سهیل سبحان اردکانی
1
(استاد گروه محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
سیدمیلاد جعفری
2
(کارشناس ارشد محیط‌زیست، دانشکده علوم پایه، واحد همدان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، همدان، ایران.)
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: نظر به اهمیت ایمنی غذایی و تاثیر سوء عناصر بالقوه سمی بر سلامتی انسان، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی غلظت تجمع‌یافته عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در بخش‌های ساقه و برگ دو نوع کاهوی ایرانی و کاهوی گرد (پیچ) عرضه‌شده در بازار مصرف شهر همدان انجام شد.
روش بررسی: تعداد 15 عدد کاهوی ایرانی و 15 عدد کاهوی گرد از بازار مصرف شهر همدان خریداری شد. پس از آماده‌سازی و هضم اسیدی نمونه‌ها در آزمایشگاه، غلظت تجمع‌یافته عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در آن‌ها به‌روش ولتامتری عاری‌سازی آندی در سه تکرار خوانده شد. پردازش آماری داده‌ها نیز با استفاده از ویرایش 19 نرم‌افزارSPSS انجام شد.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت تجمع‌یافته عناصر سرب، کادمیم، کروم و نیکل در بخش‌های برگ و ساقه کاهوی ایرانی به‌ترتیب برابر با 3/19 و 6/40؛ 103 و 233؛ 00/8 و 0/23؛ و 2/30 و 171 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم و در کاهوی گرد نیز به‌ترتیب برابر با 07/9 و 8/20؛ 4/35 و 118؛ 9/12 و 8/37؛ و 215 و 279 میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم بوده است. نتایج مقایسه میانگین غلظت تجمع‌یافته عناصر در نمونه‌ها با بیشینه رواداری WHO/FAO نشان داد که به‌جز در مورد میانگین غلظت عنصر نیکل در کاهوی ایرانی، میانگین غلظت سایر عناصر از حد مجاز بیش‌تر بوده است. همچنین، به‌جز برای عناصر نیکل و سرب در کاهوی ایرانی، نتایج مقایسه بین بخش‌های برگ و ساقه نمونه‌ها نشان‌دهنده وجود اختلاف معنی‌دار آماری در سطح %95 بود.
بحث و نتیجه‌گیری: از آن‌جا که کاهوی عرضه‌شده در بازار مصرف شهر همدان فاقد ایمنی غذایی برای مصرف‌کنندگان بود، لذا، نسبت به پایش محصولات کشاورزی پرمصرف قبل از عرضه به بازار مصرف توصیه می‌شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Considering the importance of food security and adverse effects of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on human health, the present study was conducted to assess the contents of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni in two types of lettuce (Romaine lettuce and Iceberg lettuce) marketed in city of Hamedan in 2013.
Material and Methodology: In this descriptive study, a total of 15 samples of each type of lettuce were purchased. After acid digestion of samples in the laboratory, the Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni contents were determined using anodic stripping voltammetry. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package.
Findings: The results showed that the average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni in leaves and stems of Romaine lettuce were 19.3 and 40.6; 103 and 233; 8.00 and 22.8; and 30.2 and 171 mg/kg, respectively, while, the average contents of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni (mg/kg) in leaves and stems of Iceberg lettuce were found to be 9.07 and 20.8; 35.4 and 118; 12.9 and 37.8; 215 and 279, respectively. Also, based on the results obtained, except for Ni in Romaine lettuce, the mean contents of all the analyzed elements were significantly higher than the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) established by FAO/WHO.
Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, due to studied lettuces were not suitable for consume by human, therefore, regular monitoring of foodstuffs should be noticed in order to maintenance the consumer's health.
منابع و مأخذ:
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Ghafari, H.R., Sobhanardakani, S. (2017). Contamination and health risks from heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and trace elements (Cu and Zn) in dairy products. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 5(3), 49-57.
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Rezaei Raja, O., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M. (2016). Health risk assessment of citrus contaminated with heavy metals in Hamedan City, potential risk of Al and Cu. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 3(3), 131-135.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2019). Heavy metals health risk assessment through consumption of some foodstuffs marketed in city of Hamedan, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17(2), 175-183.
