A Norm-Based Analysis of Swearing Rendition in Professional Dubbing and Non-Professional Subtitling from English into Persian
محورهای موضوعی : Research in English Language PedagogySaeed Ameri 1 , Khalil Ghazizadeh 2
1 - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 - Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
کلید واژه: translation, Non-Professional Subtitling, Norms, Dubbing, Swearing, Omission,
چکیده مقاله :
This study takes a norm-based approach to analyzing the dubbing and non-professional subtitling of English swearing into Persian in an American movie. The article revolves around three main theoretical frameworks, i.e., Wajnryb (2005), Toury (1995, 2012a, 2012b), and Chesterman (1997). After analyzing the strategies in rendering the original swearing into Persian, the researchers achieved a model of four basic strategies: (a) direct translation with strong force, (b) direct translation with weak force, (c) deletion, and (d) foreignization. On the whole, the results of this research showed that both dubbed and non-professional subtitled versions were target language-oriented with deleting the original swearing as the most frequent strategy. But, the vulgarity and the degree of offensiveness of swearing in the original version were to some extent euphemized in the dubbed version. On the other hand, the non-professional subtitled version, in comparison with the dubbed version, employed more direct translation of the original swearing with strong force. The article then proceeded to delve into why these strategies were employed by the dubbed and non-professional subtitled producers, and why there were remarkable differences between the two versions. The findings provided useful information within descriptive translation studies nevertheless, they cannot be generalized since the study was limited by a relatively small corpus and utilized a non-probability sampling procedure.
Agost, R. (2004). Translation in bilingual contexts: Different norms in dubbing
translation. In P. Orero (Ed.), Topics in audiovisual translation (pp. 63-82).
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins. Alavi, S. Y., Karimnia, A., & Salehi Zadeh, S.
(2013). Translation of taboos from English into Persian: A skopos-based study. Elixir
Ling. & Trans, 54, 12289-12292. Retrieved
from http://www.elixirpublishers.com /index.
php?route=articles/category&path=290_292.
Ameri, S. (2015). User-generated translation and language learning: A case of hyperreality.
Paper presented at the The 12th International TELLSI Conference, Zahedan, Iran.
Andersson, L., & Trudgill, P. (1999). Bad language. Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.
Baker, M. (2009). Norms. In M. Baker & G.Saldanha (Eds.), The Routledge encyclopedia
of translation studies (2 ed., pp. 189-183).Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Bogucki, L. (2013). Areas and methods of audiovisual translation research. Frankfurt,
Germany: Peter Lang.
Chaume, F. (2013). Research path in audiovisual translation: The case of dubbing.
In C. Millán & F. Bartrina (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of translation studies
(pp. 288-302). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Chen, C. (2004). On the Hong Kong Chinese subtitling of English swearwords. Meta,
49(1), 135-147. doi: 10.7202/009029ar.
Chesterman, A. (1997). Memes of translation:The spread of ideas in translation theory.
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Cronin, M. (2012). The translation age: Translation, technology, and the new
instrumentalism. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The translation studies reader (3rd ed., pp. 469-
482). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Danan, M. (1991). Dubbing as an expression of nationalism. Meta, 36(4), 606-614. doi:
10.7202/002446ar
Delabastita, D. (2008). Status, origin, features: Translation and beyond. In A. Pym, M.
Shlesinger & D. Simeoni (Eds.), Beyond descriptive translation studies: Investigations
in homage to Gideon Toury (pp. 233-246). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Díaz-Cintas, J. (2008). Introduction: The didactics of audiovisual translation. In J.
Díaz-Cintas (Ed.), The didactics of audiovisual translation. Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Díaz-Cintas, J. (2009). Introduction – Audiovisual translation: An overview of its
potential. In J. Díaz-Cintas (Ed.), New trends in audiovisual translation (pp. 1-18).
Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Díaz-Cintas, J. (2012). Presentation. Meta, 57(2), 257-258. doi: 10.7202/1013944ar.
Díaz-Cintas, J. (2013). Subtitling: Theory,practice and research. In C. Millán & F.
Bartrina (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of translation studies (pp. 273-287). Abingdon,
England: Routledge.
