مقایسۀ سبک‌های¬دلبستگی، سرسختی روان¬شناختی و نشاط¬ذهنی در کودکان¬کار و عادی 7 تا 17 سال در شیراز
محورهای موضوعی : روانشناسیفریبا تابع بردبار 1 , لیلا فتوح آبادی 2
1 - دانشیار گروه روان شناسی،دانشگاه پیام نور،تهران،ایران
2 - کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی عمومی دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
کلید واژه: کودکان کار, کودکان عادی, 7 تا 17 سال, سبک‌های دلبستگی, سرسختی روان‌شناختی, نشاط ذهنی,
چکیده مقاله :
کودکان کار به‌عنوان یکی از اقشار آسیب‌پذیر جامعه که به اقتضای شرایط زندگی و خانوادگی خود به‌اجبار رو به خیابان آورده‌اند، بنا به گواه بسیاری از پژوهش‌ها در معرض آسیب‌های جسمی و روحی فراوانی قرار دارند. این پژوهش با هدف مقایسۀ سبک‌های دلبستگی، سرسختی روان‌شناختی و نشاط ذهنی کودکان کار و کودکان عادی شیراز، انجام شد. طرح پژوهش، علی-مقایسه‌ای بود. با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری در دسترس 48 کودک 7 تا 17 سال (24 کودک کار و 24 کودک عادی)، انتخاب شدند. ابزار این پژوهش شامل پرسش‌نامه سبک‌های دلبستگی بزرگسالان هازن و شیور (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) پرسش‌نامة سرسختی اهواز (Kiamarsi, Najarian, & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, 1998) و پرسش‌نامة نشاط ذهنی ریان و فردریک (Ryan & Frederick, 1997) بود. پس از تکمیل پرسش‌نامه‌ها، داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزارSpss، با آزمون تی و تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایجنشان داد که میان سبک‌های دلبستگی دو گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد (P<0/05). کودکان کار در سبک‌های دلبستگی اجتنابی و دوسوگرا وضعیت مناسبی نداشتند. نتایج آزمون tنشان داد که از نظر سرسختی روان‌شناختی و نشاط ذهنی میان دو گروه تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. به طور کلی زندگی در شرایط سخت خانوادگی و اجتماعی می‌تواند به تضعیف متغیرهای روانی اثر‌گذار بر رشد و سلامت روان بینجامد. همچنین غفلت عاطفی ناشی از کار کودکان در شرایط نابسامان خانوادگی می‌تواند به تداوم مشکلات روانی و رفتاری آنان منجر شود.
Labor children, as one of the most vulnerable social classes who have been forced to take to thestreets due to their living and family conditions, are exposed to many physical and mental harm, according to many studies. The aim of this study was to compare attachment styles, psychological hardiness and Subjective Vitalityof labor children and normal children in Shiraz. The research design was causal-comparative. Using convenience sampling method, 48 children aged 7 to 17 years (24 working children and 24 normal children) were selected. The instruments of this study included Hazan& Shaver Adult Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan& Shaver, 1987), Ahvaz Hardiness Questionnaire (Kiamarsi, Najarian, & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, 1998) and Ryan and Frederick Subjective Vitality Questionnaire (Ryan and Frederick, 1997). After completing the questionnaires, the data was analyzed using Spss software, t-test and multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the attachment styles of the two groups (P <0.05). Labor children in avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles were not in a good position. The results of t-test showed that there is no significant difference between the two groups in terms of psychological hardiness and Subjective Vitality. In general, living in difficult family and social conditions can lead to a weakening of psychological variables that have a transient effect on growth and mental health. Emotional neglect caused by laborchild in unhealthy family situations can lead to the continuation of their psychological and behavioral problems.
Aransiola, T. J., & Justus, M. (2018). Childlabor hazard on mental health: evidence from Brazil. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 21(2), 49-58.
Bayrami, M., Heshmati, R., Mohammadpour, V., Gholamzadeh., M., Ostad hasanloo., H & Moslemifar, M. (2012). Happiness and willingness to communicate in three attachment styles: a study on college students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 294 –298.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, Vol 1: Attachment: New York: Basic Books. USA.
Coimbra Libório, R. M., & Ungar, M. (2010). Children's labour as a riskypathways to resilience: children' growth in contexts of poor resources. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 23 (2), 232-242.
Chowdhury, S., Chowdhury, A. S., Huq, K.E., Jahan, Y., Chowdhury, R., Ahmed, T., & Rahman, M. M.(2017). Life style and risk behavior of street children in bangladesh: ahealth perspective. Health, 9(4), 577-591.
Delphina Mary, S. (2020). Depression, anxiety and stress among street children in clunysneha iIlam, pondicherry - astudy. Mukt Shabd Journal,4(2),1-8.
Dekami Z., Gianbaqeri, M., & Beliad, M. (2019). Correlation of religious commitment with hardiness and mental health in veterans' Spouses. Iran J War Public Health, 11 (1) ،29-34.
Feeny, S., Posso, A., Skali, A., Jyotishi, A., Nath, Sh., & Viswanathan, P. K. (2021). Child labor and psychosocial wellbeing: findings from India. Health economics, 30(4), 876-902.
