بررسی اثر آبیاری با فاضلاب شهری بر تجمع فلزات سنگین در گندم (مطالعه موردی:مزارع شهر ری)
محورهای موضوعی :
آلودگی های محیط زیست (آب، خاک و هوا)
نرگس روزبه
1
,
شهرزاد خرم نژادیان
2
,
سعیدرضا عاصمی زواره
3
,
کیوان صائب
4
1 - دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آلودگی محیط زیست، گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دماوند، دماوند، ایران.
2 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دماوند، دماوند، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات)
3 - استادیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دماوند، دماوند، ایران.
4 - دانشیار گروه محیط زیست، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دماوند، دماوند، ایران.
تاریخ دریافت : 1397/12/23
تاریخ پذیرش : 1398/05/02
تاریخ انتشار : 1400/03/01
کلید واژه:
نیکل,
پسابهای شهری,
کادمیوم,
فلزات سنگین,
گندم,
چکیده مقاله :
زمینه و هدف: با کاهش منابع آب، استفاده از آبهای بازیابی شده افزایش یافته است که برخی از آنها تصفیه درستی نداشته اند.\ افزایش جمعیت و کاهش منابع آب، سبب افزایش استفاده از آبهای نامتعارفی شده است که در بخشهای مختلف تولید میگردند. پژوهش حاضر در راستای تأثیر آبیاری با فاضلابهای شهری بر غلظت دو فلز نیکل و کادمیوم در خاک و اثرات آنها بر ریشه، اندام هوایی، بذر و برخی خصوصیات عملکردی گندم مانند: وزن خشک ریشه، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد سنبله و تعداد بذر در سنبله، صورت گرفته است.روش بررسی: نمونهبرداری از خاک به صورت تصادفی در عمق صفر تا 20 سانتیمتر و نمونه برداری گندم در زمان برداشت دقیقاً در محل نمونه برداری خاک، در مساحت یک متر مربعی با ابعادm 1×1 ، با 20 نمونه برای هر فلز صورت پذیرفته است.یافته ها: میانگین غلظت کادمیوم و نیکل در بین نمونههای خاک، به ترتیب 6 /10 و 43/49 (mg/Kg) بوده که منجر به تجمع آنها در اندامهای مختلف گندم شده است. افزایش میزان غلظت کادمیوم و نیکل در خاک موجب افزایش تجمع آنها در ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه گیاه گندم میشود. افزایش غلظت کادمیوم و نیکل در خاک موجب کاهش وزن خشک ریشه، اندام هوایی و وزن هزار دانه میگردد. در عین حال تأثیری معنیداری بر دو صفت، تعداد دانه در سنبله و تعداد سنبله در متر مربع نداشتند.تأثیر غلظت فلز کادمیوم بر میزان تجمع آن در اندامهای مختلف گندم و خصوصیات رویشی و عملکردی بیشتر از فلز نیکل برآورد گردید.بحث و نتیجه گیری: افزایش یک میلیگرم غلظت کادمیوم در خاک به ترتیب منجر به افزایش6/0، 56/0، 081/0 میلیگرم کادمیوم در ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه گندم می شود. در مورد نیکل نیز افزایش 1 میلیگرم غلظت در خاک به ترتیب منجر به افزایش 29/0، 29/0، 11/0 میلیگرم نیکل در ریشه، اندام هوایی و دانه گندم می شود.
چکیده انگلیسی:
Background and Objective: Declining water resources caused usage of recycled water that sometimes not purified well. The growing population and consequently increasing water demand, along with a shortage of available freshwater resources have inevitably led to the use of unconventional water resources. Irrigation lands with urban wastewater requires quality and quantity control for achieving food security. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of irrigation with urban wastewater on the concentration of Nickel and Cadmium in soils and their effects on plant, root, shoot, and functional characteristics of wheat.Method: Field sampling was carried out at random from a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Wheat samples were taken at harvest from a 1-meter by 1-meter area. A total of 20 samples for Cadmium metal and 20 samples of Nickel metal were taken.Findings: The results showed that the average concentration of Cadmium and Nickel was 10.6 and 49.43 kg, respectively, which resulted in an accumulation in various parts of the wheat plant. Increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil increases the accumulation in the root, upper parts, and wheat seeds. Also, increasing the concentration of Cadmium and Nickel in the soil decreases the dry weight of the root, the shoot, and the weight of the thousand seed. However, there was no significant effect on two traits, number of grains per spike and number of spikes per square meter. The effect of Cadmium concentration was higher than that of Nickel.Discussion and Conclusion: Increasing 1 mg of soil Cadmium caused increasing, 0.81, 0.56, 0.6 mg Cadmium in root, upper parts and seed. For Nickel increasing the soil concentrations caused 0.29, 0.29, 0.11 mg in root, upper parts and seed.