Díaz-Cintas, J., & Anderman, G. (2009).Introduction. In J. Díaz-Cintas & G.
Anderman (Eds.), Audiovisual translation: Language transfer on screen (pp. 1-17).
Basingstoke, England: Palgrave MacMillan.
Díaz-Cintas, J., & Neves, J. (2015). Taking stock of audiovisual translation. In J. DíazCintas & J. Neves (Eds.), Audiovisual translation: Taking stock (pp. 1-7).Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars.
Dörnyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in
applied linguistics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Fawcett, P., & Munday, J. (2009). Ideology. In M. Baker & G. Saldanha (Eds.), Routledge
encyclopedia of translation studies (2 ed.,pp. 135-141). Abingdon, England: Routledge
Fernández Fernández, M. J. (2009). The
translation of swearing in the dubbing of the
film South Park into Spanish. In J. DíazCintas (Ed.), New trends in audiovisual
translation (pp. 210-225). Bristol, England:
Multilingual Matters.
Gambier, Y. (2013). The position of
audiovisual translation studies. In C. Millán
& F. Bartrina (Eds.), The Routledge
handbook of translation studies (pp. 45-59).
Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Gambier, Y. (2014). Changing landscape in
translation. International Journal of Society,
Culture & Language, 2(2), 1-12. Retrieved
from http://ijscl.net/article_4638_848.html.
Ghassempur, S. (2009). A comparison of the
translation of expletives in two German
translations of Roddy Doyle’s The
Commitments. (Unpublished PhD Thesis),
Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
Ghazizadeh, K., & Mardani, V. (2011). بررسی
راهبردهای مترجمان در ترجمة تابوهای غربی در دوبلة
فیلمهای انگلیسی زبان به فارسی [Investigating the
strategies employed by the translators in
dealing with western taboos in English
dubbed movies into Persian]. Language and
Translation Studies, 45(1), 85-100.
Gottlieb, H. (2005). Texts, translation and
subtitling: In theory, and in Denmark. In H.
Gottlieb (Ed.), Screen translation: Eight
studies in subtitling, dubbing and voice-over
(pp. 1-40). Copenhagen, Denmark:
University of Copenhagen.
Han, C., & Wang, K. (2014). Subtitling
swearwords in reality TV series from
English into Chinese: A corpus-based study
of The Family. Translation & Interpreting,
6(2), 1-17. doi: ti.106202.2014.a01
Hatim, B., & Munday, J. (2004). Translation:
An advanced resource book. London,
England: Routledge.
Hermans, T. (2013). Norms of translation. In C.
A. Chapelle (Ed.), The encyclopedia of
applied linguistics (pp. 1-7). Oxford,
England: Wiley-Blackwell.
Karamitroglou, F. (1998). A proposed set of
subtitling standards in Europe. Translation
Journal, 2(2). Retrieved from http://
translationjournal.net/journal/04stndrd.htm
Khoshsaligheh, M., & Ameri, S. (2014).
Translation of taboos in dubbed American
crime movies into Persian. T&I Review, 4,25-50.
Laviosa, S. (2010). Corpora. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of translation studies (Vol. 1, pp. 80-86).
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Ljung, M. (1984). Om svordomar i svenskan,engelskan och arton andra spark [Swearing in Swedish, English and eighteen other languages]. Stockholm, Sweden Akademilitteratur.
Ljung, M. (2011). Swearing: A cross-cultural linguistic study. London, England: Palgrave
Macmillan.
Manchon, P. G. (2013). A corpus-based analysis of swearword translation in DVD
subtitles and internet fansubs. (Unpublished
MA Thesis), Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
Marbry, E. (1998). Translation and different dimensions of profanity. Psychological Reports, 35, 387-391.
Mattsson, J. (2006). Linguistic variation in subtitling: The subtitling of swearwords and discourse markers on public television, commercial television and DVD. Paper
presented at the MuTra 2006 – Audiovisual
Translation Scenarios.
McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad
language, purity and power from 1586 to the
present. London, England: Routledge.
Meylaerts, R. (2008). Translators and (their) norms: Towards a sociological construction
of the individual. In A. Pym, M. Shlesinger & D. Simeoni (Eds.), Beyond descriptive translation studies: Investigations in homage to Gideon Toury (pp. 91-102).
