تبیین تحولات ژئوپلیتیکی رابطه انسان و محیط زیست(چشم‌انداز-ارائه راهکار)
محورهای موضوعی :
ارزیابی پی آمدهای محیط زیستی
یوسف زین العابدین عموقین
1
,
ریباز قربانی نژاد
2
1 - دانشیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد رشت
2 - استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران
تاریخ دریافت : 1399/04/15
تاریخ پذیرش : 1399/08/20
تاریخ انتشار : 1401/07/01
کلید واژه:
راهکار,
ژئوپلیتیک,
محیط زیست,
انسان,
چشم انداز,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: انسان همواره به زیستگاهی نیاز دارد که در آن هوای تمیز، آب آشامیدنی، منابع غذایی و امکانات کافی برای زندگی ارزشمند وجود داشته باشد. توانمندی انسان در حفظ و صیانت فضای زندگی خود یا در ویرانگری چشم اندازهای آن که در رابطه با شرایط طبیعی، اکوسیستم متعادلی به وجود می آورد، بیانگر این واقعیت است که انسان عامل مهم ساخت ها، ویرانگری ها، ترکیب و اختلال در قلمروهای زیستی و بیوژئوگرافیک می باشد. از این رو، تغییرات تدریجی نسبت به رابطه انسان و محیط، زیربنای دیدگاه های فلسفی زیست محیطی جدیدی را به وجود می آورند و برای پشتیبانی از طرح های حفاظت از محیط زیست منبعی مستمر به حساب می آیند که به صورت ملی، منطقه ای و جهانی مطرح است. در این میان، افزایش جمعیت انسانی از یک طرف و کاهش ظرفیت های زیست محیطی از طرف دیگر، تهدیدها و چالش های ژئوپلیتیکی برای جهان به وجود آورده است که چشم انداز آن با بحران ها، درگیری ها و معضلات دیگر جهانی همراه است.
روش بررسی: در این پژوهش، گردآوری اطلاعات با روش کتابخانه ای و با استفاده از متون، اسناد و مقالات مرتبط صورت گرفته و از نظر ماهیت روش شناسی و جنس داده ها یک پژوهش کیفی محسوب می شود.
یافته ها: یافته های این پژوهش در راستای تبیین ژئوپلیتیکی تحولات روابط انسان و محیط زیست و پیامدهای آن می باشد که از یک طرف بصورت بحران های ژئوپلیتیکی، جهان را در بر گرفته است و از طرف دیگر، امنیت زیست محیطی را در مقیاس های مختلف محلی، ملی و جهانی به مخاطره افکنده است و حاکمیت دولت-ملت ها را در چگونگی مدیریت مخاطرات و بحران های زیست محیطی با چالش مواجه ساخته است.
بحث و نتیجه گیری: نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان می دهد پایبندی دولت های ملی به اصول نظام ژئوپلیتیک سبز می تواند مناسب ترین راهکار جهت کاهش پیامدهای بحران ناشی از روابط انسان و محیط زیست در سطح ملی، منطقه ای و جهانی باشد.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Basis and Goal: Mankind always needs a habitat in which there is clean air, drinking water, food resources and adequate conveniences for a valuable life. Human being's ability in saving and protecting their life space and in destroying its landscapes that regarding the natural conditions create a balanced ecosystem indicate the fact that human being is the most important factor of constructions, destructions, combinations and derangements in the biogeographic and biological territories. So, gradual changes regarding the relationship between human being and environment forms the cornerstone of the new environmental philosophical perspectives and are considered as continuous resources to support environment protecting plans that are present in national, regional and global levels. Meanwhile, population increase one hand and reduction of environment potentials on the other hand, have brought about geopolitical challenges and threats to the world whose perspective is accompanied with global crises, disputes and other difficulties.
Methods: In this research, information has been collected by observing a library according to documents, texts, articles, etc. And in terms of the type of methodology and data, it is considered a qualitative method.
Findings: The findings of this research show the geopolitical explanation of developments regarding human being and environmental relationships and its consequences that engulfed the world in the form of geopolitical crises, which on the one hand have covered the world in the form of geopolitical crises, and on the other hand, challenged environmental security in different local, national and global scales. It has endangered the sovereignty of f nation-states in how to manage environmental risks and crises.
Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this research show that the adherence of national governments to the principles of the green geopolitics system can be the most appropriate approach to alleviate the consequences of the crisis resulting from the human being and environmental relationships at the national, regional and global levels.
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Vernier, Jscques. Environment. Translator: Gilda Irvanloo, Tehran: Elmi va farhangi publication. 1997. (In Persian)
Moharamnejad, Naser. Evolution of environmental management, Environmental scientific Journal, 2000, No.32. (In Persian)
Green, Aven. Environment, Translator: Ahmad Alikhani, Tehran: Publications of the great period of war. 2000. (In Persian)
Otuathail, Gearoid, Simon Dalby, Paul Routledge. The Geopolitics Thoughts in Twentieth Century. Translator: Mohammad Reza Hafeznia and Hashem Nasiri, Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2001. (In Persian)
Kavyanirad, Morad. Environmental security of Iran, Tehran: Research Institute of Strategic Studies Publication, 2018. (In Persian)
State of World Population 2009, 2009. UNFPA.