منابع و مأخذ:
Karandish, F. Analyzing the Geostatistical Methods in Spatial Monitoring of Saline and Sodic Condition of Soils under Treated - Wastewater Irrigation. Applied Soil Research, 2014; 2(1): 115-128
Badiei, A., Karandish, F., Tabatabaei, S. The Influence of Irrigation with Raw and Treated Municipal Wastewater on Wheat Yield and Microbial Characteristics of Soil and Plant. Water and Soil Science, 2017; 26(4.2): 215-228
Janosova B., Miklankova J., Hlavinek P. and Wintgens T., 2006, Drivers for wastewater reuse regional analysis in the Czech Republic. Desalination, 187: 103–114.
Mahmoudian S., 2001, Water from Water: A Review of Wastewater Reuse in Iran. Country Paper for the “Joint FAO/WHO Consultation for Launching the Regional Network on Wastewater Reuse”. Amman, Jordan.
Pedrero F., Allende A., Gil M., Juan I. and Alarcón J., 2012, Soil chemical properties, leaf mineral status and crop production in a lemon tree orchard irrigated with two types of wastewater. Agricultural Water Management, 109: 59-60.
Rahmani H.R. , 2009, Investigation of long-term effect of phosphorus fertilizers on soil and plant cadmium and its environmental factor, Final Report, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization
Shen Z.G., zhao F.J. and McGrath S.P., 1997, Uptake and transport of zinc in the hyperaccumulator thlaspi caerulescens and the nonhyperaccumulator thlaspi ochroleucum . Plant cell and environment, 20: 898-906.
Nan Z., Li J., Zhang J. and Cheng G., 2002, cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil- crop system under actual field conditions. Science of the totla environment, 285: 187-195.
Liu W.H., Zhao J. Z., Ouyanq Z.Y., Soderland L. and Liu G.H., 2005, Impact of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environmental International, 31: 805-812.
Wang G., Su M.Y., Chen Y.H., Lin F.F., Luo D. and Gao S.F., 2006, Transfer characteristics of cadmium and lead from soil to the edibleparts of six vegetable species in southeastern China. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 144: 127-135.
Chen Z-F., Zhao Y., Zhu Y., Yang X., Qiao J., Tianc Q., and Zhang Q., 2009, Health risks of heavy metals in sewage-irrigated soils and edible seeds in Langfang of Hebei province, China. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 90:314-320.
Khurana M.P.S. and Aulakh M.S., 2010, Influence of wastewater application and fertilizer use on the quality of irrigation water, soil and food crops: case studies from Northwestern India. World Congress of Soil Science. Soil Solutions for a Changing World: 75-78.
S, M., GH, M., B, M. An Investigation of Heavy Metals in Canola and Soil of Farms Irrigated with Wastewater of the Industrial City of Amol. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 2015; 29.2(2): 141-155. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2015.101655
Mollahosseini H., 2002, Investigation of severity and spread of infection. Soils to heavy elements and determine their amount in plants irrigated with wastewater. Final report of plan number 365/81. Environmental Protection Agency
Shirin Fekr A., Kavousi M. and Mahboub Khomami, A., 2001, The trend of changes in the concentration of heavy metals in rice due to the distance from pollution sources. 7th Iranian Soil Science Congress, 4-7 September - Shahrekord.
