Evaluation of self-purification potential of Karun River in reducing antibiotic contamination(Case study: two hospitals, Imam Khomeini and Sina)

محورهای موضوعی : Water and Wastewater Engineering

بیتا باهری ¹ , ابراهیم رجب زاده قطر می ²

1 -
2 -

تاریخ دریافت : 1399/06/02 تاریخ پذیرش : 1400/06/16 تاریخ انتشار : 1399/02/12

کلید واژه: آنتی بیوتیک, ماندگاری, Antibiotics, Hospital wastewater, self-purification, Removal percentage, فاضلاب بیمارستان, درصد حذف,

چکیده مقاله :

Background & Purpose: Karun River is the longest and probes most river of Iran, exposed to a variety of wastewaters, including drug pollutants, which have adverse effects on animals and humans. The aim of this study was to calculate the amount of antibiotic entry in the river Volume unit and also to evaluate the power of Karun River in reducing the antibiotic contamination of entrance wastewater from two Imam Khomeini and Sina hospitals at intervals of 1, 2 and 3 kilometers from hospitals 'outlet in summer and winter 2019. Materials & Methods: Sampling was done in dark bottles of a grinding door, the concentration of 5 antibiotics (penicillin J, Ceftriaxone, Cefixime, erythromycin and amoxicillin) were high and common and determination of the mean of each was measured using HPLC. Results: The total average of 5 antibiotics in the output of Imam Khomeini and Sina Hospital was between 27.80-68.0 ng/L in summer and 49/84-3/6 ng/L winter. In the summer and winter of the outlet station, both hospitals had the highest concentration of antibiotics and, with the distance from the hospital outlet and at a distance of 2 kilometers, the concentration of each 5 antibiotics (summer 93.0-0 and winter 13/1-0 ng/L) decreased significantly (P<0.05) and 3 kilometers of antibiotics were not measurable. Amoxicillin and Penicillin-J were the highest and lowest concentrations of antibiotic in Karun river water, 1 and 2 kilometers, respectively. In both hospitals, the removal of antibiotics in two seasons of summer and winter, except for penicillin-J, in other antibiotics, there was no significant difference (P ≤ 0.05). Percentages removal of antibiotics increased by increasing the distance from the discharge site and at 2 km distance of antibiotics such as cefixime, penicillin G and ceftriaxone% of removal to 100% was also reached. In the summer and winter of the hospital, the lowest penicillin-J was found in the output of Imam Khomeini and Sina hospitals, and at intervals of 1 and 2 kilometers in Karun River. Conclusion: Comparison of the amounts of antibiotics in Karun River and PNEC and Lowest MIC standards showed that the values of all antibiotics were higher than the standards considered.

چکیده انگلیسی:

با توجه به خطرات گسترش مقاومت آنتی­بیوتیک­ها در محیط زیست، هدف از پژوهش حاضر محاسبه میزان ماندگاری آنتی­بیوتیک­های ورودی دو بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا به رودخانه کارون و تعیین خطرناکترین نوع آنتی بیوتیک در فواصل خروجی فاضلاب، 500، 1000، 1500، 2000 و 3000 متری از خروجی بیمارستان­ها در تابستان و زمستان 1398 بود. نمونه­برداری در بطری­های تیره­ درب سمباده­ای انجام شد و غلظت ۵ آنتی بیوتیک (پنی­سیلین­جی، سفتریاکسون، سفیکسیم، اریترومایسین و آموکسی­سیلین) که از جدول فراوانی پر مصرف­ترین آنها از مقالات مختلف در بیمارستان­ها انتخاب شده بودند با استفاده از دستگاه HPLC سنجش شد. نتایج نشان داد غلظت کلی ۵ آنتی­بیوتیک در مجموع در خروجی بیمارستان امام خمینی و سینا بین 27/80- 68/0 نانوگرم در لیتر در تابستان و 49/84-3/6 نانوگرم در لیتر زمستان بود. در تابستان و زمستان ایستگاه خروجی هر دو بیمارستان بالاترین غلظت آنتی­بیوتیک را داشتند و با فاصله گرفتن از محل خروجی بیمارستان و در فاصله 2000 متری، 32/10-56/0 درصد آنتی­بیوتیک همچنان در آب باقی مانده بود. آموکسی سیلین و پنی­سیلین جی به ترتیب در محل تخلیه­ فاضلاب، 1000 و 2000 متری بیشترین و کمترین غلظت آنتی­بیوتیک­ را در آب رودخانه­ی کارون داشتند. در هر دو بیمارستان، درصد بازماندگی آنتی­بیوتیک­ها در دو فصل تابستان و زمستان به جز در مورد پنی­سیلین جی، در سایر آنتی­بیوتیک­ها اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت (05/0<P ). در فاصله­ی 2500 متری فقط بازماندگی آنتی بیوتیک­های سفیکسیم (زمستان هر دو بیمارستان)، سفتریاکسون (زمستان و تابستان هر دو بیمارستان) و پنی سیلین جی (تابستان در بیمارستان امام خمینی) صفر درصد بود که نشان دهنده­ی ماندگاری و خطر زیست محیطی و انسانی بالاتر این دو آنتی­بیوتیک در مقایسه با سه آنتی­بیوتیک دیگر است. مقایسه مقادیر آنتی­بیوتیک­های رودخانه­ی کارون با استانداردهای PNEC و Lowest MIC، نشان داد که مقادیر تمامی انتی­بیوتیک­ها از استانداردهای در نظر گرفته شده، بالاتر بود.

