high achievers “a psychological study of the rights of special education”. International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare, 80,197-203.
- Baer, R.A. (2010). Self-compassion as a Mechanism of Change in Mindfulness-and Acceptance-based Treatments. Assessing mindfulness and acceptance processes in clients: Illuminating the theory and practice of change, California: Harbinger, 40-62.
- Bashardost, S. (2011). Developing a Model for Predicting Positive and Negative Emotions Based on the Dimensions of Perfectionism and Basic Psychological Needs in Students of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. (PhD Thesis). Counseling, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. [In Persian].
- Besharat, M. Khosravi, Z. AlizadeSahrai, O. (2010). The Relation of Irrational Beliefs with Positive and Negative Perfectionism among Students in Nowshahr. Journal of Psychological Studies, 21(6), 1-10. [In Persian]
- Besharat, M. (2004). The relationship between perfectionism and interpersonal problems.Journal of Knowledge and Behavior, 11(7), 1-8. [In Persian]
- Bernard, L.E. Halerz, P.J. (1994). Perfectionism in an interpersonal context: A Self-regulation analysis of dysphoria and social anxiety.Cognitive Therapy and Research, 18, 297-311.
- Burgman, A.G. Nyland, J.E Burns, L.R. (2007). Correlates with perfectionism and the utility of dual process model.personality and individual differences, 43,299-399.
- Capan, B.E.(2010).Relationship among perfectionism,academic Procrastination and life satisfaction of university students.Procedia Social and Behavior Sciences,5, 1665–1671.
- Canlas, J.H. Peña, J.D. Gatus, R.G. Gigante, L.D. Utulo, J.L. (2016). Understanding the Function of Socio-Demographic Profile, Perfectionism and Fear of Negative Evaluation as Academic Procrastination Determinants.
- Cresswell, John. Planoclark, Wiki. (1945). Combined research methods, translated byAlirezaKiamanesh&Javid Sarai. (1394). second edition, Tehran: AIJ, pp: 83-86. (In Persian).
- Davis, K. Dimidjian, S. (2012). The Relationship between Physical Activity and Mood Across the Perinatal Period: A Review of Naturalistic and Clinical Research to Guide Future Investigation of Physical Activity–based Interventions for Perinatal Depression. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 19(1), 27-48.
- Dehghanizadeh, H. (2020).Explain and validate the lived experiences of working women from married life to design a work-education balance package based on compassion.(PhD Thesis).Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran, 30-34.[In Persian]
- Dimaggio, G. Lysaker, P.H. Calarco, T. Pedone, R. Marsigli, N. Riccardi, I. Paviglianiti, A.(2015). Perfectionism and personality disorders as predictors of symptoms and interpersonal problems. American journal of psychotherapy, 69(3), 317-330.
- EzgiEkin, S.(2021).Self-Compassion as a Mediator Between Perfectionism and Life-Satisfaction Among University Students.Journal of Progressive Education,17( 6), 201-214.
- Ellis A. (2006). Fifty Years of Emotional Rational Behavior Therapy, translated by Mehrdad Firoozbakht (1385),First edition, Tehran: Danjeh; pp: 28-35.[In Persian]
- Ellis A, Nal W. (1999). Psychology of procrastination: Overcoming procrastination, translated byMohamadAliFarjad (1382), Sixth edition, Tehran:Roshd; pp:102-205.[In Persian]
- Egan, S. Wade, T. Fitzallen, G. Obrien, A. Shafran, R. (2021). A meta-synthesis of qualitative studies of the link between anxiety, depression and perfectionism: implications for treatment. JournalofBehavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 50, 89-105.
- Emami, A. Dehghannayeri, N. Rahnavard, Z. Nori, S.A. (2012). Qualitative research methodology: phenomenology. Journal of holistic nursing and midwifery fall , 3(1), 56 - 63. [In Persian]
- Enns, M.W. Cox, B.J. Clara, I. (2002).Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism: Developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and individual differences, 33(6), 921-935.
- Epel, N. Abirzohar, A. Artom, A. Marie Novak, A. Levari, S. (2021). The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy on Children’s Self-Esteem.Journalof CHILDREN, 8(11), 1-15.
- Ferrari, M. Yap, K. Scott, N. Einstein, D.A. Ciarrochi, J. (2018). Self-compassion moderates the perfectionism and depression link in both adolescence and adulthood. PloS one, 13(2), 120-145.
- Hewitt, P.L. Gaelian, C.F. Flett, G.L. Sherry, S.B. Collins, L. Flynn, C.A. (2002). Perfectionism in Children: Associations with Depression, Anxiety and Anger, Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 149-161.
- Hadi, Z.A. (2020). Egocentrism and its relation with Perfectionism for high school student: A comparative study between Distinguishedschool and normal school. Mustansiriyah Journal of Arts, 44(89), 90-110.
- Hussain, Irshad& Sultan, Sarwat. (2010).Analysis of procrastination among university students, procedia Social and Behavior Sciences, 5.1897-1904.
- Kagan, M. Cakir, O. Ilhan, T. Kandemir, M.(2010).The explanation of the academic procrastination behavior of university studentswith perfectionism obsessive–compulsive and five factor personalitytraits.ProcediaSocialand BehaviorSciences,2, 121-135.
