بررسی غلظت و الگوی پراکنش فلزات سرب، روی، کروم و کادمیوم در رسوبات سطحی رودخانه کارون با استفاده از زمین آمار در محیط GIS
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی محیط زیست (آب و فاضلاب)
میرمهرداد میرسنجری
1
,
فریبا هدایت زاده
2
,
حمیدرضا پورخباز
3
1 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
2 - دانشجوی دکترای محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه ملایر، ملایر، ایران.
3 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشکده منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم الأنبیاء (ص) بهبهان، بهبهان، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1396/08/04
تاریخ پذیرش : 1396/10/23
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/06/01
کلید واژه:
رسوبات,
زمین آمار,
رودخانه کارون,
فلزات سنگین,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: در اکوسیستم های آبی فلزات سنگین به علت سمیت و پایداری بالا و نیز آثار فیزیولوژیکی شان بر موجودات زنده، بسیار حایز اهمیت هستند. هدف از این پژوهش مطالعه و بررسی میزان غلظت فلزات سرب، روی، کروم و کادمیوم در رسوبات سطحی رودخانه کارون و الگوی توزیع مکانی آن ها است.روش بررسی: برای بررسی میزان و چگونگی توزیع غلظت فلزات سنگین سرب، روی، کروم و کادمیوم در رسوبات رودخانه کارون، در تابستان و زمستان 1394، شش ایستگاه انتخاب و با استفاده از روش سیستماتیک تصادفی، از هر ایستگاه سه نمونه از رسوبات رودخانه برداشت شد. پس از انتقال نمونه ها به آزمایشگاه، خشک کردن و هضم نمونه ها، سنجش فلزات سنگین با استفاده از دستگاه جذب اتمی شعله صورت گرفت. بعد از انجام تجزیه و تحلیل های آزمایشگاهی به منظور درون یابی توزیع غلظت عناصر سنگین از روش معکوس وزنی استفاده شد.یافته ها: نتایج حاصل از اندازه گیری غلظت فلزات نشان داد که فلز روی بیش ترین تجمع و فلز کادمیوم کم ترین تجمع را در رسوبات سطحی رودخانه کارون داراست. میانگین غلظت فلزات سرب، روی، کروم و کادمیوم در فصل تابستان به ترتیب 28/26، 36/72، 48/53 و 85/3 میکروگرم برگرم وزن خشک و در زمستان به ترتیب 47/13، 54/59، 26/30 و 42/0میکروگرم بر گرم وزن خشک اندازه گیری شد.بحث و نتیجه گیری: مقایسه میزان اندازه گیری شده فلزات سنگین مورد مطالعه با راهنمای کیفیت رسوب آمریکا و کانادا نشان داد که تنها غلظت فلز کروم در فصل تابستان از سطح TEL و فلز کادمیوم نیز از سطح PEL و TEL بیش تر بود. غلظت سایر فلزات بسیار کمتر از حدود راهنما به دست آمد. یافته های این تحقیق اطلاعات مناسبی را در مورد توزیع غلظت فلزات سنگین در رسوبات رودخانه کارون ارایه می کند که می تواند به فرایندهای پایش و ارزیابی رسوبات در منطقه مورد مطالعه کمک کند.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: In aquatic ecosystems heavy metals are very important due to their toxicity and endurance and having a high bio-accumulation in the environment. The aim of this research, Evaluation of the concentration and distribution pattern of heavy metals (lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium) in surface sediments of the Karun River.Material and Methodology: To determine the concentration and distribution of heavy metals (lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium) in sediments of the Karun River in summer and winter of 2015, six stations were selected and from each station 3 samples of sediments were randomly collected. After transferring samples to the laboratory, drying and digestion of samples, the measurement of heavy metals was performed using a Flame atomic absorption spectrometry. An inverse weight-distance method was used to interpolate the distribution of heavy metals.Findings: According to the results, zinc had the highest concentration and cadmium had the lowest concentration among the studied metals in the surface sediments of the Karun River. The mean concentrations of lead, zinc, chromium and cadmium in summer were 26.28, 72.36, 53.48 and 3.85 μg/g dry weight and in winter were 13.47, 59.59, 30.26 And 0.42 μg/g dry weight, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: Comparison of the measured heavy metals concentration by the American and Canadian national guidelines indicated that levels of Cr in the summer and Cd in surface sediments were higher than the Threshold effect level (Canadian Guideline) and Lowest Effect Level (NOAA Guideline). Whereas Concentrations of other metals were lower than mentioned limits. The findings of this study provide useful information on the distribution of heavy metals concentration in the Karun River sediments which can help monitoring and assessment of sediments in the region.