Molaei, Alireza. A critique of geopolitical readings. Tehran: Emam Bagher University Press, 2003. (In Persian)
Claval, Paul. Geography of the 21st century, Translator: Hasan Sadouq, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press, 2017. (In Persian)
Benson, Environmental Ethics: An introduction whit readings, First published by Routlrge, 2000.
10- Milton, K. Kind Nature: Toward the Climate of Affection. Translator: Mahdi Rostami Shahroodi, Tehran: Publications of the Environmental Protection Organization, 2004. (In Persian)
11- Country Mapping Organization, National Atlas of Iran "Environment". Tehran: Country Mapping Organization Press, 2001. (In Persian)
12- Nasiri, Hosein. Development sustainable development third world perspective, Tehran: Publications of the Environmental Protection Organization, 2006. (In Persian)
13- Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Man, Society and Environment, Translator: Salahadin Mahalati, Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Press, 1993. (In Persian)
14- Murray, Warwick E. Geography of Globalization, Translator: Jahfar Javan and Abdolla Abdollahi, Tehran: Chapar Pablication, 2009. (In Persian)
Zeinolabedin, Y. & others. Geopolitical and Environmental Issues in the Caspian Sea, Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences(CJES), University of Guilan.
Vilnor, K. Citizan and Environment, Payam Unesco Magazine. 1991, 258, Tehran. (In Persian)
Miller, George Tyler. Living in the Environment, Translator: Majid Makhdoom, Tehran: Tehran university Publication, 2008. (In Persian)
Johnston, R.J. Geographies of global change: remapping the world in the late twentieth century, Translator: Nasrin Nouryan, Tehran: Publications of the Great period of war, 2004. (In Persian)
Braden, Kathleen and Shelley, Fred. Engaging Geopolitics, Translator: Alireza Farshchi and Hamidreza Rahnama, Tehran: Publications of the Great period of war, 2004. (In Persian)
Heywood, Andrew. Political Ideologies: An Introdoction. Translator: Mohammad Rafihi Mehrabadi, Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005. (In Persian)
Dobson, Andrew. Green Political Thought, Translator: Mohsen Salasi, Tehran: Agah Publisher, 1998. (In Persian)
Schebling, Jacques. What is Geography?, Translator: Sirus Sahami, Tehran: Mohaghegh Publisher, 2006. (In Persian)
Monsfield, B. ‘Global Environment Politics’ in Cox, Kevin & others(eds), The SAGE Handbook of Political Geography, SAGE Publication. New York, 2008.
Seifzadeh, Hossein. The mystery of security and the new challenges of the West, Tehran: Publications of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2006. (In Persian)
Dodds, Klaus. Geopolitics in a changing world, Translator: Zahra Ahmadipour & others, Tehran: Bolagh Danesh Publisher, 2005. (In Persian)
Zeinolabedin, Y. & others. An Introduction to Environmental Geopolitics. Environmental Science and Technology Quarterly, 2007, No.2. Pp. 103-123. (In Persian)
Aghazadeh, Jafar. The trend of attention of the world community to the environment. Middle East Studies Quarterly, 2000, No. 22. Pp. 83-113. (In Persian)
Hafeznia, Mohammad Reza. Principles and Concepts of Geopolitics. Mashhad: Papoli Publisher, 2006. (In Persian)
Talaei, Vahid. The evolution of international environmental law in the field of sea protection with an emphasis on the responsibility of governments for oil pollution. International relations Journal, 2009, No. 43. Pp.43-80. (In Persian)
Muir, Richard. Political Geography: A new Introduction. Translator: Dorre Mirheidar. Tehran: Publications of the Geographical Organization of Armed Forces, 2000. (In Persian)
Brzezinski, Zbignew. Out of control: global turmoil on the eve of the twenty -first century. Translator: Abdorahim Nave Ebrahim. Tehran: Ettelahat Publisher, 2002. (In Persian)
Word Bank. Where is the Wealth of the Nations, World Bank. UN Publisher, 2000.
Ekrami, Atiyeh & others. Environmental justice is a comprehensive approach to realizing social justice. International relations Journal, 2009, No. 43. Pp.111-130. (In Persian)
Castells, Manuel. The rise of the network society(Volume 2). Translator: Hasan Chavoshian, Tehran: Tarhe no Publisher, 2006. (In Persian)
Agnew, J. Making Political Geography, London: Arnold Publishers, 2004.
Isari Kasmaei, Ali. The united nations today, Tehran: Abaron Publisher, 2008. (In Persian)
Kelly, P. Thinking Green: Essays on Environmentalism, Feminism, and Nonviolence, Berkeley: Parallax Press. 1994.
The World Bank, The Milleniume Development Goals (Map), UN, 2004.
The Milleniume Development Goals Report, UN. 2005.
Zeinolabedin, Y. Environmental Geopolitics(Resources, Human and Development), Rasht: Islamic Azad University: Rasht Branch Publisher, 2017. (In Persian)
Sachs, Inassis. Ecology and philosophy of development, Translator: Hamin Nouhi, Tehran: Kian cultural institude Publisher, 1994. (In Persian)