- Kalantar, A. (2020).Meta-analysis of findings related to the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapies on reducing students' psychological problems.Quarterly of Educational Measuremen.10 (39), 17-39.[In Persian]
- Kawamura, K.Y. Frost, R.O. Harmatz, M.G. (2002).The relationship of perceived parenting stylesto perfectionism. Personality and individual differences, 32(2), 317-327.
- Limburg, K. Watson, H.J. Hagger, M.S. Egan, S.J. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: Ameta‐analysis. Journal of clinical psychology, 73(10), 1301-1326.
- Locicero, K.A. Jeffery, S.A. (2000). Multidimensional perfectionism in middle school agegifted students: A comparison to peers from the general cohort. Roeper Reviw.22, (3), 182-187.
- MalekianBahabadi, M. MohseniZnozi, H. Keshavarz, M. (2009). Perfectionism and self-esteem in scientific, sports and non-elite people in Tehran.Knowledge and research in applied psychology. 41(8),127-147.[In Persian]
- Maa, M. Zi, F. (2011). A Qualitative Study on Personality Traits of Negative Perfectionist, Published by Elsevier Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 29,116 –121.
- MC Naughton, C. (2000). Development of brief stress management support groups for couples undergoing invitro fertilization treatment. FertilSteril. 74(1), 87-93.
- Midgley, C. Urdan, T. (2001).Academic self-handicapping and performance goals:A further examination.Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 61–75.
- Mohammadi, A. RoshanChesley, R. (2021). Predicting Self-Compassion Based on Perfectionism: A Study of the Explanatory Effect of the Subcomponents of Perfectionism.3rd International Conference on Psychology,Counseling and Educational Sciences,Tehran.[In Persian]
- Moon, S. Illingworth, A. (2005). Exploring the dynamic nature of procrastination: A latent growth curve analysis of academic procrastination. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 297-309.
- Neff, K.D. (2009).The Role of Self-Compassion in Development: A Healthier Way to Relate to Oneself. Human development, 52(4), 211-214.
- Oros, L.B. Iuorno, O. Serppe, M.(2017).Child perfectionism and its relationship with personality, excessive parental demands, depressive symptoms and experience of positive emotions. The Spanish journal of psychology, 20, 82-96.
- Pintrich, P.R. (2018).The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. NewYork: Academic Press.451-502.
- Robinson, A. Moscardini, E. Tucker, R. Calamia, M. (2021). Perfectionistic Self-Presentation, Socially Prescribed Perfectionism, Self-Oriented Perfectionism, Interpersonal Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation in US Adults: Reexamining the Social Disconnection Model. Archives of Suicide Research, 1-15.
- Rivait, L. (2007). What I don't do in my summer vacations: fighting procrastination. Retrieved from http://www. Past the pages.ca/feature.htm, Accessed on December 21, 2020.
- Saboonchi, F. Lundh, L.G. (2003). Perfectionism, Anger, Somatic Health and Positive Affect Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 85-99.
- Sherry, S.B. Mackinnon, S.P. Nealis, L.J. (2018). Perfectionism and interpersonal problems: Narcissistic and self-critical perfectionism, 160-177.
- Sheikhpour, N. (2019).Understanding the lived experience of women with a desire for divorce in Kerman to present a structural model of the desire for divorce. (PhD Thesis). Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran, 43-45.[In Persian]
- Smith, E.P. Hill, A.P. Hall, H.K. (2018). Perfectionism, burnout, and depression in youth soccer players: A longitudinal study. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 12(2), 179-200.
- Smith, M.M. Sherry, S.B. Vidovic, V. Saklofske, D.H. Stoeber, J. Benoit, A. (2019). Perfectionism and the five-factor model of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(4), 367-390.
- Steel, P. Brothen, T. Wambach, C. (2008).Procrastination and personality, performance, and mood. Personality and Individual Differences. 30, 95106.
- Solomon, L. J. Rothbloom, E.D. (1984).Academic procrastinationfrequency and correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31,504-510.
- Stoeber, J. Lalova, A. Lomley, E. (2020).Perfectionism, self- compassion, and subjective well being: A mediation model. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109-115.
- Stoeber, J.Damian, L. Madigan, D.J. (2017).Perfectionism: A motivational perspective.
- Stoeber, J. Smith, M.M. Saklofske, D.H. Sherry, S.B. (2021).Perfectionism and interpersonal problems revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 106-169.
- Tavalayi M. (2019).Development and validation of an educational-therapeutic package based on the perception of lived experience of women affected by breaking a spouse. (PhD Thesis). Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Yazd Branch, Yazd, Iran, 83-89. [In Persian]
- Tobin, R. Dunkley, D. (2021). Self-critical perfectionism and lower mindfulness and self-compassion predict anxious and depressive symptoms over two years. Journal of Behaviour Research and Therapy, 136, 97-115.
- Tazari, S. Naemi, H. Zarei, I. NematShahi, M. (2016). Investigating the relationship between perfectionism and parenting styles among students of Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.Journal of Principles of Mental Health, Special Issue of the Third International Conference on Psychology and Educational Sciences,18 (3),5-18.[In Persian]
- Tran, L. Rimes, K.A. (2017).Unhealthy perfectionism, negative beliefs about emotions, emotional suppression, and depression in students: A mediational analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 110,144-147.
- Williams, J.G. Stark, S.K. Foster, E.E. (2008). Start today or the very last day? Therelationships among self–compassion, motivation, and procrastination. American Journal of Psychological Research, 4(1), 37-44.
_||_