Panahi, N., hamidian, A., Tavili, A. Heavy Metals (Pb and Ni) in Soil and Plant Halimocnemis pilifera in Halgheh Darreh Waste Disposal Site in Karaj. Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 2016; 69(1): 13-26. doi: 10.22059/jrwm.2016.61730
Tabande L, Taheri M. Evaluation of Exposure to Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Vegetables Grown in the Olericultures of Zanjan Province's Fields. ijhe. 2016; 9 (1) :41-56.
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Karandish, F. Analyzing the Geostatistical Methods in Spatial Monitoring of Saline and Sodic Condition of Soils under Treated - Wastewater Irrigation. Applied Soil Research, 2014; 2(1): 115-128
Badiei, A., Karandish, F., Tabatabaei, S. The Influence of Irrigation with Raw and Treated Municipal Wastewater on Wheat Yield and Microbial Characteristics of Soil and Plant. Water and Soil Science, 2017; 26(4.2): 215-228
Janosova B., Miklankova J., Hlavinek P. and Wintgens T., 2006, Drivers for wastewater reuse regional analysis in the Czech Republic. Desalination, 187: 103–114.
Mahmoudian S., 2001, Water from Water: A Review of Wastewater Reuse in Iran. Country Paper for the “Joint FAO/WHO Consultation for Launching the Regional Network on Wastewater Reuse”. Amman, Jordan.
Pedrero F., Allende A., Gil M., Juan I. and Alarcón J., 2012, Soil chemical properties, leaf mineral status and crop production in a lemon tree orchard irrigated with two types of wastewater. Agricultural Water Management, 109: 59-60.
Rahmani H.R. , 2009, Investigation of long-term effect of phosphorus fertilizers on soil and plant cadmium and its environmental factor, Final Report, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization
Shen Z.G., zhao F.J. and McGrath S.P., 1997, Uptake and transport of zinc in the hyperaccumulator thlaspi caerulescens and the nonhyperaccumulator thlaspi ochroleucum . Plant cell and environment, 20: 898-906.
Nan Z., Li J., Zhang J. and Cheng G., 2002, cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil- crop system under actual field conditions. Science of the totla environment, 285: 187-195.
Liu W.H., Zhao J. Z., Ouyanq Z.Y., Soderland L. and Liu G.H., 2005, Impact of sewage irrigation on heavy metal distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environmental International, 31: 805-812.
Wang G., Su M.Y., Chen Y.H., Lin F.F., Luo D. and Gao S.F., 2006, Transfer characteristics of cadmium and lead from soil to the edibleparts of six vegetable species in southeastern China. Journal of Environmental Pollution, 144: 127-135.
Chen Z-F., Zhao Y., Zhu Y., Yang X., Qiao J., Tianc Q., and Zhang Q., 2009, Health risks of heavy metals in sewage-irrigated soils and edible seeds in Langfang of Hebei province, China. Journal of Science Food Agriculture, 90:314-320.
Khurana M.P.S. and Aulakh M.S., 2010, Influence of wastewater application and fertilizer use on the quality of irrigation water, soil and food crops: case studies from Northwestern India. World Congress of Soil Science. Soil Solutions for a Changing World: 75-78.
S, M., GH, M., B, M. An Investigation of Heavy Metals in Canola and Soil of Farms Irrigated with Wastewater of the Industrial City of Amol. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 2015; 29.2(2): 141-155. doi: 10.22092/jwra.2015.101655
Mollahosseini H., 2002, Investigation of severity and spread of infection. Soils to heavy elements and determine their amount in plants irrigated with wastewater. Final report of plan number 365/81. Environmental Protection Agency
Shirin Fekr A., Kavousi M. and Mahboub Khomami, A., 2001, The trend of changes in the concentration of heavy metals in rice due to the distance from pollution sources. 7th Iranian Soil Science Congress, 4-7 September - Shahrekord.
Panahi, N., hamidian, A., Tavili, A. Heavy Metals (Pb and Ni) in Soil and Plant Halimocnemis pilifera in Halgheh Darreh Waste Disposal Site in Karaj. Journal of Range and Watershed Managment, 2016; 69(1): 13-26. doi: 10.22059/jrwm.2016.61730
Tabande L, Taheri M. Evaluation of Exposure to Heavy Metals Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in Vegetables Grown in the Olericultures of Zanjan Province's Fields. ijhe. 2016; 9 (1) :41-56.