Malakootian, M., Aboli, M., Ehrampoosh, M. (2009). Determination of lead level in lettuce in Kerman. Tolooe-Behdasht, 26, 62-68. (In Persian)
Davodpour, R., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Abdi, N., Lorestani, B. (2020). Bioconcentration and stabilization potential studies of arsenic and some heavy metals in Astragalus gossypinus. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(2), 477-488. (In Persian)
Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E.N., Nyamangara, J., Giller, K.E. (2007). Uptake of heavy metals by vegetables irrigated using wastewater and the subsequent risks in Harare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 32(15-18), 1399-1405.
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Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace Element in Soils and Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann, Arbor, London, pp 57.
Aghelan, N., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Merrikhpour, H. (2021). Evaluation of some chelating agents on phytoremediation efficiency of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Tagetes patula L. in soils contaminated with lead. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(1), 503-514.
Pruvot, C., Douay, F. (2006). Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 215-220.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2016). Evaluation of the water quality pollution indices for groundwater resources of Ghahavand Plain, Hamedan Province, western Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 10(3), 35-40.
Mohebian, M., Sobhanardakani, S., Taghavi, L., Ghoddousi J. (2021). Analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soils collected from various land uses around Shazand Oil Refinery Complex, Arak, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(19), 2019.
Habibi, H., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Kiani Sadr, M. (2022). Analysis, sources and health risk assessment of trace elements in street dust collected from the city of Hamedan, west of Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15, 168.
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Sobhanardakani, S., Kianpour, M. (2016). Heavy metal levels and potential health risk assessment in honey consumed in west of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 3(2), e7795.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2017). Potential health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of caviar of Persian sturgeon. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 34-38.
Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Hosseini, S.V. (2018). Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of Caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2664-2671.
Tayebi, L., Sobhanardakani, S. (2020). Analysis of heavy metal contents and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment through consumption of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Pollution, 6(1), 59-67.
Khan, S., Rehman, S., Khan, A.Z., Khan, M.A., Shah, M.T. (2010). Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 1820-1827.
Sabzevari, E., Sobhanardakani, S. (2018). Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), e67382.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2019). Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research, 187(2), 602-610.
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Ali, Z.N., Abdulkadir, F.M. Imam, M.M. (2012). Determination of some heavy metals in spinach and lettuce from selected markets in Kaduna metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research, 17, 23-29.
Behbahaninia, A., Azadi, A., Sadeghian, S. (2010). The effect of irrigation with wastewater on the amount of heavy metal accumulation in some vegetables in Rodhan region. Crops Improvement Research, 2(2), 165-173. (In Persian)
Eslami, A., Jahed Khaniki, G.R., Nurani, M., Mehrasbi, M., Peyda, M., Azimi, R. (2007). Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Zanjanrood River in Zanjan, Iran, Journal of Biological Sciences, 7, 943-948.
Sobhanardakani, S., Habibi, M., Behbahaninia, A. (2015). Accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with sewage sludge of Qods Town treatment plant, Tehran. Journal of Food Hygiene, 5(3), 21-30. (In Persian)
Selahvarzi, S., Sobhanardakani S. (2020). Analysis and health risk assessment of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu and Zn) elements through consumption of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivated in Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, doi: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1807974.
34. Sulaiman, F.R., Ibrahim, N.H., Syed Ismail, S.N. (2020). Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risks. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1430.
35. Feseha, A., Chaubey, A.K., Abraha, A. (2021).Heavy metal concentration in vegetables and their potential risk for human health. Health Risk Analysis, 1, 68-81.
36. Loredo-Tovías, M., Alcalá-Jáuregui, J.A., García-Arreola, M.E., Carballo-Méndez, F.J., Rodríguez-Fuentes., Buendía-García, A., Rodríguez-Ortiz, J.C. (2022). Concentration and transfer of heavy metals in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with treated water. Terra Latinoamericana, 40, 1-12. (In Espanol)
Shamlo, Z., Behbahaninia, A., Sobhanardakani, S. (2021). Investigation of accumulation of lead and cadmium in mint (Mentha piperital) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) under treated sewage sludge.
Journal of Sustainability, Development and Environment, 2(1), 13-23. (In Persian)
Zorrig, W., Rouached, A., Shahzad, Z., Abdelly, C., Davidian, C., Berthomieu, P. (2010). Identification of three relationships linking cadmium accumulation to cadmium tolerance and zinc and citrate accumulation in lettuce. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167, 1239-1247.
