تاثیرگسترش قلمرو مفهومی محیط زیست بر مقوله‌ی مسئولیت بین‌المللی ناشی از نقض تعهدات زیست محیطی
محورهای موضوعی : حقوق محیط زیست
افشین جعفری
1
(دانشیار گروه حقوق، دانشکده حقوق و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران. *(مسوول مکاتبات))
مهسا نوابی فرد
2
(دکترای حقوق بین الملل عمومی، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، اصفهان (خوراسگان) )
کلید واژه: مفهوم محیط زیست, مسئولیت بین‌المللی, تعهدات زیست محیطی, مفهوم موسع محیط زیست, مفهوم مضیق محیط زیست.,
چکیده مقاله :
دامنه‌ی قلمرو مفهومی محیط زیست، در تعیین میزان خسارت و مسئولیت بین‌المللی ناشی از نقض تعهدات عهدنامه‌ای و یا حقوق بین‌الملل عرفی در زمینه محیط زیست بسیار مؤثر است. به عبارت دیگر، هر چه قلمرو مفهومی محیط زیست گسترش یابد و علاوه بر طبیعت و عناصر اصلی آن شامل دستاوردهای فرهنگی بشر و نیز مطبوعیت محیط زیست شود و به همین ترتیب دامنه‌ی مسئولیت بین‌المللی دولت یا اشخاص ناقض مقررات عرفی یا عهدنامه‌ای در زمینه‌ی محیط زیست افزایش خواهد یافت. این مقاله با عنایت به اسناد بین‌المللی زیست محیطی همچون کنوانسیون لوگانو و اسناد سبز اتحادیه اروپا و فعالیت‌ها و عملکردهای یونپ و تایید گسترش مفـهوم محیـط زیسـت بر مسـئولیت بین‌المللی دولت‌ها به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی می‌پردازد و به این نتیجه می‌رسد که فرایند مسئولیت بین‌المللی ناشی از نقض فاحش قواعد زیست محیطی در گذر زمان و با طی فراز و نشیب‌های زیاد دچار تحولات نسبتاً مثبتی شده است. لیکن این تحولات بسیار کند و زمان‌بر بوده است به گونه‌ای که شاید چندان دور از واقعیت نباشد اگر گفته شود فرایند تغییر و تحول در این حوزه بسیار کندتر از سایر حوزه‌های حقوق بین‌الملل بوده است و به نظر می‌رسد یکی از علت‌های اصلی که جبران خسارات زیست محیطی را در بیشتر مواقع غیرممکن می‌سازد مسئله‌ی قابلیت انتساب است. بنابراین در صورت اثبات تخریب محیط زیست و تعیین عامل زیان‌زننده و انتساب فعل به آن، روش‌های جبران خسارت زیست محیطی از روش‌های عام جبران خسارت در حقوق بین‌الملل متفاوت است.
The scope of the conceptual domain of the environment is very effective in determining the extent of international damage and liability arising from breach of treaty obligations or customary international environmental law. In other words, as the conceptual domain of the environment expands, and in addition to nature and its essential elements, including human cultural achievements and environmental sustainability, the scope of international responsibility of the state or of persons who violate customary or treaty regulations in the field of environment will increase. This paper deals with international environmental documents such as the Lugano Convention and the European Union Green documents, and the activities and functions of UNEP, and endorses the development of the concept of harmful environment to the international responsibility of governments in a descriptive-analytical manner, and concludes that the internationalization process The overwhelming environmental regulations have undergone relatively positive developments over time and over many ups and downs. But these developments have been very slow and time consuming, so perhaps not far from the reality if the process of change in this field has been much slower than in other areas of international law, and seems to be one of the main reasons why Compensation for environmental damages is often impossible to attribute. So, if environmental damage is proven and the detrimental factor is attributed to it, environmental compensation methods are different from the general methods of compensation in international law.
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