Imanzadeh, A., & Alipour, S. (2019). Lived experience of loneliness by Tabriz’s labor children: aphenomenological study.Quarterly Journal of Social Studies and Research in Iran, 8(2), 279-304. [Persian]
Huang, C. (1995). Hardiness and stress: A critical review. Maternal Child Nursing Journal, 23(3), 82-9.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-24.
Hosseini, M. (2018).Psychology: Use of attachment and coping styles in divorced and ordinary women .Tehran: Farzanegan University Publication.Iran. [Persian]
ILO & UNICEF. (2019). Towards universal social protection for children: achieving SDG 1. 3, ILO-UNICEF jointreport onsocial protection for children (Geneva). available on: www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/soc_sec/documents/publication/wcms_669336.pdf.
Issazadegan, A., Sepehrianazar, F.,& Matlabi, M. (2016). The comparison of attachment styles and fear of intimacy in people with and without cancer. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 6, 205-210.[Persian]
Jalali, R. (2010). Comparison of intelligence, social development and attachment styles in working and normal children. Master's Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. [Persian]
Kiamarsi, A., Najarian, B., & Mehrabizadeh Honarmand, M. (1998). Build and validate a scale for measuring psychological toughness. Journal of Educational and Psychology Sciences, 5(4-3), 285- 271, [Persian]
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(1), 1-11.
Kobasa, S. C., & Puccetti, M. C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress resistance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(4), 839-850.
Kochak entezar, R. (1995). Construction and validation of a scale for measuring depression in Ahwaz universities. Master thesis, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Ku¨ ffer, A., Thoma, M.V., & Maercker, A. (2016). Transgenerational aspects of former Swiss child laborers: do second generations suffer from their parents’adverse early-life experiences?. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7(1), 1-12.
Lester, D.(1990). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 11 (11), 1187-1188.
Maddi, R. (2007). Relevance of hardiness assessment and training to the military context. Military Psychology, 19(1), 61–70.
Mandegar, S. (2016). Investigating the legal aspect of the situation of working, street and peddled and homeless children. Studies of Political Science, Law and Jurisprudence, 3(2), 176-167. [Persian]
Milyavskaya, M., & Koestner, R. (2011). Psychological needs, motivation, and well-being: A test of self-determination theory across multiple domains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(3), 387-391.
Najarian, B., Attari, Y., & Makoundi, B. (1995). Construction, validation and standardization of ANQ Anxiety Scale.Al-Zahra University of Humanities, Fall and Winter, 2, (15, 16), 97-111.
Ohnishi, M. (2011). Association between orphans' subjective happiness and their daily life in an underserved setting. The Japanese Society of Health and Medical Sociology, NII-Electronic Library Service, 22(1), 41-55
Pasyar, S., Mousavi, V., & Rezaei, S. (2019). Prediction of the resiliency of labor children based on coping strategies with stress and attachment styles. Journal of Child Mental Health, 5(4), 1-12 [Persian]
Razi, M., Akhlaghi Koohpaei, H., & Salahian, A.(2018). Psychological hardiness and progress inworking children.7th Congress of The Iranian Psychologcal Association "Cognition Andtechnology", Tehran, Iran. [Persian]
Rees, C. (2008). Children’s attachments. Paediatrics and Child Health, 18(5), 219-226.
Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). Onenergy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565.
Saxena, S. (2015). Relationship between psychological hardiness and mental health among college students. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 6(8), 12-19.
Sadipour, I., Mirzaee Fandokht, O., Salmabadi, M., & Safara, M. (2018). Comparison of psychological hardiness and subjective vitality between ordinary students and students with specific learning disorder. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 8 (80), 1-7. [Persian]
Schröder, M., Lüdtke, J., Fux, E., Izatc, Y., Bolten, M., Gabriele, G., J. Suess, G., & Schmid, M. (2019). Attachment disorder and attachment theory two sides of one medalor two different coins?. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 95 (10), 152-139.
Sheikholeslami, R., & Daftarchi, E. (2015). The prediction of student's subjective vitality by goal orientations and basic psychological needs. Journal of Psychology, 19(2), 147-174 [Persian]
Simbar, S., Hosseinkhanzadeh, A. A., & Abolghasemi, A. (2019). Hope for the future, attachment relationships, and emotional-behavioral problems in child labor. Journal of Child Mental Health,6(3), 51-65 [Persian]
Soleymani, H., Bashash, L., & Latifian, M. (2014). Psychometric properties of the kinship center attachment questionnaire (KCAQ) of latency-aged for children. Journal of Psychological Models and Methods, 4(16), 41-63. [Persian]
Suzuki, H., & Tomoda, A. (2015). Roles of attachment and selfesteem: impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese in stitutionalized children. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 8, 2-11.
Tabarsy, B., Cheraghi, M. A., Pashaeypoor, SH., & Sadat Hoseini, A. (2017). A concept analysis of self- concept in street child laborers. Iran Journal of Nursing, 30(109), 54-66 [Persian]
Veissi, M., Atefvahid, M.k., & Rezaee, M. (2000). Job stress, job satisfaction and mental health: The Balancing effects of personal hardiness and social support network factors.Iranian Journal of Psychology and Clinical Psychology, 6(2, 3), 70-79, [Persian]
Wray, W. (2015). Parenting in Poverty: Inequity through the lens of attachment and resilience. American International Journal of Social Science, 4(2), 223-232.
Yıldırım, B., Beydili, E., & Görgülü, M. (2015).The effects of education system on to the child labour: an evaluation from the social work perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, 518– 522.