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Midjord, M. S. (2013). Swearing in subtitling.(Unpublished MA Thesis), Aarhus
Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark.
Miremadi, A. (2005). Theoretical foundationsand principles of translation (2nd ed.).
Tehran, Iran: SAMT.
Munday, J. (2012). Introducing translation
studies: Theories and applications (3rd ed.).
Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Nord, C., Khoshsaligheh, M., & Ameri, S. (in
press). Socio-cultural and technical issues in
non-expert dubbing: A case study.
International Journal of Society, Culture &
Language. Retrieved from http:// ijscl.net
/article_11734_0.html
O'Hagan, M. (2014). Fan translation & translation crowdsourcing: Legality, ethics
and creativity. In Multimedia translation in
the digital age. Retrieved from
www.europe.org.uk/2014/07/10/multimediatranslation-in-the-digital-age-21may
Olohan, M. (2014). Why do you translate?
Motivation to volunteer and TED translation. Translation Studies, 7(1), 17-33.
doi: 10.1080/14781700.2013.781952.
Pardo, B. S. (2013). Translating and dubbing verbal violence in Reservoir Dogs.
Censorship in the linguistic transference of Quentin Tarantino’s (swear)words. The
Journal of Specialised Translation (20),
122-133. Retrieved from http:// www. jostrans.org/issue20/art_pardo.php
Pei, D. (2010). The subjectivity of the translator and socio-cultural norms. English Language Teaching, 3(3), 29-34. Retrieved from
http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt /article/view/7213
Pérez-González, L. (2014). Audiovisual translation: Theories, methods and issues. London, England: Routledge.
Pérez-González, L., & Susam-Saraeva, Ş. (2012). Non-professionals translating and interpreting: Participatory and engaged perspectives. The Translator, 18(2), 149-
165. doi: 10.1080/13556509.2012.10799506 Pinker, S. (2007). The stuff of thought. London,
England: Penguin Group.
Pujol, D. (2006). The translation and dubbing of ‘Fuck’ into Catalan: The case of from
Dusk till Dawn. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 6, 121-133. Retrieved from
http://www.jostrans.org/issue06/art_pujol.php Pym, A. (2014). Exploring translation theories
(2nd ed.). Abingdon, England.
Remael, A. (2010). Audiovisual translation. In Y. Gambier & L. v. Doorslaer (Eds.),
Handbook of translation studies (Vol. 1, pp.12-17). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John
Benjamins.
Robinson, D. (2006). Translation and taboo.DeKalb, DK: Northern Illinois University
Press. Saldanha, G., & O'Brien, S. (2013). Research methodologies in translation studies.
Manchester, England: St. Jerome.
Schäffner, C. (2003). Third ways and new centres - Idiological unity or difference? In M. Calzada-Pérez (Ed.), Apropos of ideology: Translation studies on ideologyideologies in translation studies (pp. 23-41).
Manchester, England: Routledge.
Schäffner, C. (2010). Norms of translation. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.),
Handbook of translation studies (Vol. 1, pp.235-244). Amsterdam, The Netherlands:
John Benjamins. Sedighi, A., & Tabrizi, S. N. (2012). On audiovisual translation: The effect of norms of dubbing taboos into Persian movies after the Islamic revolution in Iran. Journal of Langauge and Translation, 3(1), 37-49.
Sharifi, S., & Darchinian, F. (2009). بررسی نمود
زبانی تابو در ترجمه به فارسی و پیامدهای آن
[Investigating the representation of taboo in translation into Persian and its consequences]. Linguistics and Khorasani Dialects, 1(1), 127-141. Retrieved from
http://fa.journals.sid.ir/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=
142895
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive translation studies– and beyond. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Toury, G. (2012a). Descriptive translation studies – and beyond (Revised ed.).
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Toury, G. (2012b). The nature and role of norms in translation. In L. Venuti (Ed.), The
translation studies reader (3rd ed., pp. 168-
181). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Tveit, J.-E. (2009). Dubbing versus subtitling: Old battleground revisited. In J. Díaz-Cintas
& G. Anderman (Eds.), Audiovisual