منابع و مأخذ:
Adel, M., et al., Heavy metal concentration in muscle of pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) from Anzali international wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea and their consumption risk assessment. Toxin Reviews, 2016; 35(3-4): 217-223.
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Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, R., Esmaili-Sari, A., Mohammadi, J., Bakhtiari, A. R., &Savabieasfahani, M. 2013.Spatial distribution of cadmium and lead in the sediments of the western Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran).Marine pollution bulletin, 74(1), 464-470 pp.
Laboy-Nieves, E.N., Conde, J.E. 2001. "Metal levels in eviscerated tissue of shallowwater deposit-feeding holothurians", Journal of Hydrobiologia, 459: 19-26.
Sin, S. N., Chua, H., Lo, W., & Ng, L. M. 2001.Assessment of heavy metal cations in sediments of ShingMun River, Hong Kong.Environment International.26(5), 297-301 pp.
Malferrari, D., Brigatti, M. F., Laurora, A., &Pini, S. 2009. Heavy metals in sediments from canals for water supplying and drainage: mobilization and control strategies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2).723-729 pp.
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Saremi, A. and Ghorbani Zade Kharazi, H. 2010. Determination of heavy metals consentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. YAFTEH, 12, 1 (43), 65 - 70. (In Persian)
Riahi Bakhtiari, A., Esmaeili Sari, A. and Satri, A. Determination of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Cd) in water, sediments and aquatics of Karun River. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal Natural Recources), 1998; 1 (52). (In Persian)
Alam Sadani pour, S., Alavi Nasab, M.S. 2010. Check the effect of sewage plant of Khorramshahr soap factory on water quality of Karun River and Dehkord. Journal of Environmental science. 48; 43-49. (In Persian)
Sengupta, A. K. 2002. Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals. Engineered Processes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 400p.
Webster, R. and T.M. Burges. 2002. Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties III-Changing Drift and Universal Kriging. Journal of Soil Science, 31, 505-524.
Hosseini, S.M., Mirghaffari, N., Mahboobi Soofiani, N., khodakarami, L. Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in the Caspian Sea’s Sediment by GIS and Geostatistic. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2011, pp. 169-183. (In Persian)
Taheri, M., Riahi Bakhtiari, A., Naimi, B., Gholamalifard, M. 2014. The Concentration and Spatial Distribution of Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium in Surface Sediments of Mangrove Forests Using Geostatistics in GIS Environment. Journal of Environmental Study, 40 (2); 297-310. (In Persian)
Bagheri H, Azimi A. 2015. The Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Sisangan Coasts-The Southern Coast of Caspian Sea. Joc, 6 (21): 27-36. (In Persian)
Rajaram, R., Ganeshkumar, A., Vinothkumar, SH., Rameshkumar, S., 2017. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approaches for toxic metals in tropical mangrove ecosystem, southeast coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, volume 189, Number 6, 189:288.
Gu, Y. G., Wang, Z. H., Lu, S. H., Jiang, S. J., Mu, D. H., & Shu, Y. H. 2012. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify source of anthropogenic impacts on metallic elements in sediments from the mid Guangdong coasts, China. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987).163, 248 pp.
Hosseini Zare, N. 2001. Investigation the impact of Faryab lands distribution and development plants in Khuzestan University of science and research. (In Persian)
Al – Abdali, M. 1996. "Bottom Sediments of the Arabian Gulf – III. Trace Metal Contents as indicators of Pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil slick", Environmental pollution. Vol 93. No. 3, PP 285-301.
Yap, C.K., Ismail, A., Tan, S.G., Omar, H. 2002. "Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia", Environment International, 28(1-2), 117-126.
Mohammadi, J. 2006. Spatial Statistics, Pelk publication, Tehran. Iran, 453 p. (In Persian)
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Shanbehzadeh, S., Vahid Dastjerdi, M., Hassanzadeh, A., Kiyanizadeh, T. Investigation of Heavy Metals in water and sediment on Massjed soleymanTembi river before and after of wastewater entrance. Journal of Health System Research, 9(10); 1108 – 1116. (In Persian)
Moazeni, M., Hayeripour, S., Mohammadi, M., Foladi, H. 2013. Study of some Heavy metals consentration (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni) in surface sediments of the Naiband national park, Persian Gulf, Iran. Journal of wetland ecobiology, 5(15); 23-32. (In Persian)
Rajaei, Q., Hasanpour, M., Mehdinejad, M.H. 2012. Heavy Metals Concentration (Zinc, Lead, Chrome and Cadmium) in Water and Sediments of Gorgan Gulf and Estuarine Gorganroud River, Iran. Scientific research journal of Health System Research (HSR), 8(5); 748-756.