منابع و مأخذ:

Ram, B. and Kumar, M. (2020). Correlation appraisal of antibiotic resistance with fecal, metal and microplastic contamination in a tropical Indian river, lakes and sewage. Nature Partner Journal Clean Water, 3, pp. 1-10.

Corno, G., Yang, Y., Eckert, E.M., Fontaneto, D., Fiorentino, A., Galafassi, S., Zhang, T. and Di Cesare, A. E. (2019). Uents of wastewater treatment plants promote the rapid stabilization of the antibiotic resistome in receiving freshwater bodies. Water Research, 158, pp: 72–81.

Liu, H., Zhou, X., Huang, H. and Zhang, J. (2019). Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Association with Antibiotics in a Wastewater Treatment Plant: Process Distribution and Analysis. Water, 11, pp:1-14.

Mahmood, A., Al-haideri, H.H. and Hassan, F. (2019). Detection of Antibiotics in Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Baghdad City, Iraq. Hindawi Advances in Public Health, 10, pp: 1-11.

Qiu, W., Sun, J., Fang, M., Luo, S., Tian, Y., Dong, P., Xu, B. and Zheng, C. (2019). Occurrence of antibiotics in the main rivers of Shenzhen, China: Association with antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community. Science of the Total Environment, 653, pp: 334–341.

Aiygizakis, N.A., Gago-Ferrero, P., Borova, V.L., Pavlidou, A., Hatzianestis, I. and Thomaidis,  N.S. (2016). Occurrence and spatial distribution of 158 pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse and related metabolites in offshore seawater. Science of the Total Environment, 541, pp: 1097-2005.

Zubaidah, T., Karnaningroem, N. and Slamet, A. (2019). The Self-Purification Ability in the Rivers of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(2), pp: 177-182.

Wu, C., Huang, X., Witter, J.D., Spongberg, A.L,, Wang, K., Wang, D. and Liu, J. (2014). Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products and associated environmental risks in the central and lower Yangtze river, China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,106, pp: 19–26

K'oreje, K.O., Vergeynst, L., Ombaka, D., De Wispelaere, P., Okoth, M. and Van Langenhove, H. (2016). Occurrence patterns of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater, surface water and groundwater of Nairobi and Kisumu city, Kenya. Chemosphere. 149, pp: 238-44.

Yang, Y., Xu, C., Cao, X., Lin, H. and Wang, J. (2017). Antibiotic resistance genes in surface water of eutrophic urban lakes are related to heavy metals, antibiotics, lake morphology and anthropic impact. Ecotoxicology, 26, pp: 831–840.

Shi, H., Yang, Y., Liu, M., Yan, C., Yue, H. and Zhou, J. (2014). Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics in the surface sediments of the Yangtze Estuary and nearby coastal areas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 83(1), pp: 317–323

Lilorca, M., Grosa, M., Rodríguez- Mozaza, S. and Barcelóa, D. (2014). Sample preservation for the analysis of antibiotics in water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1369, pp: 43–51

Brodin, T., Fick, J., Jonsson, M. and Klaminder, J. (2013). Dilute concentrations of a psychiatric drug alter behavior of fish from natural populations. Science, 339(6121), pp: 814-819.

Furlong, E.T., Werner, S.L., Anderson, B.D. and Cahill, J.D. (2008). Determination of human health pharmaceuticals in filtered water by chemically modified styrene divine benzene resin-based solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, pp: 56-60.

NIH (National Library of Medicine). (2020). https:// pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

Aga, D., Lenczewski, M., Snow, D., Muurinen, J., Sallach, B. and Wallace, J. (2016). Challenges in the Measurement of Antibiotics and in Evaluating Their Impacts in Agroecosystems: A Critical Review. Journal of environmental quality, 1, pp: 407-419.

Mortazavi, S., Norouzi Fard, P. and Anbarnejhad, S. (2017). Quantitative Assessment of Concentration of Pharmaceutical Pollutants (Naproxen, Diclofenac, and Celecoxib) in the Karaj River, Alborz Province, Iran. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 16(7), pp: 605-22.

Yu, C.P., Roh, H. and Chu, K.H. (2007). 17b-Estradiol-degrading bacteria isolated from activated sludge. Environmental Science Technology Letters, 41(2), pp: 486–492.

Mirzi, R., Yunesian, M., Mesdaghinia, A., Naseri, S., Gholami, M., JalilIzadeh, A. and Shoeibi, S. (2018). Efficiency of wastewater treatment plant in removal of antibiotics and determination of its concentration, Ekbatan sewage treatment Plant and South Tehran: a case study. Journal of Health and Environment, the scientific journal of Iranian Environmental Health Association, 11, pp: 336-321.

Houeto, P., Carton, A., Guerbet, M., Mauclaire, A.C., Gatignol, C. and Lechat, P. (2012). Assessment of the health risks related to the presence of drug residues in water for human consumption: Application to carbamazepine. Regular Toxicology Pharmacology, 62(1), pp: 41–48.

Bengtsson-Plame, J. and Larsson, J. (2016). Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation, 86, pp: 140-149.