Sharma, R., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, 154, 254-263.
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Sobhanardakani, S., Maanijou, M., Asadi, H. (2015). Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4), 319-329. (In Persian)
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Noori, A.S., Kazemkhui, J., Poorang, M., Alizadeh, M., Ghoreishi, H., Padash, A. (2013). Survey and determination of heavy metal Ni, Pb, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, Vi in edible vegetable in south Tehran refinery. Journal of Environmental Research, 3(6), 65-75.
Ghafari, H.R., Sobhanardakani, S. (2017). Contamination and health risks from heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and trace elements (Cu and Zn) in dairy products. Iranian Journal of Health Sciences, 5(3), 49-57.
Maleki, A., Alasvand Zarasvand, M. (2008). Heavy metals in selected edible vegetables and estimation of their daily intake in Sanandaj, Iran. Southern Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 39(2), 335-340.
Aghelan, N., Sobhanardakani, S. (2016). Health risk assessment of consumption of tea marketed in Hamadan City, potential risk of As, Pb, Cd and Cr. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 23(1), 65-74. (In Persian)
Alloway, B.J. (1990). Heavy Metal in Soils. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York, pp. 20-27.
Rezaei Raja, O., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M. (2016). Health risk assessment of citrus contaminated with heavy metals in Hamedan City, potential risk of Al and Cu. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 3(3), 131-135.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2019). Heavy metals health risk assessment through consumption of some foodstuffs marketed in city of Hamedan, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, 17(2), 175-183.
Malakootian, M., Aboli, M., Ehrampoosh, M. (2009). Determination of lead level in lettuce in Kerman. Tolooe-Behdasht, 26, 62-68. (In Persian)
Davodpour, R., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Abdi, N., Lorestani, B. (2020). Bioconcentration and stabilization potential studies of arsenic and some heavy metals in Astragalus gossypinus. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 33(2), 477-488. (In Persian)
Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E.N., Nyamangara, J., Giller, K.E. (2007). Uptake of heavy metals by vegetables irrigated using wastewater and the subsequent risks in Harare, Zimbabwe. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 32(15-18), 1399-1405.
Chaney, R.L. (1982). Fate of toxic substances in sludge applied to cropland. Acta Agrophysica, 10(1), 89-102.
Kabata-Pendias, A. (2000). Trace Element in Soils and Plants, CRC Press, Boca Raton Ann, Arbor, London, pp 57.
Aghelan, N., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Merrikhpour, H. (2021). Evaluation of some chelating agents on phytoremediation efficiency of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Tagetes patula L. in soils contaminated with lead. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 19(1), 503-514.
Pruvot, C., Douay, F. (2006). Heavy metals in soil, crops and grass as a source of human exposure in the former mining areas. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 6, 215-220.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2016). Evaluation of the water quality pollution indices for groundwater resources of Ghahavand Plain, Hamedan Province, western Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 10(3), 35-40.
Mohebian, M., Sobhanardakani, S., Taghavi, L., Ghoddousi J. (2021). Analysis and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soils collected from various land uses around Shazand Oil Refinery Complex, Arak, Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(19), 2019.
Habibi, H., Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Lorestani, B., Kiani Sadr, M. (2022). Analysis, sources and health risk assessment of trace elements in street dust collected from the city of Hamedan, west of Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 15, 168.
Bramwell, L., Pless-Mulloli, T., Hartley, P. (2008). Health risk assessment of urban agriculture sites using vegetable uptake and bioaccessibility data–an overview of 28 sites with a combined area of 48 hectares. Epidemiology, 19(6), S150.
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F.M. (2006). Heavy metals contamination in vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas of Varanasi, India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77, 311-318.
Davodpour, , Sobhanardakani, S., Cheraghi, M., Abdi, N., Lorestani, B. (2019). Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) as a potential bioindicator for detection of toxic and essential elements in the environment (Case study: Markazi Province, Iran). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(3), 344-358.
Sobhanardakani, S., Kianpour, M. (2016). Heavy metal levels and potential health risk assessment in honey consumed in west of Iran. Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering, 3(2), e7795.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2017). Potential health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of caviar of Persian sturgeon. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 123(1-2), 34-38.