Battelle and Exponent, 2000. "Guide for Incorporating bioavailability adjustments into human health and ecological risk assessments at U.S" Navy and Marine Corps Facilities, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Washington; DC 20374-5065.
Rybak, A., Messyasz, B., Łe˛ska, B. 2012. "Freshwater Ulva (Chlorophyta) as a bioaccumulator of selected heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) and alkaline earth metals (Ca and Mg)", ; 89(9):1066-76. Doi: 10.1016. (In Persian)
Dadolahi Sohrab A, Saghily M, Khivar N. Heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu) concentrations in seaweed and sediments along the coastal areas of Hormuzgan province (Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh). isfj. 2011; 20 (1): 31-42. (In Persian)
MacDonald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G., Berger, T.A. 2000. "Development and evaluation of consensus -based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems", Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.39, 20–31.
Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R., Hayton, A. 1993. "Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario", Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario. ISBN 0-7729-9248-7. 23 pp.
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Sarami, A., Kharrazi, H.G. 2010. "Assessment of Heavy Metals Values in Drinking Water Sources of Alashtar in 2009", Majaleh Daneshgahe Olum Pezeshki Lorestan. 12(1):65-70. (In Persian)
Mirzaei, M. and Solgi, E. 2016. Evaluation of heavy metals concentration (cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc) in sediments of Zayandehrood River. Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 1(4); 251-265. (In Persian)
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Adel, M., et al., Heavy metal concentration in muscle of pike (Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758) from Anzali international wetland, southwest of the Caspian Sea and their consumption risk assessment. Toxin Reviews, 2016; 35(3-4): 217-223.
Khaled, A., ElNemr, A., ElSikaily, A. 2006. "An assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of the Suez Gulf using geoaccumulation indexes and statistical analysis", Chemistry and Ecology. 22(3): 239-252.
Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, R., Esmaili-Sari, A., Mohammadi, J., Bakhtiari, A. R., &Savabieasfahani, M. 2013.Spatial distribution of cadmium and lead in the sediments of the western Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran).Marine pollution bulletin, 74(1), 464-470 pp.
Laboy-Nieves, E.N., Conde, J.E. 2001. "Metal levels in eviscerated tissue of shallowwater deposit-feeding holothurians", Journal of Hydrobiologia, 459: 19-26.
Sin, S. N., Chua, H., Lo, W., & Ng, L. M. 2001.Assessment of heavy metal cations in sediments of ShingMun River, Hong Kong.Environment International.26(5), 297-301 pp.
Malferrari, D., Brigatti, M. F., Laurora, A., &Pini, S. 2009. Heavy metals in sediments from canals for water supplying and drainage: mobilization and control strategies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 161(2).723-729 pp.
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Saremi, A. and Ghorbani Zade Kharazi, H. 2010. Determination of heavy metals consentration in drinking water resources of Aleshtar in 2009. YAFTEH, 12, 1 (43), 65 - 70. (In Persian)
Riahi Bakhtiari, A., Esmaeili Sari, A. and Satri, A. Determination of heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb, Co, Cd) in water, sediments and aquatics of Karun River. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal Natural Recources), 1998; 1 (52). (In Persian)
Alam Sadani pour, S., Alavi Nasab, M.S. 2010. Check the effect of sewage plant of Khorramshahr soap factory on water quality of Karun River and Dehkord. Journal of Environmental science. 48; 43-49. (In Persian)
Sengupta, A. K. 2002. Environmental Separation of Heavy Metals. Engineered Processes, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 400p.
Webster, R. and T.M. Burges. 2002. Optimal Interpolation and Isarithmic Mapping of Soil Properties III-Changing Drift and Universal Kriging. Journal of Soil Science, 31, 505-524.