Sobhanardakani, S., Tayebi, L., Hosseini, S.V. (2018). Health risk assessment of arsenic and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, and Sn) through consumption of Caviar of Acipenser persicus from Southern Caspian Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2664-2671.
Tayebi, L., Sobhanardakani, S. (2020). Analysis of heavy metal contents and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment through consumption of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Pollution, 6(1), 59-67.
Khan, S., Rehman, S., Khan, A.Z., Khan, M.A., Shah, M.T. (2010). Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 73, 1820-1827.
Sabzevari, E., Sobhanardakani, S. (2018). Analysis of selected heavy metals in indoor dust collected from city of Khorramabad, Iran: A case study. Jundishapur Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), e67382.
Sobhanardakani, S. (2019). Ecological and human health risk assessment of heavy metals content of atmospheric dry deposition, a case study: Kermanshah, Iran. Biological Trace Element Research, 187(2), 602-610.
Torabian, A., Mahjori, M. (2002). Heavy metals uptake by vegetable crops irrigated with wastewater in south Tehran. Iranian Journal of Soil Research, 16(2), 189-196. (In Persian)
Ali, Z.N., Abdulkadir, F.M. Imam, M.M. (2012). Determination of some heavy metals in spinach and lettuce from selected markets in Kaduna metropolis. Nigerian Journal of Chemical Research, 17, 23-29.
Behbahaninia, A., Azadi, A., Sadeghian, S. (2010). The effect of irrigation with wastewater on the amount of heavy metal accumulation in some vegetables in Rodhan region. Crops Improvement Research, 2(2), 165-173. (In Persian)
Eslami, A., Jahed Khaniki, G.R., Nurani, M., Mehrasbi, M., Peyda, M., Azimi, R. (2007). Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Zanjanrood River in Zanjan, Iran, Journal of Biological Sciences, 7, 943-948.
Sobhanardakani, S., Habibi, M., Behbahaninia, A. (2015). Accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with sewage sludge of Qods Town treatment plant, Tehran. Journal of Food Hygiene, 5(3), 21-30. (In Persian)
Selahvarzi, S., Sobhanardakani S. (2020). Analysis and health risk assessment of toxic (Cd and Pb) and essential (Cu and Zn) elements through consumption of potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivated in Iran. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, doi: 10.1080/03067319.2020.1807974.
34. Sulaiman, F.R., Ibrahim, N.H., Syed Ismail, S.N. (2020). Heavy metal (As, Cd, and Pb) concentration in selected leafy vegetables from Jengka, Malaysia, and potential health risks. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1430.
35. Feseha, A., Chaubey, A.K., Abraha, A. (2021).Heavy metal concentration in vegetables and their potential risk for human health. Health Risk Analysis, 1, 68-81.
36. Loredo-Tovías, M., Alcalá-Jáuregui, J.A., García-Arreola, M.E., Carballo-Méndez, F.J., Rodríguez-Fuentes., Buendía-García, A., Rodríguez-Ortiz, J.C. (2022). Concentration and transfer of heavy metals in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) irrigated with treated water. Terra Latinoamericana, 40, 1-12. (In Espanol)
Shamlo, Z., Behbahaninia, A., Sobhanardakani, S. (2021). Investigation of accumulation of lead and cadmium in mint (Mentha piperital) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) under treated sewage sludge.
Journal of Sustainability, Development and Environment, 2(1), 13-23. (In Persian)
Zorrig, W., Rouached, A., Shahzad, Z., Abdelly, C., Davidian, C., Berthomieu, P. (2010). Identification of three relationships linking cadmium accumulation to cadmium tolerance and zinc and citrate accumulation in lettuce. Journal of Plant Physiology, 167, 1239-1247.
Sharma, R., Agrawal, M., Marshall, F. (2008). Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi. Environmental Pollution, 154, 254-263.
Codex Alimentarius Commission. (1984). Contaminants, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program. Vol. XVII, first ed, Codex Alimentarius.
Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/ WHO). (2001). Food additives and contaminants. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, ALINORM 01/12A:1-289.
Sobhanardakani, S., Maanijou, M., Asadi, H. (2015). Investigation of Pb, Cd, Cu and Mg concentrations in groundwater resources of Razan Plain. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 21(4), 319-329. (In Persian)
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