Hosseini, S.M., Mirghaffari, N., Mahboobi Soofiani, N., khodakarami, L. Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in the Caspian Sea’s Sediment by GIS and Geostatistic. Journal of Natural Environment, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 64, No. 2, 2011, pp. 169-183. (In Persian)
Taheri, M., Riahi Bakhtiari, A., Naimi, B., Gholamalifard, M. 2014. The Concentration and Spatial Distribution of Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium in Surface Sediments of Mangrove Forests Using Geostatistics in GIS Environment. Journal of Environmental Study, 40 (2); 297-310. (In Persian)
Bagheri H, Azimi A. 2015. The Distribution of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Sisangan Coasts-The Southern Coast of Caspian Sea. Joc, 6 (21): 27-36. (In Persian)
Rajaram, R., Ganeshkumar, A., Vinothkumar, SH., Rameshkumar, S., 2017. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approaches for toxic metals in tropical mangrove ecosystem, southeast coast of India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, volume 189, Number 6, 189:288.
Gu, Y. G., Wang, Z. H., Lu, S. H., Jiang, S. J., Mu, D. H., & Shu, Y. H. 2012. Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify source of anthropogenic impacts on metallic elements in sediments from the mid Guangdong coasts, China. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987).163, 248 pp.
Hosseini Zare, N. 2001. Investigation the impact of Faryab lands distribution and development plants in Khuzestan University of science and research. (In Persian)
Al – Abdali, M. 1996. "Bottom Sediments of the Arabian Gulf – III. Trace Metal Contents as indicators of Pollution and implications for the effect and fate of the Kuwait oil slick", Environmental pollution. Vol 93. No. 3, PP 285-301.
Yap, C.K., Ismail, A., Tan, S.G., Omar, H. 2002. "Correlations between speciation of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediment and their concentrations in total soft tissue of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia", Environment International, 28(1-2), 117-126.
Mohammadi, J. 2006. Spatial Statistics, Pelk publication, Tehran. Iran, 453 p. (In Persian)
Rashmanloo, K., Haeri, S., Saeb, K. 2013. Evaluation of heavy metal cadmium Tajan Sari River by sediment (case study: Sari Paper and wood area). National Conferece Iran Environmental Research, Hamadan: Mofattah Shahid Faculty. (In Persian)
Shanbehzadeh, S., Vahid Dastjerdi, M., Hassanzadeh, A., Kiyanizadeh, T. Investigation of Heavy Metals in water and sediment on Massjed soleymanTembi river before and after of wastewater entrance. Journal of Health System Research, 9(10); 1108 – 1116. (In Persian)
Moazeni, M., Hayeripour, S., Mohammadi, M., Foladi, H. 2013. Study of some Heavy metals consentration (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni) in surface sediments of the Naiband national park, Persian Gulf, Iran. Journal of wetland ecobiology, 5(15); 23-32. (In Persian)
Rajaei, Q., Hasanpour, M., Mehdinejad, M.H. 2012. Heavy Metals Concentration (Zinc, Lead, Chrome and Cadmium) in Water and Sediments of Gorgan Gulf and Estuarine Gorganroud River, Iran. Scientific research journal of Health System Research (HSR), 8(5); 748-756.
Battelle and Exponent, 2000. "Guide for Incorporating bioavailability adjustments into human health and ecological risk assessments at U.S" Navy and Marine Corps Facilities, Naval Facilities Engineering Command Washington; DC 20374-5065.
Rybak, A., Messyasz, B., Łe˛ska, B. 2012. "Freshwater Ulva (Chlorophyta) as a bioaccumulator of selected heavy metals (Cd, Ni and Pb) and alkaline earth metals (Ca and Mg)", ; 89(9):1066-76. Doi: 10.1016. (In Persian)
Dadolahi Sohrab A, Saghily M, Khivar N. Heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Pb, Cu) concentrations in seaweed and sediments along the coastal areas of Hormuzgan province (Bandar Abbas and Bandar Lengeh). isfj. 2011; 20 (1): 31-42. (In Persian)
MacDonald, D.D., Ingersoll, C.G., Berger, T.A. 2000. "Development and evaluation of consensus -based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems", Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.39, 20–31.
Persaud, D., Jaagumagi, R., Hayton, A. 1993. "Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario", Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Ottawa, Ontario. ISBN 0-7729-9248-7. 23 pp.
Karbasi, M., Karbasi, E., Sarami, A., Kharrazi, H.G. 2010. "Assessment of Heavy Metals Values in Drinking Water Sources of Alashtar in 2009", Majaleh Daneshgahe Olum Pezeshki Lorestan. 12(1):65-70. (In Persian)
Mirzaei, M. and Solgi, E. 2016. Evaluation of heavy metals concentration (cadmium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc) in sediments of Zayandehrood River. Journal of Research in Environmental Health, 1(4); 251-265. (In Persian)